MIDTERMS-LESSON1-2-INTRODUCTION OF STS wo quiz.pdf

Science, Technology and Society Prepared by: Ronnel M. Calderon Science, Technology and Society DEFINITION -is an interdisciplinary field that studies the conditions under which the production, distribution and utilization of scientific knowled...

Science, Technology and Society Prepared by: Ronnel M. Calderon Science, Technology and Society DEFINITION -is an interdisciplinary field that studies the conditions under which the production, distribution and utilization of scientific knowledge and technological systems occur; the consequences of these activities upon different groups of people.  Course Description The course Science, Technology and Society is a 3–unit subject that will examine a selected number of breakthroughs that have led to the transformational technologies which continue to impact society today. Topics will be developed from a historical perspective, to a basic understanding of the scientific principles, to examples of technological advances, and finally to the societal impact of these breakthroughs.  Next Sub- Topic: Introduction to Science, Technology, and Society Middle Period Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology Modern Period Ancient Period Inventions by Filipino Scientists  LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson, the student will be able to: 1. Define STS 2. Identify some of General Concepts and Historical Developments in STS 3. Construct a web chart the different fields that are interdisciplinary to STS 4. Appreciate the importance of Science and Technology to Society Science -comes from the Latin word scientia, meaning ‘knowledge.’ It refers to a systematic and methodical activity of building and organizing knowledge about how the universe behaves through observation, experimentation and both. According to the famous American science historian, John Heilbron, “Modern science is a discovery as well as an invention.” Technology -is the application of scientific knowledge, laws, and principles to produce services, materials, tools, and machines aims at solving real-world problems. It comes from the Greek root word techne, meaning ‘art, skill, or cunning of hand.’ Science and Technology Wolpert made an interesting comparison between science and technology. In his landmark paper, The Medawar Lecture 1998: Is Science Dangerous? Wolpert explained that reliable scientific knowledge has no moral or ethical value. Wolpert made it clear that science is not the same as technology. Scientist are not responsible for the application of knowledge in technology. He further explained that the very nature of science is that it is not possible to predict scientific discoveries and how these discoveries may be applied. LESSON 1 General Concepts and Historical Developments  Back List for 2018: 1. Helix – a digital app store designed to read genomes 2. BlessU-2 and Pepper – first robot priest and monk 3. Emotion-Sensing Facial Recognition – a software being 10 Emerging ethical developed to assess your reactions dilemmas and policy to anything such as shopping and playing games issues in science 4. Ransomeware – a way of holding and technology data hostage through hacking and requiring a ransom to be paid every year. 5. Textalyzer – a device that analyzes whether a driver was using his or her phone during an accident 10 Emerging ethical dilemmas and policy issues in science and technology every year. Extinct Animals 6. Social Credit System – a system of scoring citizens through their actions by placing them under constant surveillance 7. Google Clips - a hands-free camera that lets the user capture every moment effortlessly 8. Sentencing Software – a mysterious algorithm designed to aid courts in sentencing decisions 9. Friendbot – an app that stores the deceased’s digital footprint so one can still “chat” with them 10. Citizen App – an app that notifies users of ongoing crimes or major events in a specific area. GO POP QUIZ! Ancient Wheel Heavy Plough Engine-Powered Airplane Paper Mechanical Clock Television  Sub- Topic: Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology Learning Objectives: At the end of this section, the students should be able to: 1. Discuss the historical antecedents of science and technology across time; and 2. Explain how Philippine scientific and technological inventions shaped and were shaped by various social context. Antecedent -is defined as a precursor to the unfolding or existence of something. Antecedent Period -The rise of ancient civilizations paved the way for advances in science and technology. Ancient Wheel No one knows exactly who invented the wheel and when. There is, however, a general agreement that the ancient wheel grew out of a mechanical device called the potter’s wheel - a heavy flat disk made of hardened clay which was spun horizontally on an axis. The invention of the ancient wheel is often credited to the Sumerians since no other ancient civilization used a similar device at a time.  Paper Roughly around 3000 BC, the ancient Egyptians began writing on papyrus, a material similar to thick paper. Papyrus is made from the pith of the papyrus plant cyperus papyrus. It is lightweight, strong, durable, and most importantly, portable.  Shadoof The shadoof was an early tool invented and used by ancient Egyptians to irrigate land. The shadoof, also spelled as shaduf, is a hand-operated device used for lifting water. Antikythera Mechanism The Antikythera mechanism is similar to a mantel clock. Upon its discovery, the bits of wood seen on its fragments suggest that it must have been housed in a wooden case. It is akin to a clock in the way that the case has a circular face and rotating hands. It is widely believed that the Antikythera mechanism was used to predict astronomical positions and eclipses for calendar and astrological purposes. It is also believed that the Antikythera mechanism, which is one of the oldest known antecedents of modern clockwork, was invented by Greek scientists between 150 – 100 BC.  Aeolipile Also known as Hero’s engine, the aeolipile is widely believed to be the ancient precursor of the steam engine. The aeolipile is a steam-powered turbine which spun when the water container at its center was heated, thus making it practically the first rudimentary steam engine. Middle AgesBetween the collapse of the Roman Empire in 5th century AD and the colonial expansion of Western Europe in late 15th century AD, major advances in scientific and technological development took place. These include steady increase of new inventions, introduction of innovations in traditional production, and emergence of scientific thinking and method.  