G11 Research Reviewer First Quarter PDF

Importance of Doing Research RESEARCH Provides a scientific basis for any practice or FIRST QUARTER REVIEWER Team President, Academics Committee...

Importance of Doing Research RESEARCH Provides a scientific basis for any practice or FIRST QUARTER REVIEWER Team President, Academics Committee methodology in any field or discipline Helps develop tools for assessing effectiveness of any practice of operation For the continuous development and further LESSON 1: NATURE OF INQUIRY productivity in any field AND RESEARCH Provides solutions to problems concerning almost all issues encountered in the different Research vs. Inquiry areas of work Impacts decision-making Inquiry Develops and evaluates alternative approaches ○ Asking questions to obtain information to the educational aspects of any discipline ○ Refers to the process of knowing information Aims to advance the personal and professional from various sources by applying various qualifications of a practitioner methods ○ Involves checking the credibility and validity of Nature of Research available information, clarifying points of view, and drawing conclusions and meaning. Systematic ○ Follow a system for formulating each of its Research parts ○ “re” and “search” = to look again Objectives ○ A process of looking for something again ○ Avoid subjectivity and bias; never based on thoroughly personal opinions ○ Reexamining and reinvestigating a particular Feasible topic or issue following logical steps ○ “Is the research doable?” considering various factors Definition of Research Empirical Follows a step-by-step process of investigation ○ References and citations of facts and that uses a standardized approach in answering information must be included. questions or solving problems Clear Developments are realized through research ○ Apply the principles of unity, coherence, and Its main purpose is to answer a question or to cohesion solve an issue Reliable/Replicable A continuous undertaking of making known the ○ Results are not only true for a single situation, unknown but the same results can also be obtained if An investigation following ordered steps leading the study is repeated. to a discovery of new information or concepts Valid A careful investigation of something that ○ Research results are true and not contributes additional knowledge or wisdom manipulated. A tested approach of thinking and employing Accurate validated instruments and steps in order to obtain ○ Tools are validated to provide correct and a more adequate solution to a problem that is acceptable answers otherwise impossible to address under ordinary Generalizable means ○ Findings of research can be applied to large populations  Controlled ○ Ethics promotes the pursuit of knowledge, ○ Some insignificant variables can be controlled truth, and credibility. to have accurate results ○ Many of the ethical norms ensure that Ethical researchers are held accountable to the ○ Data must be handled with utmost public. confidentiality and honesty ○ Adherence to ethical principles helps build public support for research. Research Process Describes the various steps the study woll Ethical Codes and Policies for Research pass through to utilization of the results of the study Honesty ○ Data should not be fabricated, falsified, or Research Process misrepresented 1. Identification of Points out the area that needs Objectivity the Problem further study given the current ○ Biases should be avoided state of knowledge Integrity ○ Consistency of thought and action 2. Literature Checks for related material on Review the topic that could serve as a Care reference for the study ○ Careless errors and negligence should be avoided 3. Setting the Contains the purpose of the Openness Direction of study, the research questions, Study and the way the study will be ○ Researcher should be open to criticisms and conducted new ideas Respect for Intellectual Property 4. Collecting, Gathers, analyzes, and ○ Credit should be given where it is due Analyzing, and interprets the materials and Interpreting Data information needed for the Confidentiality study ○ Ensure data are protected for privacy and safety 5. Evaluation and Conclusion and learning are Responsible Publication Report Writing drawing; ready to write the whole research paper ○ Any paper should be submitted to two or more publications at the same time 6. Community Disseminates the result of the Responsible Mentoring Application or study back to the community ○ Educate, mentor, and advise students Utilization of to realize its full potential in Research creating a social value Respect for Colleagues ○ All peers should be treated fairly Social Responsibility ○ Ensure that the research will benefit most people in society Non-discrimination ○ All eligible to participate should be allowed to do so Ethics in Research Competence Importance of Ethics in Research  ○ Professional competence and expertise ○ Claiming authorship of a work or creation should be maintained and improved with the done by another person research ○ Copying an entire written work or a portion of Legality it without acknowledging the author ○ Know and obey relevant laws and institutional ○ Failing to put quotation marks to distinguish a and government policies quotation taken directly from a source ○ Giving incorrect information about the source Rights of Research Participants of a quotation ○ Merely changing the words but retaining the Voluntary Participation sentence structure so that the selection or ○ Any person should not be coerced to quotes still bears a resemblance to the participate in any research undertaking. original source ○ Using so many words and ideas from the Informed Consent original source that it makes up a large portion ○ The consent to participate must be secured to of your work, even if you acknowledge the be fully informed about the procedures and original author risks involved in the research. In academic research, plagiarism constitute academic dishonesty Risk of Harm A research that involves human participants and ○ Participants should be protected from animals, must pass through ETHICS REVIEW physical, financial, or psychological harm. BOARD. ○ Makes sure that no rights are violated in the Confidentiality conduct of study ○ Participants must be assured that their identity ○ Related laws are observed like the Data and other personal information will not be Privacy Act of 2012 available to anyone who is not involved in the ○ For ethical evaluation: protections of the study. participants, protocols in data gathering, and proper reporting Anonymity In data gathering, proper protocol must be ○ The participants must remain anonymous observed, necessary permits and coordination throughout the study even to the researchers. with the site need to be in place and minimize disruption of activities of the participants. Ethical Standards in Research Writing The Findings should be reported with complete LESSON 2: SELECTING A honesty. RESEARCH TOPIC Intentional misinterpretation, misinformation, and misleading claims must be avoided. 5 Ws When Conceptualizing the Appropriate credit should be given when using Research Study other people’s work. WHAT Plagiarism ○ Questions that are to be addressed WHY ○ Purpose in doing the research The unauthorized use of original ideas and works WHO - should not be tolerated ○ Participants The following are considered acts of plagiarism:  WHERE Can be done by asking the basic Wh-questions ○ Where will you conduct the study related to your topic WHEN ○ WHO ○ The time of the conduct of the study Limit the subject (or people involved) in your topic Feasibility of a Research Project ○ WHERE Limit the geographical scope of your topic Ask if it is indeed feasible to complete the study ○ WHEN Know if the research respondents will be open to Define the time frame of your topic your project ○ WHAT Ensure that the research will be completed in the Limit the various categories that relate to allotted time for it. your subjects, location, and time frame Factors to Consider When Selecting a Research Title Research Topic The whole study in a few words Size Contains the necessary elements that inform the Scope readers what the study is about Type Tells the content of the study, the variables Resources involved, the scope, and the method used Skill Access Elements of the Research Title Prior Knowledge Motivation Subject matter or research problem Setting or locale of the study Making Your Topic Manageable Respondents or participants involved in the study Time or period when the study was conducted Too Broad Expected output of the project ○ If there are entire books written about your topic, it is too broad for a research paper. Guidelines for Writing the Research Title ○ the researcher will end up writing only in The title must be brief and concise. general and is unlikely to go deeper into the The use of terms such as “Analysis of,” “A problem due to the limitations of time and Study of,” “An Investigation of,” and the like resources. should be avoided. If the title contains more than one line, it Too Narrow should be written in an inverted pyramid. ○ If your research question can be fully All words in the title should be in capital answered in a few paragraphs, your topic is letters. too limited. The title should not be longer than 15 ○ it becomes difficult to find adequate literature. words. Statement of the Problem and Research Narrowing Down Your Research Topic Questions  It describes the intention of the study, the answered, has not been variables involved, the target respondents, the answered completely, or has scope, and the method used. not been answered for your The questions render the statement of the specific context problem concrete and measurable. The questions focus on the research gap Examples of Research Questions There could be more than one research question What are the reasons behind the re-emergence for a study. of barter trading during the pandemic? What are the key factors affecting the profitability The Gap in Knowledge of study hubs around the University of Santo Tomas (UST) campus? What are the things that we do not know about the phenomenon, its causes or effects? What have others already investigated and what LESSON 3: SELECTING RELATED is left to investigate? SOURCES What new things can we say about the thing we will research on? Review of Related Literature Steps in Writing the Statement of the Problem A detailed evaluation of written materials on a research topic. Steps in Writing the Statement of the Problem Involves collection, classification, and synthesis of the given materials 1. Write the Detail the primary problem of The content of each material is synthesized and General your study. Problem put together as a composite of one whole unit Purpose of Review of Related Literature 2. Write the Start with the general objective specific and end with the Describes the relationship of each work to the questions to be end-view of your research. answered. research being undertaken Consider the Identifies new ways to interpret and shed light on Arrange the questions following in various gaps based on previous research writing chronologically. research Identifies the areas that are subject to a prior questions: A research question is a study to prevent duplication of efforts question that CAN be answered in an objective way, Searching and Selecting Literature for the at least partially and at least for Study now. Make sure that the research Date of Publication question can be ○ The material to be used in the study should answered using