REVIEWER-PHILO-001-1STQUARTEREXAM.docx

**\ PHILO-001\ REVIEWER** **WEEK 1-2\ What is Philosophy?\ Philo** - "to love"\ **Sophia**- "wisdom"\ =LOVE OF WISDOM- Pagmamahal sa karunungan/kaalaman **: Philosophy is also defined as the science that by the natural light of reason studies the first causes or highest principles of all things.\...

**\ PHILO-001\ REVIEWER** **WEEK 1-2\ What is Philosophy?\ Philo** - "to love"\ **Sophia**- "wisdom"\ =LOVE OF WISDOM- Pagmamahal sa karunungan/kaalaman **: Philosophy is also defined as the science that by the natural light of reason studies the first causes or highest principles of all things.\ NOTE: Philosophy begins when you start to wonder.\ ( Highlighted words are the fundamental aspects of Philosophy)\ \ 4 Fundamental Aspects of Philosophy:** 1. **Science\ - Systematic** **- step by step procedure** 2. **Natural Light of Reason\ - unaided reason or human reason alone** **- common sense** **- No investigative tools** **- No test** 3. **Study of all Things\ - " ALL"** **- sets the distinction between philosophies from other sciences.** 4. **First Cause or the Highest Principle.** **-most basic reasons or principles\ \ (Mnemonics: SCIE-NA-STU-FIRST)** **4 PRINCIPLES UNDER First Cause or the Highest Principle** 1. **Principle of Identity** **-What ever it is; it is.** **-Yun na Yun, walang magbabago kahit anong gawin mo. Isipin mo nalang ex mo hindi na magbabago yun.** 2. **Principle of Noncontradiction** **-Formula: TF- FT= situation\ - something cannot be both true and false at the same time.\ ** 3. **Principle of Excluded Middle\ - Walang Pusod ( Saan nakalagay ang pusod? SA GITNA)** **-no middle ground possible between being and not being.** 4. **Principle of Sufficient Reason** **- " ENOUGH REASON/ SUFFICIENT REASON"** **-Nothing exists without a sufficient reason for its being and existence.** **8 GREEK PHILOSOPHERS:** 1. **THALES** **- Water** **- He claims that everything we experience is water- which we call "reality." Everything else is "appearance."** 2. **ANAXIMENES** **- AIR** **-\"air is God\"- both being infinite and eternal.** 3. **PHYTAGORAS** **- developments in mathematics, astronomy, and the theory of music.** **- Phytagorian Theorem** 4. **PROTAGORAS** **- " 3 claims about MAN"** 1. man is the measure of all things ( Explanation: Lahat ng tao ay may iba't-ibang perspective/ judgement sa mga bagay-bagay) 2\. that he could make the "worse (or weaker) argument appear the better (or stronger)" ( EXAMPLE: Debate & Lawyer) 3.that one could not tell if the gods existed or not. 5. **SOCRATES** **-** Soul is the most important ( Body is temporary and soul is eternal- Represents the true self) -Socratic Method of Teaching ( digs deeper, follow-up questions, art of questioning) 6. **PLATO** **- DUALISTIC nature:\ **1.Body-- material, mutable and destructible ( Nabubulok/Nasisira) 2.Soul -- immaterial, immutable and indestructible. ( Walang katapusan)\ **Three components of the soul:** 1.Rational soul -- mind and intellect ( Ex. Problem solving) 2.Spirited soul -- will or volition ( Ex. To achieve your ultimate dream) 3.Appetitive soul -- emotion or desire ( Ex. Cravings) 7. **ARISTOTLE\ **-No dichotomy between body and soul.   -Body and soul are in a state of unity ( IISA LANG) -Plato\'s best student  -Started his philosophical school at age 50  -Known as a peripatetic philosopher ( Naglalakad habang nagtatake down notes) 8. **ZENO OF CITIUM** **- Founder of Stoicism** **- Key concepts in Stoicism include the idea that external events are beyond our control and that we should focus on our own responses and attitudes towards those events.** ( