G11 Philosophy Reviewer - First Quarter PDF

PHILOSOPHY QUOTES ON PHILOSOPHY FIRST QUARTER REVIEWER Team President, Academics Committee Karl Jaspers ○...

PHILOSOPHY QUOTES ON PHILOSOPHY FIRST QUARTER REVIEWER Team President, Academics Committee Karl Jaspers ○ “It is the search for the truth, not possession of the truth, which is the way of philosophy. PHILOSOPHY Its questions are more relevant than its answers, and every answer becomes a new Etymology question.” ○ Φιλοσοφία (Philosophia) in GREEK, where: Highlights the way of philosophy, Philo = love which is the constant search for the Sophia = wisdom truth. Blaise Pascal REAL definition: ○ “All our dignity lies in our thoughts.” ○ The science of all things in its ultimate causes Highlights the importance of proper and principles acquired through the use of discernment and correct thinking natural reason. Plato ○ “Wonder is the feeling of the philosopher, Other Definitions: and philosophy begins in wonder.” ○ “Philosophy is.. Highlights the significance of curiosity the love of wisdom. in philosophy. the pursuit of wisdom. the search for the truth. WHY SHOULD WE STUDY PHILOSOPHY? the general comprehension of reality mainly through speculative, theoretical, or Importance: reflective means. ○ Its importance lies in its being able to help an examination of the fundamental us understand the meaning of the things grounds of reality and ideas we know. communicating basic beliefs. ○ For us to be able to distinguish truth from the rational investigation and error and to search for truth. Because of the interpretation of reality. limitations of our minds, there might be errors in our thinking (fallacy). THE KINDS OF LOVE ACCORDING TO THE GREEKS ○ We need to be able to analyze things not only as they are. ○ It gives insights into our nature as human Eros persons. ○ Acquisitive ○ It allows us to see deeper into reality, ○ Superficial type of love; centered on physical presenting to us the realities in a variety of desire perspectives. Philia ○ Through philosophy, one is able to find a ○ Fondness or appreciation common ground among data, see these ○ The kind of love in Philosophy. in their proper perspectives, and thereby ○ Evident in friendships understand them not as separate entities Agape but as part of the larger whole. ○ Unconditional, perfect love ○ Can be likened to God’s love  An example of varying perspectives: ○ Early Greek philosophers aimed to find ○ In the eyes of 5 different people, an apple natural explanations for natural processes tree would be thought about… (instead of supernatural explanations). Artist: how vibrant the colors are; how majestic its shape is ANCIENT GREEK PHILOSOPHY Businessman: how profitable it could be Muthos (Before Pre-Socratic Thinkers) Religious: how it is a gift from God ○ Ideas and concepts were explained through Carpenter: how the wood could be stories about gods and goddesses used to build something ○ Created by poets and artists Hungry: how delicious its apples would be Logos (Pre-Socratic Thinkers) ○ Questions revolved around the origin of the ESSENTIAL VALUE OF PHILOSOPHY cosmos ○ Asked by natural thinkers According to Bertrand Russell… ○ Philosophy enlarges the soul and elevates Logos (Socratic Philosophers) our consciousness. ○ Questions asked were about human people ○ Its value lies in uncertainty (of providing and essential elements of life exact knowledge) and incompleteness (of ○ Asked by philosophers providing definitive answers). ○ Philosophy must be studied for its own SUMMARY: sake–for the sake of understanding. Muthos ○ It must be viewed for the sake of asking ○ Referred to myths, narratives, and stories the right questions. that conveyed moral, cultural, and religious ○ Its value lies in the nourishment of the truths (e.g. stories of gods and goddesses) soul and the improvement of the mind. ○ Represented overly imaginative and personalistic stories of the universe Logos CHAPTER 1: Doing Philosophy ○ Represented rational discourse and Was viewed as an out-of-this-world activity of reasonable explanations based on logic mad men ○ Involved rational observation and logical A wanderlust for the world trying to deduction understand his/her feet LESSON 2: Stupefaction, Questioning, and LESSON 1: From Muthos to Logos Perennial Search According to Sophie’s World… MILETUS ○ The early Greeks explained the maintenance of nature and the reason for A seaport town considered to be the center of the constant struggle between good and evil many things such as business and commerce through mythological explanations. Where Philosophy began in 587 BCE ○ Mythological explanations → rejected by Where the first philosophers came from philosophers ○ Thales of Miletus is considered to be the first philosopher.  DOUBT THAUMA Pushes us to question many things Pushes us to see that a greater reason is Means ‘Wonder’ as in awe being veiled by what seems to appear before Amazement, marvel, or astonishment us However, Oliver Feltham proposed a better, However, not all doubts are healthy as some more faithful translation of Thauma as could lead to RADICAL SKEPTICISM. ‘Stupefaction.’ ○ Questioning everything without any goal of grounding STUPEFACTION LESSON 3: What Pythagoras Taught Us When a person is stupefied, that person is Concerning the Telos of Philosophy placed in a state of confusion. Could be a situation that puts one in a PYTHAGORAS (570 - 495 BCE) position of discomfort and inconvenience Could also be a state of fascination Marked a radical shift from the mythic to the A situation that prompts us to ask rational questions–to seek answers Coined the term ‘philosopher’ Rejects the notion that philosophy begins merely when a person is in awe or when a WHAT IS PYTHAGORAS’ EXACT TAKE ON person merely wonders PHILOSOPHY? QUESTIONING His take can be summarized through his idea of PHILOSOPHUS. An indication that real and genuine ○ “Someone who, in all his might, pursues knowledge does not end in awe wisdom.” Needs a great degree of doubt ○ A humble take of someone as a student Questions in the context of philosophy touch of wisdom upon matters related to choice, meaning, and ○ The idea of the eternal pursuit of the life. truth. Answers to philosophical questions are ○ Philosophers should remain as students PERENNIAL. of wisdom. ○ Answers that would take the duration of ○ The telos or goal never ends. a lifetime Pythagoras defined philosophy as a love of ○ Answers that matter wisdom. ○ Answers in their ultimate sense ○ Philosophy came from 2 Greek words ‘philein’ (philo came from this word) meaning love, and ‘sophia,’ meaning TYPES OF QUESTIONING wisdom. Constructive Going back to the real issue and clarifying whether such an SOPHISTS VS. PHILOSOPHERS interpretation is indeed right and correct Sophists Destructive To contradict a different view without ○ Itinerant professional teachers and basis or reason intellectuals