information not be older than ten (10) years that already exists or that Source can be collected. ○ Books, journals, letters, diaries, audio and video recordings, biographies, articles, etc. It should be a question that Origin of the source has not already been ○ Can be either local or foreign. This highlights the local contribution to the field of discipline  while taking into consideration the works of * NOTE ! experts outside the country. ○ The degree of authority and credibility of a Relevance source heavily depends on the level of ○ Related and relevant to the area of interest review the material has gone through ○ In a researcher's set of sources for the Steps in Literature Search RRL, it is important to have academic journals, theses, and scholarly books as the majority of sources. Steps in Literature Search ○ For internet sources, the more specific the source, the more authoritative it becomes. 1. Identify the key The starting point of the ○ Governmental or educational sources are word. search is the keywords preferred to commercial ones (.gov,.edu, that are found in the title and.org are preferred to.com sites) and in the statement of ○ Authored documents are preferred than problem non-authored ones (check author credibility) 2. Start with the Encyclopedia, ○ Documents in print are preferred over general references bibliography, those only available online and name of the authors ○ Recently updated websites (check the date) are better 3. Look at different Books, journals, sources. ○ Websites that document their claims are conference papers, credible book of abstracts, and other materials Guidelines for Preparing for Annotated Different Types of Sources Bibliography Annotated Bibliography General Encyclopedia ○ Encyclopedia Britannica Provides an overview or a brief account of the General interest magazines and newspapers available research on a given topic ○ Inquirer, Time, Newsweek A list of research sources that takes the form of a Specialized magazines citation for each source, followed by an ○ Top Gear for car enthusiasts annotation Reference materials ○ A short paragraph summarizing and ○ Textbooks and general information pamphlets evaluating the source. Government documents A reference list (bibliography) with a note ○ Official Gazette of the Philippines (annotation) for each entry in the list Theses / dissertations Purpose of an Annotated Bibliography ○ Documents in support of candidature for an academic qualifications Review the literature of a particular subject; Scholarly books Highlight sources that may be of interest to other ○ Generally books readers and researchers; Academic journals Explore and organize sources for further ○ Peer-reviewed by experts within the same research. field, considered most credible Components of an Annotated Bibliography A bibliographic citation followed by  A short paragraph (annotation) that includes Indicate the intended audience concise descriptions and evaluations of each Identify the research methods if applicable source Identify any conclusions made by the author/s ○ The annotation usually contains a summary of Discuss the reliability of the text content and a short analysis or evaluation. Highlight any special features of the text that ○ To summarize, reflect on, critique, evaluate or were unique or helpful e.g. charts, graphs etc analyze each source Discuss the relevance or usefulness of the text ○ Arranged alphabetically according to the for your research author’s last name Point out in what way the text relates to themes ○ Should be about 100-200 words per citation or concepts in your course State the strengths and limitations of the text Steps to Writing an Annotated Bibliography Present your view or reaction to the text Figure 1.1 Sample Annotation Steps to Writing an Annotated Bibliography 1. Choose your Locate and record sources citations to sources of research that may contain useful information and ideas on your topic 2. Review The items that you’ve collected in your search 3. Write The citation using the correct style 4. Write The annotation What to Consider when Selecting Sources? The sources for annotated bibliography should Predatory Journals be carefully selected Start by reading abstracts to help you identify Organizations that publish counterfeit journals to and select relevant sources exploit the open-access model in which the Annotated bibliography can also be preliminary author pays research about a particular topic or issue Predatory publishers are dishonest and lack Try to choose sources which together will present transparency a comprehensive review of the topic They aim to deceive researchers, especially those inexperienced in scholarly communication. Contents of an Annotated Bibliography They attempt to deceive authors to publish for a fee without providing peer-review or editorial Provide the full bibliographic citation services Indicate the background of the author(s) Indicate the content or scope of the text Common Characteristics of Predatory Journals Outline the main argument  Claims to be a peer-reviewed open-access How do Hijacked Journals Deceive? publication but does not provide adequate peer review or the level of peer review promised. Targeting print-only journals, journals without a Editorial board includes people who do not exist, homepage link in their profile in indexing do not have credentials relevant to the topic of databases, or journals with inactive website links. the journal, have affiliations that cannot be Registering an expired domain of the journal. verified, or are real people who are not aware Hacking the original website of the journal that they are listed as members. Compromising the data of the original journal in Lack of transparency about the acceptance indexing databases. process, so authors do not know how much they will be charged until their article is accepted. Some of the Predatory and Hijacked Journals Why Should You Avoid Submitting To Predatory International Center for Business Research Publishers? International Centre for Integrated Development Research (ICIDR) Fake peer review undermines the scientific The Institute for Business and Finance Research conversation. (IBFR) Publishing in a low-quality journal can make your research harder to find and less likely to be used by others. LESSON 4: PROPER CITATION OF You could be scammed and lose your work. RELATED LITERATURE Free And Subscription Resources That May Be American Psychological Association (APA) Helpful For Identifying Predatory Journals APA Style provides a foundation for effective ThinkCheckSubmit.org scholarly communication because it helps writers The Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) present their ideas in a clear, precise, and SCImago Journal Rank inclusive manner. https://beallslist.net/ Hijacked Journals Because of the practicality it brings and its relatively popular usage, many institutions use The practice of hijacked journals involves this style as the standard for writing research creating clone websites of legitimate journals, papers which constitutes a form of journal scam Dishonest publishers aim to create clone Main Sections of Research Paper in APA Style websites that appear authentic and at the same time are not easily detected as fraudulent by the Title Page – includes the research title, author’s scientific community or the original journal. name, author’s institutional affiliation To convince potential authors that the journal is Abstract - presents a concise summary of the being published continuously, hijackers create an research study in 150 to 250 words archive, which often includes papers from Main body – contains the main text or content of hijacked or predatory journals or even those the paper created by artificial intelligence References – list of bibliographic entries APA Style - Citation of Sources ○ In narrative citations, the author's name is incorporated into the text as part of the The APA format continues to be updated with the sentence, and the year follows in current and latest edition, the 7th edition. parentheses. Uses the author-date format Separated by a comma, the surname of the Variations of In-Text Citations author is mentioned, followed by the year of publication Citing an author where the idea is part of a body of information Basic Principles of Citation: ○ Example: In metamemory, the subject is actively involved in managing the contents of APA Style uses the author-date citation system, their memory (Flavell, 1979). in which a brief in-text citation directs readers to a full reference list entry. Citing an author emphasizing the author as The in-text citation appears within the body of the contributor paper and briefly identifies the cited work by its ○ Example: Flavell (1979) claims that the author and date of publication. subject is actively involved in managing the Each work cited must appear in the reference list, contents of their memory. and each work in the reference list must be cited in the text. Citing several authors working on the same idea Both paraphrases and quotations require or concept citations. ○ Example: Poverty is one big factor that limits the imagination of what people can possibly Guidelines To Follow In Writing In-Text make out of their potential (Balaoing, 1998; Citations: Guiang, 2000; Buano, 1999). Ensure that the spelling of author names and the Citing two authors in one work: When citing the publication dates in reference list entries are names of the authors in the text, “and” is used, correct but when they are cited within parenthesis, an Cite only works that you have read and ideas that ampersand (&) is applied you have incorporated into your writing. ○ Example: Balaoing and Guiang (1998) Include only those citations needed to support mentioned that… Poverty is one big factor your immediate point. that limits the imagination of what people can Cite sources to document all facts and figures possibly make out of their potential (Balaoing that you mention that are not common & Guiang, 1998). knowledge. Citing several authors in one work: Instead of In-Text Citation Formats mentioning all their names, “et al.” can be used. The word means “and others” Parenthetical ○ Example: Poverty is one big factor that limits ○ In parenthetical citations, the author's name the imagination of what people can possibly and publication date appear in parentheses. make out of their potential (Balaoing et al., 1998) ○ Example: Guiang et al. (1998) claim that… Narrative If the author is unknown:  ○ Example: (Use the title, 2000) United States. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(3), 207– 217. If the date is unknown: Use “n.d.” or “no date”.: https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000185 ○ Example: (Navero, n.d.) ○ Example: Navero (n.d.) claims that… Book Reference Format Citing a specific part of the work of an author: ○ (Navero, 2000, p. 36) Use the same formats for both print books and APA Style - References ebooks. For ebooks, the format, platform, or device (e.g., Kindle) is not included in the Basic Principles of Reference List Entries reference. Provide the author, year of publication, title, and Author publisher of the book. ○ Who is responsible for this work? Use the copyright date shown on the book’s Date copyright page as the year of publication in the ○ When was this work published? reference. Title Include any edition information in parentheses ○ What is this work called? after the title, without italics. Source If the book includes a DOI, include the DOI in the ○ Where can I retrieve this work? reference after the publisher's name. Do not include the publisher location. References Webpage On A Website With A Government References provide the information necessary for Agency Group Author Reference Format readers to identify and retrieve each work cited in the text. For a page on a government website without individual authors, use the specific agency Journal Article Reference Format responsible for the web page as the author. Provide a specific date as possible for the web Figure 2.1 Journal Article Reference Format page. Italicize the title of the webpage. End the reference with the URL. ○ Example: National Institute of Mental Health. (2018, July). Anxiety disorders. U.S. If a journal article has a DOI, include the DOI in Department of Health and Human Services, the reference. National Institutes of Health. Always include the issue number for a journal https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety article. disorders/index.shtml If the journal article does not have a DOI but does have a URL, include the URL of the article at the end of the reference. Webpage On A Website With An Individual ○ Example: Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Author Reference Format Perez, C., & Yelinek, J. (2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups in the  When individual author(s) are credited on the Focuses on how we understand the world webpage, list them as the author in the Conducted in the field and involves first-hand reference. experience Provide a specific date as possible for the Requires a systematic collection of textual or webpage. visual data through observation, interviews, Italicize the title of the webpage. and/or document analysis Provide the site name in the source element of the reference. Characteristics of Qualitative Research End the reference with the URL. ○ Example: Horovitz, B. (2021, October 19). Are Research problems are usually about the you ready to move your aging parents into experiences, beliefs, and meanings of events your home? AARP. from the people's point of view. https://www.aarp.org/caregiving/home-care/inf Inclusive language is used o2021/caregiving-questions.html Authentic communication or self-expression of ○ Example: Schaeffer, K. (2021, October 1). participants is a characteristic of the data What we know about online learning and the Effective interpersonal communication is used homework gap amid the pandemic. Pew The research study makes use of a Research Center. well-formulated design to ensure that the https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/1 research process is rigorous, and it conforms to 0/01/what-we-know-about-online-learning-and scientific method and inquiry. -the-homework-gap-amid-the-pandemic/ Researchers collect data themselves Multiple sources of data: ○ Multiple forms of data such as interviews, observations, documents, and audio-visual LESSON 5: RESEARCH information are gathered. APPROACHES Natural setting: ○ Qualitative researchers typically gather data Research Approaches at the location where participants encounter the phenomenon under investigation. Research approaches are general techniques that researchers follow when conducting a study. Strengths of Qualitative Research These approaches can be Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Methods, depending It provides more in-depth qualitative information on the study and its objectives. regarding a particular number of cases. The type of research approach selected by It is appropriate for describing and explaining a the researcher will determine the complex phenomenon. procedure in collecting, analyzing and It provides a textual description of human interpreting the data. experiences. It involves the collection of data that are situated Qualitative Research in a specific local context. It provides information that can supplement Seeks a deeper understanding of a phenomenon quantitative data Its main goals are to describe and explain It can effectively analyze variables such as interactions, individual experiences, group gender roles, socioeconomic status, social norms, and other social phenomena norms, religion, and ethnicity.  It is more flexible in terms of study design Psychology It allows the participants to respond to questions ○ A study to describe the personality in their own words. characteristics and coping strategies of adolescent children of separated couples. Weaknesses of Qualitative Research Economics ○ A study on the women community leaders and It produces findings that may not be intersections of culture, politics, and generalizable economics. It makes formulating quantitative predictions Business challenging because it does not use statistical ○ Exploring the attitudes and experiences of techniques people in companies and customers of It requires more time to gather and analyze data businesses. It can be easily influenced by the researcher's personal biases. Kinds of Qualitative Research It may be difficult to replicate because of the uniqueness of the selected locale. They are used in most academic fields, such as It is heavily dependent on the ability of the psychology, sociology. education, economics, participants to communicate and express political science, business management, etc. themselves. Case Study Importance of Qualitative Research Across ○ Researchers become interested in studying Fields phenomena in their natural context. ○ Used to identify and describe the conflicts Astronomy experienced by the participants ○ Studying the galaxies and the stars using ○ Focuses on contemporary phenomena observation ○ Examples: Health research and medicine "Cooperation between government ○ The evidence-based practice of providing agencies and NGOs in the delivery of health services or recognition of the social services for women: Two Philippine effectiveness of a particular intervention. cases.* (a) Brief overview of the cooperation between government agencies and NGOs regarding the trends of the Sports problem: (b) Issues, (c) Case studies; ○ helps you understand the problems of athletes recommended guidelines of replication. and the challenges in implementing sports The two cases involved the training of programs village people, mostly women, as Agriculture and Fisheries paramedics to deliver primary health care ○ Give you information on the beliefs, practices, (Caintic, 2021). and challenges of farmers and fisherfolk. Humanities and Social Inquiry Historical Research ○ Help you understand the behavior and ○ A systematic search for and interpretation of experiences of other people facts about past events Information and Communications Technology ○ Includes changes in policies, legislation, ○ Better understand how technology can curriculum, and instructional methods over supplement human communication and time. interactions  ○ Describes a phenomenon by putting together understanding of the nature of human a series of events to form a cohesive story. consciousness. ○ Data is collected from a few individuals. ○ Seeks to understand a certain phenomenon ○ Concerned with the identification, location, as it is perceived and experienced by the evaluation, and synthesis of data from past research participants. events. ○ Examples: ○ Examples: A study on research mentoring in What were the roles of women in the undergraduate programs in college - Katipunan? (Cristobal, 2022) becomes beneficial to both the mentor and mentee (Caintic, 2021). Ethnographic Research ○ Involves the collection and analysis of data Narrative Research about specific groups of people sharing a ○ Focuses on the lives of individuals as told common culture. through their own stories. ○ The researcher immerses themselves in a ○ Examples: community to observe the behaviors and Addressing the humanistic imperative in interactions of its members medical education: voices from Southeast ○ The researchers will get to empathize with the Asia (SEA) (Caintic, 2021). subjects as a community ○ Examples: Quantitative Research How do children with an Indigenous cultural orientation learn and use several Explaining phenomena by collecting numerical speech varieties in different social data that are analyzed using mathematically contexts? (Cristobal, 2022) based methods.. Measures relevant factors and variables by Grounded Theory attaching numeric values that express quantity. ○ Involves comparing collected units of data Utilizes deductive reasoning to generate against one another until categories, predictions that are tested in the real world. properties, and hypotheses that state relations Main goals are to test hypotheses, explore between these categories and properties causal relationships, make predictions, and emerge generalize the findings within a population ○ Enables the researcher to develop an Uses larger samples or sets of participants thus, understanding of how participants actually exhibit a higher rate of generalizability. experience the event ○ Examples: Characteristics of Quantitative Research Application of Grounded Theory: An example from Nursing Workforce research. Objective view on the study The aim was to explore nurse managers, Purpose: To formulate a theory from empirical educators, preceptors, and new graduates’ findings and to make an objective description of a perceptions of workplace readiness for limited set of phenomena. new graduates entering an Intensive Care Generalizability and sampling: generalizations Unit (Caintic, 2021). are derived from behavioral patterns of samples Relationship of researcher to the subject: Phenomenological Research researchers make sure that their beliefs, values, ○ Emphasizes a direct study of the personal or biases do not influence the investigation experiences of participants and the  Study of context: seek to understand complex Economics: to find the effect of technological phenomena by breaking it into components that changes in developing countries can be analyzed individually Engineering: used in developing mathematical Measurement and data analysis: yield numerical models data; make use of necessary tools and statistical Science: useful in conducting research on new procedures in data analysis materials Research process and methods: set of Food and Nutrition: useful in sterilizing different procedures taken by the researcher is already food materials, developing food storage established. techniques. Humanities and Social Sciences: useful in finding Strengths of Quantitative Research traditional variables associated with productivity in labor and industrial relations. Among the specific strengths of using quantitative research are the following: Kinds of Quantitative Research Can be replicated or repeated in other contexts Provides findings that are generalizable to a Descriptive Research larger population ○ Used to describe a particular phenomenon by Establish causality more conclusively observing it as it occurs in nature Data analysis using statistical software is faster ○ The researcher does not start with a Has a low degree of subjectivity hypothesis Its validity and reliability can be measured ○ Goal: to observe and report on a certain phenomenon; Weaknesses of Quantitative Research To describe the person or object of the study It cannot adequately provide in-depth information ○ Experimental manipulation is not used. necessary for describing and explaining a ○ Examples: complex phenomenon Assessing Nurses' Attitudes Toward Death It lacks the ability to provide a comprehensive and Caring for Dying Patients in a textual description of human experiences Comprehensive Cancer Center (Barrot, Numerical data may be insufficient in analyzing 2020). intangible factors, such as gender