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Module 1: Historical Antecedents During Science and Technology Prepared by: Christine Mae C. Sarayno Biology Department University of San Agustin  Objectives: 1. Rationalize STS as a course 2. Discuss the interactions between Science and...

Module 1: Historical Antecedents During Science and Technology Prepared by: Christine Mae C. Sarayno Biology Department University of San Agustin  Objectives: 1. Rationalize STS as a course 2. Discuss the interactions between Science and Technology and Society throughout history 3. Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society and the environment 4. Identify the paradigm shifts in history 5. Appreciate S&T values of critical thinking, persistence, environment awareness and nationalism  What are the roles of Science and Technology? 1. Advancing Knowledge and Understanding Scientific research and technological innovations contribute to expanding our knowledge and understanding of the natural world. National Research council (US) (2012). A framework for K-12 Science Education: Practices, Crosscutting Concepts and Core Ideas. National Academies Press 2. Driving Economic Development Science and Technology play a crucial role in driving economic growth, innovation and competitiveness. World Bank (2019). World Development Report 2019: The changing Nature of Work 3. Improving Health and Medicine Scientific discoveries and technological advancements lead to improved healthcare, disease prevention and medical treatments National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine (2020), Crossing The Global Quality Chasm: Improving Health Care Worldwide 4. Enhancing Communication and Connectivity Technology facilitates global communication, information sharing, and access to knowledge, contributing to increased connectivity Castells, M. (2010) The Rise of the Network Society: The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture 5. Enabling Social and Cultural Transformation Technological advancements shape social and cultural norms, behaviors and interactions leading to societal transformation Turkle, S. (2011). Alone Together: Why we expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other  Stone Age Refers to a timeline when stone tools were predominantly used by ancient societies for various purposes. It is a prehistoric era characterized by the absence of metal tools and the reliance on stone implements for survival. Examples of early humans, including Neanderthals (Cave mens) and Homo sapiens (Wise Men) or Modern Man During the Neolithic period of the Stone Age, the mysterious monument of Stonehenge was built. No one is quite sure why or how it was built, and it remains one of the greatest mysteries in human history. Hand Axe Used to butcher animals; to dig for tubers, animals and water; to chop wood and remove tree bark; and / or process vegetal materials Chopper stone tools used for a variety of purposes, including extracting meat and bone marrow from large animals Scrapers Used on animal hides, wood or bones Once the hide was removed from an animal, an end scraper could take the hair off the skin’s outer layer and remove the fatty tissue from its underside. Microliths These were developed in the Mesolithic age because of the changing natural environment. Normally a few microliths were “hafted” (attached) to a bone and wooden hafts to make larger tools Bronze Age Characterized by the widespread use of bronze, an alloy made primarily of copper and tin Bronze is more durable than stone Smelting Extraction of metal from ores and combining copper with tin to create bronze (Alloy)  Cuneiform Created by Sumerians over 5000 years ago. It was the world's first written language. It was written on clay tablets that were baked in a kiln to harden them. These tablets were the primary media for everyday written communication.  Uruk City Considered one of the world’s first true cities Build only using mud or clay mixed with reeds, producing sunbaked bricks – used to make houses and walls The Great Ziggurat of Ur Mountain of God Sacred place only priest are allowed to enter Showcase elaborate and intricate architecture Irrigation and Dikes Was built demand increase to answer forthe food Used to bring water to farmlands Control flooding of the rivers Considered as one of the world’s most beneficial engineering works Sailboats People wanted to discover faraway lands to settle Essential in transportation and trading Wheel Wheels are not intended for transportation but for farm work and food processes Mill grains with less effort and less time  Plow Humans evolve from food gatherers to farm cultivators Invented to dig the earth in a faster pace Result in mass produce food in less effort and time  Road To facilitate faster and easier travel Same technology with sunbaked bricks They also used black sticky substance like asphalt called bitumen Very useful during rainy season Hanging Gardens of Babylon One of the seven wonders of the Ancient World Structure that contain several layers upon layers of gardens containing different species of plants Built by King Nebuchadnezzar II for his wife Queen Amytis Code of Hammurabi This code established laws and regulations for various aspects of society, promoting justice, fairness and the rule of law. It served as the foundation for later legal systems and the influenced the development of legal codes in other civilizations Egyptian Civilization  Papyrus Before, clay tablets were used, but clay tablets are fragile, heavy and delicate to handle. Considered as the major accomplishment in record keeping and communication. Papyrus was a plant grew along Nile River. Egyptian process the plant to produce thin sheets.  Ink Made from combining soot with different chemicals to produce ink of different colors Should withstand elements of nature so that it can preserve the record of history, culture and codified laws Hieroglyphics System of writing adapted from Sumerian as a result of trade Written on walls of pyramids and other important structures Well preserved, can still be seen today  Cosmetics Invented for both health and aesthetic reason Egyptian wore Kohl(soot / malachite mixed with mineral galena) around their eyes to prevent and even cure eye diseases Wig Ancient Egyptian times, wigs were worn for health and wellness rather than aesthetic purposes. To protect the shaved heads of the wealthy Egyptian from harmful rays of the sun Believed to be the cleaner than natural hair because it prevent accumulation of head lice  Water Clock / Clepsydra Utilizes gravity that affect the flow of water from one vessel to another Time keeping device Served various purposes, including regular work shifts, determining the length of religious rituals, and indicating specific time intervals during the day  The Iron Age Characterized by advancements in metallurgy, increased urbanization, and evolving social and political structures. It laid the foundation for the subsequent development of civilizations in the ancient world.  Steel A hard, strong, gray or bluish-gray alloy of iron with carbon and usually other elements, used extensively as a structural and fabricating material  Hittite Empire – Battle of Khadesh The Battle of Kadesh, sometimes called the first world war, featured one of the largest-ever chariot battles. Competing Hittite and Egyptian interests in the region of Canaan. For the Egyptians, Canaan was crucial to the overall security and well-being of ancient Egypt.  Development and use of coins. Under the Achaemenid Empire, which was the largest and most powerful Persian dynasty, coins became more widespread and standardized. The Persian Empire adopted the use of coins from various conquered regions and facilitated their circulation within its vast territories. Antiquity Period Rise of the Greek Civilization and the first scientists and philosophers were known Greek Civilization Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe. Known as the birthplace of western philosophy, some of the major achievements of the Greeks include in-depth works on philosophy and mathematics. More than coliseums and the Olympics, the Greek civilization has contributed much to the world especially in the fields of science and technology.  1. Alarm Clock The ancient Greek’s alarm clocks used large complicated mechanisms to time the alarm. They made use of water (or sometimes small stones or sand) that dropped into drums which sounded the alarm. Plato was believed to have utilized an alarm clock to signal the start of his lecture. His version used for water vessels lined up vertically.  Water Mill Watermills were also considered as one of the most important contributions of the Greek civilization to the world. They were commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of grains which was a necessary form of food processing during that time. They only required access to rivers or flowing water where a mechanism of a large wheel with small “buckets” of water attached to it could be installed.  Roman Civilization The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the west. It was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance during that period. Because the Roman Empire was so large, other civilizations looked up to it as their model in terms of legislation and codified laws. Aside from their contributions in politics, a lot of discoveries and inventions still relevant today can be attributed to the Roman Empire. Bound Books or Codex Record-keeping was much easier since paper did not easily break, was lightweight, and did not occupy much space. As a result, civilizations became fond of record keeping, especially documenting historical events and newly legislated laws. Aside from Romans writing down information about history and politics, literature also changed form from clay tablets to parchment of paper. Newspaper The first newspapers, Acta Diurna known as gazettes, Acta Diurna (Latin: contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the Daily Acts, sometimes people. Made before the translated as Daily invention of paper, these Public Records or gazettes were engraved in poetically as Daily metal or some stone Gaze tablets and then publicly displayed. According to sources, Julius Caesar started the tradition of stacking up papyrus to form pages of a book. Later on, they were able to provide covers to protect the papyrus. The earlier covers were made of wax but were later on replaced by animal skin which proved to be stronger and longer-lasting. With the papyrus pages bound together and covered by animal skin, the ancient Roman Empire was able to produce the first books or codex.. Roman Architecture The development in the field of engineering and architecture was fully supported and funded by the Roman government so they were able to implement major projects such as large churches (cathedrals and basilica, aqueduct coliseums, amphitheaters, and even residential houses.  