GAP Topic 1 & 2 Review Questions PDF

GAP Topic 1 & 2 Review Questions 1. Define the following: a. Anatomy: study, classification and description of the human structure b. Clinically Orientated Anatomy: study of human structure and function as it relates to the practice of medicine and other health sciences c. Palpation: using touch to...

GAP Topic 1 & 2 Review Questions 1. Define the following: a. Anatomy: study, classification and description of the human structure b. Clinically Orientated Anatomy: study of human structure and function as it relates to the practice of medicine and other health sciences c. Palpation: using touch to form clinical impressions, pulses, reflexes, muscle contraction, muscle tone, etc d. Gross Anatomy: Topical Anatomy: study of anatomy at the macroscopic level (what is visible to the naked eye) e. Regional Anatomy: study of different body regions f. Surface Anatomy: visualization of structures that lie beneath the skin g. Systemic Anatomy: study of the body systems 2. Identify the 9 categories of Systemic Anatomy and what they contain: a. Musculoskeletal (Skeletal – bones and cartilage, Muscular – skeletal muscles, Articular – joints and associated ligaments) b. Integumentary – skin and structures within the skin (hair and nails) c. Circulatory/Cardiovascular – cardiovascular containing heart and blood vessels and the lymphatic systems containing lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes d. Respiratory - air passages and lungs e. Digestive (alimentary) - organs of ingestion, digestion, food absorption and elimination f. Urinary - kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra g. Reproductive - genitals and organs of reproduction h. Endocrine - glands and specialized cells that secrete hormones i. Nervous – Central nervous system (brain, spinal cord) and Peripheral nervous system (cranial nerves and spinal nerves) 3. Define and describe the anatomical position: Standing up, eyes forward, feet together, arms by the sides, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body 4. Describe the following anatomical planes: a. Sagittal plane: divides the body left and right b. Coronal plane: divides the body front and back c. Transverse plane: divides the body upper and lower 5. Identify the planes in the following diagram: see the diagrams in your notes 6. Label the following two diagrams with the anatomical regions: see the diagrams in your notes 7. Define the following anatomical terms: a. Anterior: towards the front b. Posterior: towards the back c. Superior: towards the upper part of trunk or head d. Inferior: towards the lower part of the trunk or away from the head e. Medial: toward the midline f. Lateral away from the midline g. Ipsilateral: same side of the body h. Contralateral: on the opposite side body i. Proximal: closer to the point of attachment of the limb to the body j. Distal: farther from the point of attachment of the limb to the body k. Superficial: closer to the surface of the body l. Deep: farther from the surface of the body 8. Define the following anatomical movement terms: a. Flexion: decreasing the angle between the bones (bending) b. Extension: increasing the angle between the bones (straightening) c. Abduction: moving away from the midline of the body/the median plane for fingers and toes d. Adduction: moving towards the midline of the body/ the median plane for fingers and toes e. Rotation: moving around the long axis (medial rotation=internal rotation, lateral rotation=external rotation) f. Pronation: rotation of forearm medially so palm faces down g. Supination: rotation of forearm laterally so palm faces up h. Elevation: moving structure superiorly i. Depression: moving structure inferiorly j. Retraction: moving structure posteriorly k. Protraction: moving structure anteriorly l. Eversion: moving sole of foot away from the midline m. Inversion: moving sole of foot toward the midline n. Dorsiflexion: flexion of ankle joint – toes towards nose o. Plantarflexion: straightening the ankle joint – pointing the toes p. Circumduction: combination of flexion/extension and abduction/adduction q. Opposition: movement of first digit towards another digit of the same hand r. Radial Deviation: movement of hand/wrist towards the lateral (radial side) s. Ulnar Deviation: movement of hand/wrist towards the midline 9. Label the following diagrams with anatomical movements: see the diagrams in your notes 10. Define the following axis: Axis Anterior-Posterior Axis Plane of Movement Coronal (frontal) plane Longitudinal Axis Movement lateral flexion abduction/adduction rotation Transverse Axis flexion/extension sagittal plane transverse plane 11. Skeletal System: a. Axial skeleton includes: skull, hyoid, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, ribs, sternum b. Appendicular skeleton includes: clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges (hand and foot), ilium, ischium, pubis, femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals 12. List the 6 functions of the skeletal system: a. protection b. support c. movement d. mineral deposition e. hematopoiesis f. Energy storage 13. What is cartilage? Semi rigid tissue, located in joints between bones, on rib cage, the ear and nose, and intervertebral discs of the spine, TYPES: hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage 14. Classification of bone with regards to shape: IRREGULAR FLAT Description: various shapes with a variety Description: broad and flat of prominences and grooves Function: protection Function: allowance for muscle attachment, passageway for nerves and Examples: skull bones blood vessels Examples: fascial bones, vertebrae LONG Description: tubular in shape, longer than wide, generally found in limbs SHORT Description: cuboidal in shape Function: strength Function: movement and muscle attachment Examples: carpals and tarsals Examples: humerus and femur 15. Define Compact bone: superficial thin layer, provides the strength to bones for weight bearing 16. Define Spongy bone: deep to compact bone and superficial to marrow cavity (if present), contains many small spaces 17. Define Epiphysis: ends of long bone 18. Define Diaphysis: shaft of long bone, contains medullary cavity 19. Where is the medullary cavity located: within the diaphysis 20. What type of marrow is found in spongy bone? Red marrow