roles, socio-economic status, and social norms of a given population. Correlational Research It has less flexibility in terms of study design ○ Allows the researcher to measure the degree Responses of participants are strictly limited to of relationship between two or more variables what has been asked ○ Goal: to determine the nature of the relationship between variables without looking Importance of Quantitative Research Across into the cause Fields ○ Experimental manipulation is not used ○ Examples: Health Sciences and Medicine: to assist in the The Relationship Between Service Quality discovery of the causes of diseases and and Customer Satisfaction in the disabilities. Telecommunications Industry: Evidence Education: useful in advancing knowledge in from Nigeria (Barrot, 2020). education and pedagogy Quasi-experimental Research  ○ Used to establish the cause-and-effect Key Characteristics of Mixed Method Approach relationship of variables ○ Has lesser validity due to the absence of It involves the collection of both qualitative random selection and assignments of subjects (open-ended) and quantitative (close-ended) ○ A design in which there is no control group data. ○ Goal: to establish cause-and-effect It includes rigorous methods. relationships The two forms of data are integrated in the ○ Experimental manipulation may have limited design analysis by merging the data, explaining use. the data, and building from one database to ○ Examples: another. Addressing the humanistic imperative in These procedures are incorporated into a distinct medical education: voices from Southeast mixed methods design. Asia (SEA) (Caintic, 2021). These procedures are often informed by a philosophy (or worldview) and a theory. Experimental Research ○ Researchers control variables to demonstrate Strengths of Mixed-Method Approach some causal relationship. ○ Done by selecting a sample of subjects, Words, pictures, and narrative can be used to randomly assigning subjects to experimental add meaning to numbers. and control groups, and exposing the Numbers can be used to add precision to words, experimental group to a treatment pictures, and narratives. ○ Goal: to establish cause-and-effect A researcher can use the strengths of the relationships additional method to overcome the weakness of ○ Experimental manipulation is used another method. ○ The random assignment of individual subjects Can be used to increase the generalizability of provides more conclusiveness as to the the results. causal relationships between the variables. Qualitative and Quantitative research are used ○ Examples: together to produce more complete knowledge Effects of Mobile Technology Use on necessary to inform theory and practice. Walking (Barrot, 2020). Weaknesses of Mixed-Method Approach Mixed Method Research Combination of qualitative and quantitative Can be difficult for a single researcher to carry research designs out To gain a complete picture of the research The Researcher has to learn about multiple problem and gather data that will fully determine methods and approaches and understand how to the validity of hypotheses. mix them appropriately. Example ○ A quantitative research study can be done to Challenges of Mixed-Method Approach determine if a particular health program works. A qualitative research is being done to Need for extensive data collection find out why the health program works or does The time-intensive nature of analyzing both not work. qualitative and quantitative data  The time-intensive nature of analyzing both ○ The overall intent of this design is to have the qualitative and quantitative data qualitative data help explain in more detail the initial quantitative results Types of Mixed-Method Design ○ The data collection proceeds in two distinct phases: rigorous quantitative sampling in the Convergent (QUAN and QUAL data collected first phase and purposeful sampling in the simultaneously) second qualitative phase. ○ A researcher collects both quantitative and ○ The quantitative and the qualitative databases qualitative data, analyzes them separately, are analyzed separately in this approach. and then compares the results to see if the ○ Then, the researcher combines the two findings confirm or disconfirm each other databases in the form of integration. ○ The key assumption of this approach is that ○ Example: both qualitative and quantitative data provide A two-phase project by Ivankova and Stick different types of information but yield the (2007) - their research examined factors same results. contributing to students' persistence in a ○ The qualitative data can assume any of the distributed (on-line) doctoral program in forms such as interviews, observations, educational leadership in higher education. documents, and records. The quantitative They called their study a "sequential data can be instrument data, observational explanatory study" (Ivankova & Stick, checklists, or numeric records. 