Roman Numerals Roman devised their own number system specifically to address the need for a standard counting method that would meet their increasing communication and trade concerns. The Roman numeral is no longer widely used today due to its inherent limitations, quite a number of enthusiasts would still used it over other more popular number systems, like the Hindu-Arabic system, due to its aesthetic and historical value. Pre-Socratic Philosophers They laid the foundation for Western philosophy by exploring fundamental questions about the nature of reality, the origin of the universe, and the principles that govern the natural world. Thales  Anaximander Proposed that an indefinite and boundless substance called "apeiron" was the source of all things and introduced the idea of natural laws governing the universe. Pythagoras Renowned for his mathematical and geometric contributions, including the Pythagorean theorem. He also believed in the concept of the harmony of the spheres and the immortality of the soul.  Heraclitus Emphasized the concept of eternal change and believed that reality is in a constant state of flux.  Empedocles Proposed that all matter was composed of four substances: earth, air, fire, and water. He also introduced the concept of the four forces—love, strife, attraction, and repulsion—that govern the interactions between these elements. Democritus Developed the concept of atomism, positing that all matter consists of indivisible and indestructible particles called atoms.  Socratic Philosophers Primarily concerned with philosophical inquiry and the exploration of ethical and metaphysical questions.  Socrates Socrates He is best known for his Socratic Method, a method of questioning that aimed to stimulate critical thinking and self-examination.  Plato Was a student of Socrates. Adopted Empedocles' theory and coined the term element to describe these four substances. Platonic Academy  Hippocrates Is not typically considered a Socratic philosopher. Hippocrates was primarily known as a physician and is often regarded as the founder of medicine. He is associated with the Hippocratic Corpus, a collection of medical writings attributed to him and his followers, which focused on principles of medical ethics and the observation of symptoms and diseases.  Chinese Civilization The Chinese civilization is considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia. Also known as the Middle Kingdom, China is located on the far east of Asia. It was famous among other ancient civilizations because of its silk trade. Not a great amount was written about ancient China partly due to its distance from the other civilizations. Despite its less popular status among the early civilizations, one cannot discredit the significant contributions of Chinese civilization to the world.  Silk Silk is naturally produced by silk worms, the Chinese were the ones who developed the technology to harvest the silk and process it to produce paper and clothing. The production of silk resulted in the creation of a product for trade. The silk trade opened China to the outside world, making way for cultural, economic, and scientific exchanges. It bridged the gap between the western world and the middle kingdom. Tea Production  Great Wall of China The Great wall of China is said to be the largest and most extensive infrastructure that the nation built. It was constructed to keep out foreign invaders and control the boarders of China. Made with stone, brick, wood, earth, and other materials, it showcased the extent of Chinese engineering technology at that time. Today, with some sections already in ruins, the Great Wall still continues to be a world attraction due to its historical significance and architectural grandeur.  4. Gunpowder It was developed by Chinese alchemist who aimed to achieved immortality. They mixed charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate , but instead of creating an elixir of life, they accidentally invented a black powder that could actually generate large amounts of heat and gas in an instant. Ironically, instead of prolong life, gunpowder is widely used to propel bullets from guns and cannons which cause countless death. Middle Ages (Medieval Period) The start of middle ages was marred by massive invasions and migrations. Wars were prevalent during this time. As such, great technology was needed in the fields of weaponry, navigation, mass food and farm production, and health. The wars have resulted in population decline, but during the latter part of the period, there was a significant rise in population. Trade and commerce among nations increased, which resulted in greater demands for transportation technology. Some of the most innovative minds came from this period.  Printing Press Johannes Gutenberg was able to invent the printing press, a more reliable way of printing using a cast type. He utilized wooden machines that extracted juices from fruits, attached to them a metal impression of the letters, and pressed firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper, which then made an exact impression on paper. The printing press was invented to address the need for publishing books that would spread information to many people at a faster rate. This invention also made works accessible to individuals who could not even write.  Microscope Zacharias Janssen was able to develop the first compound microscope. With this device, people were able to observe organisms that were normally unseen by the naked eye. The microscope was key in discovering new means in preventing and curing various illness.  Telescope The invention of the telescope, an optical instrument that helps in the observation of remote objects, was great help for navigators during the Middle Ages was also known as the Age of Exploration. Together with the telescope, the invention of the compass, oars, and rudders made sea travelling easier and safer (Helen, 1989).  War Weapons People developed cross bows and low bows so that they could attack the enemies at long ranges, keeping themselves safe with the protection of walls and fortresses. Additionally, in close-range had-to-hand combat, soldiers should wear something to protect themselves, a need addressed by the creation of iron body armors. However, body armors were heavy and limited their movements. The problem was eventually solved by the invention of the chainmail. Modern: Renaissance Period  Pasteurization Louis Pasteur, a French biologist, microbiologist, and chemist, found a way to solve the problem. He invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria. Through this process, milk could be stored and consumed for a longer period. It also prevented illness caused by harmful bacteria. Other contributions of Pasteur to science, technology, and medicine included his works on molecular asymmetry, fermentation, and vaccination.  Samuel M. Kier was able to invent. Petroleum Refinery kerosene by refining petroleum. Kerosene was later on referred to as the “illuminating oil” because it was used at first to provide lightning to homes. After some time, it was applied for heating purposes. The development of kerosene established the petroleum refinery industry. At present, petroleum is widely used in powering automobiles, factories, and power plants, among others.  Telephone Governments needed some kind of communication system which would allow them to administer their states well. Important day-to-day decisions must be discussed and addressed at the faster time possible. Thus, the development of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell was one of the most important inventions at that time.  Calculator Although an earlier version of the calculator had already been developed, circumstances in the modern times required a faster way to compute more complicated equations. Computing devices must also be easy to carry since they would be utilized on a day-to-day basis. The creation of modern calculators did not only pave the way for easier arithmetic calculations, but also resulted in the development more complex processing machines like the computer. Philippine Inventions Ingenuity of the Filipinos despite the lack in resources. Discoveries and inventions were built from indigenous materials or created to adapt to the harsh environme Salamander Amphibious Tricycle H2O Technologies headed by Dominic N. Chung and Lamberto Armada, together with Chief Designer Victor “Atoy” Llave, was able to invent the Salamander, an amphibious tricycle that can cross not only flooded streets but also rivers and lakes. It may also be utilized to travel from island to island. Since the Philippines is an archipelago, the Salamander is a useful invention that has a lot of potential.  SALt Lamp A young Filipina inventor Aisa Mijeno was able to invent a lightning system that utilizes a material abundant in the Philippines-saltwater. She invented Sustainable Alternative Lightning (SALt) lamp, an environmentally-friendly light source that runs on saltwater. The SALt lamp is safer as it poses no risk of fire and emits no toxic gases. Aside from people who live in coastal areas, it may also benefits those from far-flung barrios because they can make their own saltwater by mixing two tablespoon of salt and a glass of tap water. Medical Incubator Its main purpose was to maintain conditions suitable for a newborn, usually a pre-term baby. Other breakthroughs in Philippine medicine attributed to Dr. Fe del Mundo include her works on the immunization and treatment of jaundice and the BRAT diet for curing diarrhea. (Banana, Rice, Apple & Tea)  Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System In 2010, the Department of Science and Technology- Industrial Technology Development Institute (DOST- ITDI) was able to introduce the mosquito Ovicidal /Larvicidal Trap System, also known as OL Trap. This trap system is made of natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquito but safe for humans and the environment.  Ejeepney The jeepney dominated Philippine streets and is considered as the primary mode of transportation of most Filipinos. However, the diesel-powered jeepney produces large quantities of black smoke, and usually a major contributor of noise pollution due to its primitive exhaust system. To counter these disadvantages, the electric jeepney (ejeepney) was developed. This modern type of transportation utilizes electricity instead of the more expensive diesel. It is environmentally-friendly since it does not emit any smoke and noise.