Heavy Plough One of the most important technological innovations during the middle ages is the invention of the heavy plough. Through the invention of heavy plough, it became possible to harness clay soil. The heavy plough turned European agriculture and economy on its head.  Gunpowder Around 850 AD, Chinese alchemists accidentally invented black powder or gunpowder. Multiple accounts suggest that the gunpowder might have been an unintended byproducts of attempts made by the Chinese to invent the elixir of life, which is why the Chinese called it huoyao, roughly translated as “fire potion.” The gunpowder has allowed for more advanced warfare.  Paper Money The first known versions of paper money could be traced back to the Chinese in the 17th century AD as an offshoot of the invention of block printing, which is similar to stamping. Before the introduction of paper money, precious metals, such as gold and silver were used as currency.  Mechanical Clock Although devices for timekeeping and recording sprung from the ancient times, such as the Antikythera mechanism, it was not until the Middle Ages that clockwork technology was developed. The development of mechanical clocks paved the way for accurately keeping track of time  Spinning Wheel Another important invention of the Middle Ages is the spinning wheel, a machine used for transforming fiber into thread or yarn and eventually woven into cloth on a loom. It is theorized that the Indians invented the spinning wheel between 6th and 11th century AD. Prior to the invention of the spinning wheel, weaving was done predominantly through the more time-consuming and tedious process of hand spinning. Modern Ages As the world population steadily increased, people of the Modern Ages realized the utmost importance of increasing the efficiency of transportation, communication, and production.  Compound Microscope A Dutch spectacle maker named Zacharias Janssen is credited for the invention of the the first compound microscope in 1950. Janssen’s compound microscope was an important progression from the single lens microscope. It was capable of magnifying objects three times their size when fully closed and up to ten times when extended to the maximum. Compound microscope is an important instrument in may scientific studies, such as in the areas of medicine, forensic studies, tissue analysis, atomic studies, and genetics.  Telescope The most important technological invention in the study of astronomy during the Modern Ages was the practical telescope invented by Galileo Galilei. This invention could magnify objects 20 times larger than the Dutch perspective glasses. It was Galileo who first used the telescope skyward and made important astronomical discoveries, and identified the presence of craters and mountains on the moon.  Jacquard Loom As the Industrial Revolution reached full speed, the Jacquard loom was considered as one of the most critical drivers of the revolution. Built by French weaver Joseph Marie Jacquard, the Jacquard loom simplifies textile manufacturing. The Jacquard loom is also an important antecedent of modern computer technology as it demonstrated the use of punched cards to instruct a machine to carry out complex tasks.  Engine-Powered Airplane Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright are credited for designing and successfully operating the first engine-powered aircraft. Orville and Wilbur proved that aircrafts could fly without airfoil-shaped wings. The Wright brothers were brilliant scientists who paved the way for modern aircraft technology.  Television The Scottish engineer John Logie Baird is largely credited for the invention of the modern television. Baird successfully televised objects in outline in 1924, recognizable human faces in 1925, and moving objects in 1926, and projected colored images in 1928.  Inventions by Filipino Scientists The jeepney is one of the most recognizable national symbols of the Philippines and the most popular mode of public transportation in the country. Jeepneys were designed and improvised from scratch out of military jeeps that the Americans left in the country after World War II. E-jeepneys are designed to be environment friendly, eliminating noise and air pollution as they run on electricity. They are also more economical for electricity is far cheaper than ordinary diesel, allowing jeepney drivers to earn more profit.  Erythromycin One of the most important medical inventions is the Erythromycin. The Ilonggo scientist Abelardo Aguilar invented this antibiotic out of a strain of bacterium called Streptomyces erythreus, from which this drug derived its name.  Medical Incubator World-renowned Filipino pediatrician and national scientist, Fe del Mundo, is credited for the invention of the incubator and jaundice relieving device. Del Mundo was the first woman pediatrician to be admitted to the prestigious Harvard University’s School of Medicine. She is also the founder of the first pediatric hospital in the country. Her original improvised incubator consisted of two native laundry baskets of different sizes that are placed one side the other. Warmth is generated by bottles with hot water placed around the baskets. A makeshift hood over the baskets allows oxygen to circulate inside the incubator.  Mole Remover In 2000, a local invention that had the ability to easily remove moles and warts on the skin without the need for any surgical procedure shot to fame. Rolando dela Cruz is credited for the invention of a local mole remover that made use of extracts of cashew nuts (Annarcadium occidentale), which are very common in the Philippines.  Banana Ketchup Filipino food technologist, Maria Orosa, is credited for the invention of banana ketchup, a variety of ketchup different from the commonly known tomato ketchup. Historical accounts posit that Orosa invented the banana ketchup at the backdrop of World War II when there was a huge shortage of tomatoes. Summary This lesson tackles how social contexts shaped and were shaped by science and technology across three historical periods (ancient, middle, and modern). By introducing the historical antecedents of science and technology , the lesson explores the dynamic interactions between different societal factors and science and technology. It also includes a explanations on important Philippines invention and innovations. It emphasizes the various social, cultural, economic, and political impacts of scientific and technological innovation throughout history.