2007, p. 93). ○ Data analysis in a convergent design consists of three phases. Exploratory (QUAL followed by QUAN) First, analyze the qualitative database by ○ If we reverse the explanatory sequential coding the data and collapsing the codes approach and start with a qualitative phase into broad themes. first followed by a quantitative phase, we have Second, analyze the quantitative database an exploratory sequential approach. in terms of statistical results. ○ The intent of this design is to explore with a Third is the analysis that consists of sample first so that a later quantitative phase integrating the two databases. can be tailored to meet the needs of the ○ Example: individuals being studied. Classen et al. (2007) studied older driver ○ In this strategy, the data collection would safety in order to develop a health occur at two points in the design: the initial promotion intervention based on modifiable qualitative data collection and the test of the factors influencing motor vehicle crashes quantitative feature in the third phase of the with older drivers (age 65 and older). The project. central purpose of the study was identified ○ In this strategy, the researcher analyzes the in the abstract: two databases separately and uses the findings from the initial exploratory database Explanatory (QUAN followed by QUAL) to build into a feature that can be analyzed ○ It involves a two-phase data collection project quantitatively. in which the researcher collects quantitative ○ Example: data in the first phase, analyzes the results, In the exploratory sequential mixed and then uses the results to plan the second, methods design by Meijer, Verloop, and qualitative phase. Beijaard (2001), the authors studied language teachers' practical knowledge about teaching reading comprehension to  16- to 18-year-old students. They first “Religious Education in the Private conducted a qualitative study of teachers' Schools: Practices and Challenges” practical knowledge from 13 teachers “Political System and Government in the about reading comprehension by collecting Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in semi-structured interviews and Muslim Mindanao (BARMM)” concept-mapping assignments. They then used information from this qualitative Sports Research phase to identify six categories of teachers' ○ Is designed to help athletes reach and knowledge. They also used the teachers' sustain ideal body and wellness goals through expressions from the qualitative data to proven high-quality products. form Likert-type items and scales for the ○ It gives the coaches and athletes a way to follow-up questionnaire. Thus, the second gain solid information and apply it to sports phase of their study consisted of performance. developing and testing an instrument ○ Examples of Sports Research: based on their qualitative data. Sixty-nine “Participation of Students in Athletes and teachers completed the questionnaire, and their Academic Performance” the results were used to assess the “The Role and Experiences of the Sports teachers' shared practical knowledge about Team Captains” teaching reading comprehension and the variations that existed among the teachers. Science Research A significant element of this study is that ○ Science research builds scientific knowledge. the reader learns about the detailed ○ Science research is performed by applying process of designing and developing an systematic and constructed scientific methods instrument based on initial qualitative data. to obtain, analyze, and interpret data. (Creswell, 2018) ○ Examples of Science Research: “Environmental impact of Industrial Waste The Kinds of Research Across Fields on Human Health” “The Effects of Air Pollution on Human Arts-Based Research Health in Urban Areas” ○ Is defined as the use of personal expression Mathematics Research in various art forms ○ Is a study that looks at the problems to enhance critical and logical thinking abilities ○ It may lead to finding new formulas and help ○ Examples of Arts-Based Research in finding ways to simplify calculations and “How the arts Benefits Student problems. Achievements” ○ Examples: “The Arts and the Transfer of Learning” “Solving Skills of Students in Algebra” “Students Misconceptions and Errors in Research in Humanities Trigonometry” ○ Is designed to explore human cultures such as Philosophy, Religion, Literature Linguistic, Agriculture Research and History ○ Is aimed at improving productivity and quality ○ It also includes ancient and modern of crops by cultivating its generic improvement languages, human geography, laws, politics for better plant protection, irrigation, storage and other social sciences methods, farm mechanization, efficient ○ Examples of Research in Humanities:  marketing, and better management of agricultural resources. Social Science Research ○ Agriculture plays a crucial role in the life of an ○ Is the study that focuses on finding reasons economy. It is the backbone of the economic for human behavior. It is conducted to gather system. information about people and societies. ○ Examples of Agriculture Research: ○ It can change already accepted principles “Effects of Different Rates of Nitrogen through its new research methodologies and Fertilizers on Growth and Quality of Rice findings. and Corn” ○ Examples of Social Science Research: “Shaping the Modern Farming through “A case study for early and modern human Agtech Fusion” societies” “Reasons why the youth population is Fisheries Research stressed” ○ Is conducted to increase the production of “Depressive Effects of Social Media” fishery resources for the purpose of providing human food. ○ Examples of Fisheries Research: References: “Vulnerability of Inland and Coastal Aquaculture to Climate Change” Content from Ma’am Maria Sadaya “Effect of Commercial Fishing Technologies on Marine Ecosystem” Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Research ○ Is designed to ease the knowledge gathering process and to enhance resource development. ○ Examples of ICT Research: “The Role of ICT within Small and Medium Enterprises in the Municipality of Esperanza, Sultan Kudarat” Implementation of DepEd Computerization Program(DCP) in the Public High Schools in Sultan Kudarat” Business Research ○ Is the process of acquiring detailed information of all areas of business and using such information in maximizing the sales and profit of the business. ○ Examples of Business Research: “Financial Literacy, Spending Practices and Performance of Teachers” “Budgeting Practices and Business Efficiency of Large Enterprises at Sta Maria Bulacan”  Proofread by: Team Secretary, Team President, and Team Vice President