Understanding The Self PDF - 1st Year, Polytechnic University of the Philippines

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF 1ST YEAR 1ST SEMESTER A.Y 2024-2025 | POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES L1: THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE THOMAS AQUINAS Self is either the cognitive or the affective representation of the individual....

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF 1ST YEAR 1ST SEMESTER A.Y 2024-2025 | POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES L1: THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE THOMAS AQUINAS Self is either the cognitive or the affective representation of the individual. Adapting some ideas from Aristotle, Aquinas said that indeed, man is composed of two parts: DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVE IN THE EXPLANATION OF SELF ★ MATTER: Hyle in Greek, refers to the common stuff that makes up everything in the universe. ARE THE FOLLOWING ★ FORM: Morphe in Greek, refers to the essence of substance or thing. SOCRATES To Aquinas, what makes a human person is his soul. The soul is what animates the body. It is what makes us human. One of the very few individuals who shaped western thought. Socrates was known for his method of inquiry in testing an idea. Known as the Socratic Method, whereby an RENE DESCARTES idea is tested by asking a series of questions to determine Father of modern philosophy, conceived of the human underlying beliefs and the extent of knowledge to guide the person as having a body and a mind. person toward better understanding. One of his The first thinker to emphasize the use of reason to describe, most-quoted phrases is “the unexamined life is not worth predict, and understand natural phenomena based on living”. observational and empirical evidence. According to him, self knowledge or the examination of He thought that the only thing that one cannot doubt is the one’s self, as well as the question about how one ought to existence of the self, a thing that thinks, and therefore, that live one’s life, are very important concerns because only by cannot be doubted. knowing yourself can you hope to improve your life. His famous line “cogito ergo sum”, “I think therefore I am”. He added self-knowledge would open your eyes to your true The fact that one thinks should lead one to conclude nature and the state of your inner being determines the without doubt that he exists. quality of your life. The self for Descartes is a combination of two distinct Socrates believed that the goal of life is to be happy, the entities: virtuous man is a happy man. ★ COGITO: The thing that thinks, which is the mind. ★ EXTENSA: Extension of the mind, which is the PLATO body. A thinking thing is a thing that doubts, understands, Plato supported the idea that man is a dual nature of body affirms, denies, wills, refuses, that imagines, and perceives. and soul. He is best known for his “theory of forms” that asserted the physical world is not really the real world because the JOHN LOCKE ultimate reality exists beyond the physical world. He believed that the self is identified with consciousness According to him, the soul is indeed the most divine aspect and this self consists of sameness of consciousness, usually of the human being. interpreted to mean that the self consists of memory; that He added that there are three components of the soul the person existing now is the same person yesterday ★ The rational soul (REASONING), forged by reason because he remembers the thoughts, experiences or actions and intellect has to govern the affairs of the human of the earlier self. person. ★ The spirited soul (FEELING), which is in charge of emotions should be kept at bay. DAVID HUME ★ The appetitive soul (SENSUAL), in charge of base desires like eating, drinking, sleeping, and having He is identified with the “bundle theory” wherein he sex. describes the self as a bundle or a collection of different perceptions that are moving in a very fast and successive manner. He believed that human intellect and experiences ST. AUGUSTINE are limited and the self is merely made up of successive impressions. Also called ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO, one of the Latin ★ IMPRESSIONS: Perceptions that are the most Fathers of the Church, one of the Doctors of the Church, strong and enter the senses with the most forces. It and one of the most significant Christian thinkers. is directly experienced. The basic objects of our He adopted Plato’s view that the self is an immaterial but experience and sensation. rational soul. ★ IDEAS: Copies of impression. These are the less Agreed that man is of a bifurcated nature. forcible and less lively counterparts of Believed that the human being was both a soul and body. impressions. The body is bound to die on earth and the soul is to anticipate living eternally in a realm of spiritual bliss in communion with God. UNDERSTANDING THE SELF 1ST YEAR 1ST SEMESTER A.Y 2024-2025 | POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISTS argue that the self shouldn’t be seen as a IMMANUEL KANT static entity that stays constant through and through. Rather the self Kant’s view of the self is transcendental, which means that has to be seen as something that is unceasing flux, in constant self is related to a spiritual or nonphysical realm. For him, struggle with external reality and is malleable in its dealings with self is not in the body, the self is outside the body and it society. The self is always in participation with social life and is truly does not have the qualities of the body. It is also the seat of multifaceted. knowledge acquisition for all human persons. According to him, there are two components of the self: TWO SIDES OF SELF (SOCIAL SELF) ★ INNER SELF: The self by which you are aware of alterations in your own state. MEAD proposed two interactive facets of the self: ★ OUTER SELF: Includes senses and the physical ★ Me: the product of what the person has learned while world. interacting with others and with the environment. It exercises social control over the self. ★ I: that part of the self that is unsocialized and spontaneous. GILBERT RYLE It is the individual’s response to the community’s attitude For him, what truly matters is the behavior that a person toward the person. manifests in day to day life. He suggests that the self is not an entity one can locate and analyze but simply the According to MARCEL MAUSS, every self has two faces: convenient name that people use to refer to all behaviors ★ MOI: A person’s sense of who he is and a person’s basic that people make. identity. ★ PERSONNE: composed of the social concepts of what it means to be who he is and has much to do with what it MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY means to live in a particular institution, a particular family, He says that the mind and body are so intertwined that they a particular religion, and a particular nationality. cannot be separated from one another. The living body, his thoughts, emotions, and experiences are all one. He argued that the body is the part of mind and the mind is L3: THE SELF AS A COGNITIVE CONSTRUCT SELF: The sense of personal identity and of who we are as part of the body. individuals. According to him, the body acts what the mind perceives as ★ WILLIAM JAMES was one of the earliest psychologists to a unified one. study the self and conceptualize the self as having two aspects: I: the thinking, acting, and feeling self. L2: THE SELF, SOCIETY, AND CULTURE Me: the physical characteristics and psychological SOCIETY: A group of people who share a common culture, occupy a capabilities that make who you are. particular territorial area and feel themselves to constitute a unified ★ CARL ROGERS theory of personality also used the same and distinct entity. terms. I: the one who acts and decides. CULTURE: That complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, Me: what you think or feel about yourself as an arts, morals, law, customs and other capabilities, and habits object. acquired by man as a member of society. Ideal Self: the person that you would like yourself to be. Real Self: the person you actually are. SELF IS COMMONLY DEFINED BY THE FOLLOWING When your real self and ideal self are very similar CHARACTERISTICS: you experience congruence, but when there is a ★ SEPARATE: Self is distinct from other selves. great inconsistency between your ideal and real ★ SELF-CONTAINED: Its distinctness allows it to be selves you experience incongruence. self-contained with its own thoughts, characteristics and ★ CARVER AND SCHEIER identified two types of self. volition. PRIVATE SELF: your internal standards and ★ INDEPENDENT: In itself it can exist, it does not require any private thoughts and feelings. other self for it to exist. PUBLIC SELF: your public image commonly ★ CONSISTENT: Has a personality that is enduring. geared toward having a good presentation of ★ UNITARY: It is the center of all experiences and thoughts yourself to others. that run through a person. ★ PRIVATE: It sorts out information, feelings and emotions, and thought processes within the self. SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONISTS argue for a merged view of the person and their social context where the boundaries of one can’t easily be separated from the boundaries of the other. UNDERSTANDING THE SELF 1ST YEAR 1ST SEMESTER A.Y 2024-2025 | POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES Competition is the name of the game and they are more likely OTHER CONCEPT SIMILAR TO SELF straightforward and forceful in their communication as well as ★ IDENTITY: Compose of personal characteristics, social decision. Westerners also emphasize more on the value of equality. roles and responsibilities, and affiliations that define who one is. FRANK JOHNSON outlined four categories on how the term self is ★ SELF CONCEPT: What basically comes to your mind when used in contemporary western discussion. you are asked about who you are. ★ ANALYTICAL ★ SELF AWARENESS: When we are aware of our self concept. Meant the tendency to see reality as an aggregate It can keep you from doing something dangerous. of parts, the self is an observer separate and ★ SELF ESTEEM: our own positive or negative perception or distinct from external objects. evaluation of ourselves. ★ MONOTHEISTIC ★ DEINDIVIDUATION: the loss of individual self awareness Involved the tendency toward unitary and individual accountability in groups. explanations of phenomena and a closed system ★ ACTUAL SELF: who you are at the moment. view of self as modeled after a unitary, omnipotent ★ IDEA SELF: who you like to be. power. ★ OUGHT SELF: who you think you should be ★ INDIVIDUALISTIC A quality of western thinking where However one cannot fully discount the effects of society and culture self-expression and self-actualization are on the formation of the self, identity and self concept. Social important ways of establishing who one is as well interaction always has a part to play in who we think we are. This is as in finding satisfaction in the world. not nature versus nurture but instead a nature and nurture ★ MATERIALISTIC / RATIONALISTIC perspective Western thinking tends to discredit explanations that do not use analytic deductive mode of Under the theory of symbolic interactionism, Goerge Herbert Mead thinking. argued that the self is created and developed through human interaction. There are three reasons why self and identity are social EASTERN CONCEPT OF SELF products. 1. We do not create ourselves out of nothing. Eastern perspective sees the other person as part of yourself. Asians 2. Whether we like to admit it or not, we actually need others in general talk about their social roles or the social situations that to affirm and reinforce who we think we are. invoked certain traits that they deem positive for themselves. They 3. What we think is important to us may also have been would rather keep a low profile as promoting self can be seen as influenced by what is important in our social or historical boastfulness that disrupts social relationship. Asian culture is called context. a collectivistic culture as the group and social relations is given more importance than individual needs and wants. Eastern or oriental We learn about ourselves, the appropriateness of our behaviors, as persons look after the welfare of their groups and values well as our social status by comparing aspects of ourselves with cooperation. other people. ★ DOWNWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON: we create a positive CONFUCIANISM self concept by comparing ourselves with those who are can be seen as a code of ethical conduct, of how one should worse off than us. properly act according to their relationship with others. It ★ UPWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON: comparing yourself with is also focused on having a harmonious social life. those who are better off than us. Personality in the Confucian perception is an achieved state ★ SOCIAL COMPARISON also entails what is called self of moral excellence rather than a given human condition. evaluation maintenance theory, which states that we can Self cultivation is the ultimate purpose of life but the feel threatened when someone outperforms us, especially characteristics of a man of virtue or noble character is still when that person is close to us. embedded in his social relationship TAOISM L4: THE SELF IN WESTERN & EASTERN THOUGHTS Living in the way of the Tao or the universe. Taoism rejects Western perspectives always focus on looking toward the self. You the hierarchy and strictness brought by Confucianism and compare yourself in order to be better, you create associations and would prefer a simple lifestyle and its teachings thus aim to bask in the glory of that group for your self esteem, you put primacy describe how to attain that life. The ideal self is selflessness in developing yourself. but this is not forgetting about the self, it is living a balanced-life with society and nature, being open and Western thought looks at the world in dualities wherein you are accepting to change, forgetting about prejudices and distinct from the other person. They talked more about their egocentric ideas and thinking about equality as well as personal attributes when describing themselves. The western complementarity among humans as well as other beings. culture is what we would call an individualistic culture since their focus is on the person. They may seem to have loose associations or even loyalty to their groups. UNDERSTANDING THE SELF 1ST YEAR 1ST SEMESTER A.Y 2024-2025 | POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES BUDDHISM HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR: Wide range of physical and composed of the teachings of Buddha. psychological activities that involves sexual arousal, desire, and satisfaction. ★ SOLITARY BEHAVIOR L5: THE PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL SELF Involves one individual PUBERTY the stage of development at which individuals become ★ SOCIOSEXUAL BEHAVIOR: sexually mature. It is the period of life when the reproductive organs Involves more than one person. It could be grow to their adult size and become functional under the influence heterosexual or homosexual. of rising levels of gonadal hormones. HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE: It refers to the sequence of physical DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM and emotional occurence when the person is participating in a sexually stimulating activity. INFECTIONS are the most common problem associated with the reproductive system in adults FOUR PHASES OF THE HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE ★ VAGINAL INFECTION 1. Excitement phase ★ PROSTATITIS 2. Plateau phase ★ URETHRITIS 3. Sexual climax / orgasm phase ★ EPIDIDYMITIS 4. Resolution phase ★ ORCHIDITIS ROLES OF HORMONES IN SEXUAL ACTIVITY SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES The hypothalamus is the most important part of the brain for sexual functioning. The pituitary gland secretes the hormones produced in STD’s are infections transmitted from an infected person to an the hypothalamus. uninfected person through sexual contact. It can be caused by 1. OXYTOCIN: Also known as the love hormone. bacteria, viruses or parasites. Also known as Sexually Transmitted 2. FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH): responsible Infections (STI). for ovulation in females ★ GONORRHEA 3. LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH): stimulates the testes to ★ GENITAL HERPES produce testosterone. ★ HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS 4. VASOPRESSIN: involved in the male arousal phase. ★ HIV 5. ESTROGEN & PROGESTERONE: typically regulate to engage ★ AIDS in sexual behavior for females. ★ CHLAMYDIA ★ SYPHILIS ★ CHANCROID THE THREE STAGES OF FALLING IN LOVE ★ HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 1. LUST: marked by physical attraction. ★ TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS 2. ATTRACTION: you begin to crave for your partner’s presence. 3. ATTACHMENT: the desire to have lasting commitment with SEXUAL PROBLEMS your significant other. It may be classified as physiological, psychological, and social in origin. OTHER CONCEPTS 1. Vaginal infections ★ COITUS: insertion of the male reproductive structure to the 2. RETROVERTED UTERI female reproductive organ. 3. PROSTATITIS ★ SEXUAL DESIRE: The subjective feeling of wanting to 4. ADRENAL TUMORS engage in sex. 5. DIABETES ★ SEX DRIVE: represent a basic, biologically mediated 6. SENILE CHANGES OF VAGINA motivation to seek sexual activity or sexual gratification. 7. CARDIOVASCULAR PROBLEMS ★ BRAIN: the largest sex organ controlling the biological 8. PREMATURE EMISSION urges, mental processes as well as the emotional and 9. ERECTILE IMPOTENCE physical responses to sex. 10. EJACULATORY IMPOTENCE ★ SEX: the process of combining male and female genes to 11. VAGINISMUS form an offspring. ★ SEXUAL ORIENTATION: defined as an individual’s general EROGENOUS ZONE refers to the parts of the body that are primarily sexual disposition toward partners of the same sex, the receptive and increase sexual arousal when touched in a sexual opposite sex or both sexes. manner. It describes areas of the body that are highly sensitive to ★ GENDER IDENTITY: refers to one’s sense of being male or stimuli and are often sexually exciting. Some of the commonly female. known erogenous zones are the mouth, breasts, genitals, anus, skin, ★ LGBTQ+ is an umbrella term for a wide spectrum of gender neck (aroused easily), thigh (aroused easily), abdomen (aroused identity, sexual orientations and romantic orientations. easily) and feet (aroused easily). UNDERSTANDING THE SELF 1ST YEAR 1ST SEMESTER A.Y 2024-2025 | POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES FAMILY PLANNING: allows men and women to make informed choices on when and if they decide to have children. NATURAL & ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION NATURAL METHOD Natural Family Planning method (NFP) is the method that uses the body’s natural physiological changes and symptoms to identify the fertile and infertile phases of the menstrual cycle. Also known as fertility-based awareness method. 1. PERIODIC ABSTINENCE RHYTHM (CALENDAR) BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE (BBT) MONITORING CERVICAL MUCUS (OVULATION) OR BILLING’S METHOD. 2. LACTATION AMENORRHEA 3. COITUS INTERRUPTUS ARTIFICIAL METHOD HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES are an effective family planning method that manipulates the hormones that directly affect the normal menstrual cycle so that ovulation will not occur. 1. ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE (PILL) 2. TRANSDERMAL CONTRACEPTIVE PATCH 3. VAGINAL RING 4. SUBDERMAL IMPLANTS 5. HORMONAL INJECTIONS 6. INTRAUTERINE DEVICE 7. CHEMICAL BARRIERS 8. SPERMICIDES. VAGINAL GELS & CREAMS GLYCERIN FILM DIAPHRAGM CERVICAL CAP 9. MALE CONDOMS 10. FEMALE CONDOMS SURGICAL METHOD 1. VASECTOMY 2. TUBAL LIGATION