General Biology I Grade 11 - Cell Structures PDF

General Biology I Grade 11 Recall History of Cell  Hans and ________________, Dutch inventors, made the first simple _________ in 1590.  Hans and Zacharias Jansen, Dutch inventors, made the first simple microscope in 1590.  ________________, an Englishman, coined the term “cell” for th...

General Biology I Grade 11 Recall History of Cell  Hans and ________________, Dutch inventors, made the first simple _________ in 1590.  Hans and Zacharias Jansen, Dutch inventors, made the first simple microscope in 1590.  ________________, an Englishman, coined the term “cell” for the box-like structures observed in a ___ tissue under the microscope in 1667. Robert Hooke, an Englishman, gave the term “cell” for the box-like structures observed in a cork tissue under the microscope in 1667. Around 1675, ______________, a Dutch naturalist, observed red blood cells, bacteria, and tooth scrapings, after his invention of a more powerful microscope. He called these microorganisms “__________”. Around 1675, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch naturalist, observed red blood cells, bacteria, and tooth scrapings, after his invention of a more powerful microscope. He called these microorganisms “animalcules”. _____________, a German botanist, studied plant structures under the microscope. In 1838, he stated that all plants are composed of cells.  Matthias Schleiden, a German botanist, studied plant structures under the microscope. In 1838, he stated that all plants are composed of cells.  In 1839, it was concluded that all animals are composed of cells by _____________, a German zoologist. He studied on animal tissues. In 1839, it was concluded that all animals are composed of cells by Theodore Schwann, a German zoologist. He studied on animal tissues.  Roughly, 20 years later, in 1855, ______________, a German biologist, observed dividing cells during his work. Such observation made him conclude that all living cells come from preexisting cells.  Roughly, 20 years later, in 1855, Rudolf Virchow, a German biologist, observed dividing cells during his work. Such observation made him conclude that all living cells come from preexisting cells. A pivotal moment in the understanding of cellular genetics occurred in 1953 when ______________ and ______________ uncovered the double helix structure of DNA. However, this discovery was heavily reliant on the work of _______________, whose X-ray diffraction images of DNA were crucial in determining the structure. A pivotal moment in the understanding of cellular genetics occurred in 1953 when James Watson and Francis Crick uncovered the double helix structure of DNA. However, this discovery was heavily reliant on the work of Rosalind Franklin, whose X-ray diffraction images of DNA were crucial in determining the structure.  Eventually, unifying all the discoveries and other advanced studies conducted, the cell theory was formulated stating that: 1. _________________________________ 2. _________________________________ 3. _________________________________  Eventually, unifying all the discoveries and other advanced studies conducted, the cell theory was formulated stating that: 1. All organisms are made up of cells. 2. The cell is the basic unit of life. 3. All cells come from of preexisting cells.  Cell Structure & Function http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/cell/cell.html Examples of Cells Amoeba Plant Stem Bacteria Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell Two Types of Cells Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Do not have structures surrounded by membranes Few internal structures single-celled organisms, Bacteria http://library.thinkquest.org/C004535/prokaryotic_cells.html Eukaryotic Contain organelles surrounded by membranes Most living organisms “Typical” Animal Cell http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/images/cell.gif “Typical” Plant Cell http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif Cell Parts Organelles Surrounding the Cell The Cell Membrane Also called as plasma membrane. Phospholipid bilayer with proteins attached to it. Selectively permeable Functions: 1. separates the contents of the cell from its environment 2. regulates the passage of materials in and out of the cell 3. permits communication with other cells Cell Wall Most commonly found in plant cells, fungi, & bacteria Provides rigidity, protection, and structural support to plant cells. http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Inside the Cell Nucleus Directs cell activities Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane Contains genetic material - DNA Nuclear Membrane Surrounds nucleus Made of two layers Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Chromosomes In nucleus Made of DNA Contain instructions for traits & characteristics http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Lysosomes Lysosomes break down waste materials and cellular debris. They digest things like old cell parts, large molecules, and even foreign invaders like bacteria. http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Nucleolus Inside nucleus Contains RNA to build proteins http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Cytoplasm Gel-like mixture Surrounded by cell membrane Contains hereditary material Ribosomes Each cell contains thousands of it Make proteins Composed of RNA and proteins. Protein synthesis, found free- floating in cytoplasm or attached to ER. http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth type: lacks ribosomes Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface Transports proteins and other materials throughout the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Mitochondria Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates Controls level of water and other materials in cell Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Golgi Body Also called as Golgi apparatus Protein 'packaging plant' Move materials within the cell Move materials out of the cell http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Lysosome Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Vacuoles Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal Contains water solution Help plants maintain shape http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html Chloroplast Usually found in plant cells Contains green chlorophyll Where photosynthesis takes place http://library.thinkquest.org/12413/structures.html  3 Shapes of Bacteria Bacteria are classified by shape into 3 groups: Spiral: spirilla rod-shaped: bacilli, bacillus Round: cocci 45 3 Shapes of Bacteria Bacillus anthracis – (bacillus) Neisseria meningitidis (coccus) Leptospira interrogans – (spirilla) 46  7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Capsule Cell wall Ribosomes Nucleoid Flagella Pili Cytoplasm 48  7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Capsule keeps the cell from drying out and helps it stick to food or other cells 49  7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Cell wall Thick outer covering that maintains the overall shape of the bacterial cell 50  7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Ribosomes cell part where proteins are made Ribosomes give the cytoplasm of bacteria a granular appearance in electron micrographs 51  7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Nucleoid a ring made up of DNA 52  7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Flagella a whip-like tail that some bacteria have for locomotion 53  7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Pilli hollow hair-like structures made of protein allows bacteria to attach to other cells. Pilli-singular Pillus-plural 54  7 Major Structures of a Bacteria Cell Cytoplasm clear jelly-like material that makes up most of the cell 55