Zoology - General Biology Lecture 2: Cell Structure & Function PDF

Zoology - General Biology Lecture 2: Cell Structure & Function ‫ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻭﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬:‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬- ‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ‬ I. Cell Theory: ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬: The cell theory states that: ‫ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬: 1. All living things are made of one or more cells. 1. ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎ...

Zoology - General Biology Lecture 2: Cell Structure & Function ‫ ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻭﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬:‫ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬- ‫ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ‬ I. Cell Theory: ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬: The cell theory states that: ‫ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬: 1. All living things are made of one or more cells. 1. ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬. 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function. 2. ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬. 3. Cells originate from pre-existing cells through cell division. 3. ‫ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻣﺴﺒﻘًﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ‬. II. Cell Diversity: ‫ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬: 1. Cells are not alike and vary in size, shape, and function. 1. ‫ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬،‫ ﻭﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ‬. 2. Cell Size: 2. ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬: - The female egg is the largest cell and can be seen without a microscope. - ‫ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺭﺅﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺠﻬﺮ‬،‫ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻳﻀﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺜﻮﻳﺔ‬. - Bacterial cells are the smallest and only visible with a microscope. - ‫ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺭﺅﻳﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﺮ‬،‫ﺃﺻﻐﺮ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺔ‬. - Cell size is limited by the surface area to volume ratio. - ‫ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﻴﺪ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬. - Cells need a large enough surface area to adequately exchange materials with the environment. - ‫ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬. 3. Cell Shape: 3. ‫ﺃﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬: - Cells come in a variety of shapes depending on their function (e.g., nerve cells, red blood cells). - ‫)ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﺄﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ (ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺮﺍﺀ‬. III. Cell Types: III. ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬: 1. Prokaryotic Cells: 1. ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺑﺪﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‬: - Lack a nucleus. - ‫ﻻ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ‬. - Found in Kingdom Monera (‫)ﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﻗﺎﺀ‬. - Have a cell wall and a single looped chromosome. - ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺪﺍﺭ ﺧﻠﻮﻱ ﻭﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬. - Unicellular and less complex. - ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﻗﻞ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪًﺍ‬. 2. Eukaryotic Cells: 2. ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ‬: - Include plant cells, animal cells, fungi, algae, and protists. - ‫ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻼﺋﻌﻴﺎﺕ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻟﺐ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﻴﺔ‬،‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬. - Contain a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. - ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﺍﺓ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﺎﻃﺔ ﺑﻐﺸﺎﺀ‬. - Can be unicellular or multicellular and are more complex. - ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻭﺣﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪًﺍ‬. IV. Structure & Function of Cell Organelles: IV. ‫ﻫﻴﻜﻞ ﻭﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻋﻀﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬: 1. Cell Membrane: 1. ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ‬: - Composed of a phospholipid bilayer with protein and carbohydrate content. - ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﻣﺰﺩﻭﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻔﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ‬. 2. Fluid Mosaic Model: 2. ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻔﺴﻴﻔﺴﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬: - Proteins and lipids move side-by-side, giving the membrane fluidity. - ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻫﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎﺀ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻛﺄﻧﻪ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬. V. Cell Transport: V. ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ‬: 1. Passive Transport: 1. ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻲ‬: - Diffusion: Movement from higher to lower concentration. - ‫ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬:‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬. 2. Active Transport: 2. ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻂ‬: - Requires energy for transporting molecules against concentration gradient. - ‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺿﺪ ﺗﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬. VI. Endocytosis & Exocytosis: VI. ‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻘﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ‬: 1. Endocytosis: Taking in solid matter into the cytoplasm. 1. ‫ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼﺯﻡ‬:‫ﺍﻻﻟﺘﻘﺎﻡ‬. 2. Pinocytosis: Taking in fluid droplets. 2. ‫ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼﺯﻡ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻌﻤﺔ‬. 3. Exocytosis: Releasing materials from the cell. 3. ‫ ﺇﻃﻼﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬:‫ﺍﻹﺧﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻱ‬.