Psychology 101:02 Fall 2024 Exam 1 Study Guide PDF

Psychology 101:02 Fall 2024 Exam 1 Study Guide (Complete) This is intended to be a guide only. Introduction 1. What is psychology? a. psychology is the scientific study of...

Psychology 101:02 Fall 2024 Exam 1 Study Guide (Complete) This is intended to be a guide only. Introduction 1. What is psychology? a. psychology is the scientific study of thought, behavior, and emotion Research Methods 2. What is hindsight bias? a. Overestimation of the ability to predict the outcome 3. What is the scientific method? a. Tests idea with the use of data- evidence (empiricism) i. Steps in the research process 1. Formulate the question 2. Formulate a hypothesis (test prediction) 3. Design the study to the hypothesis a. Operational definition 4. Perform the study (test the hypothesis) 5. Interpret the data (conclude) 6. Communicate the findings 4. What is a hypothesis? a. Test prediction 5. What is an operational definition? a. Statement about the procedures the researcher used to measure a variable 6. What is a case study? What are its advantages and disadvantages? a. In-depth analysis of one subject (or more) 7. What is the observational method? What are its advantages and disadvantages? a. Describe and measure people/animals' behavior systematically i. (E.g observe the behavior of parents dropping off kids at day care) 8. What is the survey method? What are its advantages and disadvantages? a. Asking people questions about their thoughts, feelings, desires, and actions and recording their answers b. What are wording effects? i. the systematic method variance caused by positive and negative item wordings on a self-report measure c. What is response bias? i. the pattern of responses to questions that do not accurately reflect the content of the question d. What is random sampling (random selection)? i. everyone in the population has an equal chance of being in the sample 9. What is the correlational method? a. measures strength and direction of a relationship between two variables b. What are positive and negative correlations? i. Positive correlation: variables change in the same direction ii. Negative correlation: Variables change in the opposite direction  c. How are correlation coefficients (rs) interpreted? i. indicator of the strength of the relationship between two variables (ranges from -1.00 to +1.00) d. Does correlation indicate causation? What are the other alternatives (e.g., B could cause A)? i. Correlation does not necessarily indicate causation!!! e. What are third variables? i. The third variable is another correlation 10. What is experimentation? a. What are IVs and DVs? i. IV: Manipulated/controlled by the experimenter ii. DV: outcome variable dependent on IV 11. What are experimental (treatment) and control conditions? a. Experimental (treatment) condition (group) – receives treatment/stimulus b. Control condition (group) – does not receivetreatment/stimulus (comparison group) 12. What is a confounding variable? a. variable that is potentially responsible for the results, but is not the variable of interest (the IV) 13. What is random assignment? a. method used to place participants into experimental conditions in which participants have an equal chance of being in every condition 14. What is experimental control? a. researcher makes sure that no factors other than the IV are changing and thus could affect the DV 15. What is the placebo effect? What is a placebo control group? a. observed improvement following an inert treatment b. placebo control group – participants who receive a placebo rather than actual treatment or nothing 16. What is the expectancy effect? a. results when the experimenter’s hypothesis(expectation) leads unintentionally to behavior toward the participants that then increases the likelihood that the participants’ behavior will confirm the hypothesis (e.g., Rosenthal & Jacobson, 1968 17. What are single-blind and double-blind procedures? a. Single-blind procedures – the participants do not know if they have been assigned to the experimental or control group b. Double-blind procedures – neither the participants nor the researchers know who has been assigned to the experimental or control group 18. What is generalizability? a. an outcome to other groups andsettings Can the results apply to other situations? 19. What is replication? a. Repetition of a study Chapter 1 What are informed consent and debriefing (1b (1.4.2))? The Biology of Behavior 20. What are the biological/neuroscientific, evolutionary, behavioral genetic, psychoanalytic/psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and social/cultural perspectives? a. Biological/neuroscientific: How physical systems (e.g., the brain) affect behavior, feelings, and thoughts b. Evolutionary: Natural selection of traits c. Behavior genetics: Contribution of genes and environment to behavior d. Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic: Unconscious dynamics within the individual e. Behavioral: Learning via reinforcements and punishments f. Cognitive: How people reason, remember, interpret g. Sociocultural: How social and cultural forces shape individuals’ behavior 21. What are neurons? a. Nervous system: complex communication network made up of neurons b. Neurons: specialized cell that transmitsneural messages to other neurons,glands, and muscles 22. What are dendrites, the cell body, and axons? a. Dendrite – receives neural messages from other neurons b. Cell body (soma) – houses DNA c. Axon – a thin tube that transmits messages 23. What are glial cells (glia)? a. Provide structure for neurons b. What is the blood-brain barrier? i. Some glial cells form a blood-brain barrier (prevents some toxins from entering the brain) c. What is myelin sheath? i. specialized cells that are wrapped around the axon to help transmit a message 24. What is the action potential? a. electrical impulse that travels from the cell body down to the end of the axon (neural firing) b. What is threshold? i. level of electric charge needed to stimulate action potential c. What does “all-or-none response” mean? i. once the electric charge of the neuron reaches a certain threshold, it fires an action potential 25. What is a synapse? a. junction between 2neurons Messages are transmitted across synapse via neurotransmitters 26. What are neurotransmitters? a. Chemical signal between neurons 27. What is reuptake? a. sending neuron reabsorbs excess neurotransmitters 28. What are inhibitory and excitatory signals? a. Excitatory signals – increase the likelihood that neuron will fire b. Inhibitory signals – decrease the likelihood that neuron will fire 29. What is: a. Acetylcholine: involved in muscle action, learning, memory b. Endorphins: reduce pain and promote pleasure c. Dopamine: involved in voluntary movement, reward,learning, memory d. Serotonin: involved in sleep, appetite, mood  e. Glutamate: excitatory – learning, memory enhancement f. GABA: inhibitory – calms g. epinephrine and norepinephrine: involved in stress response 30. What are agonists and antagonists? a. Agonists – increase normal activity of a neurotransmitter b. Antagonists – decrease activity of a neurotransmitter 31. What are motor neurons and sensory neurons? a. Motor neurons: carry signals from the brain or spinal cord to muscles, skin, and glands b. Sensory neurons: carry messages from receptors to the spinal cord and brain 32. What is the central nervous system? a. Central nervous system: brain and spinal cord (Responds to sensory information, Sends messages to muscles, glands, organs) b. What are spinal reflexes? i. automatic responses that occur without brain involvement Spinal core: extension of the brain 1. Handles both incoming and outgoing messages 2. Acts as a bridge between the brain and body below the neck 33. What is the peripheral nervous system? All of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord Allows communication between CNS and sensory systems Contains somatic and autonomic nervous systems a. What are the somatic and autonomic nervous systems? i. Somatic nervous system (voluntary): Sensory and motor pathways ii. Autonomic nervous system (automatic): Sympathetic nervous system – increases physiological arousal Parasympathetic nervous system – decreases arousal What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems? 34. What is the endocrine system? a. What are hormones? chemicals secreted by endocrine glands into the bloodstream b. What is the hypothalamus? (brain structure) – controls pituitary gland c. What is the pituitary gland? “master gland” d. What are the adrenal glands? important in mood, energy level, stress response e. Pineal gland – regulates circadian rhythm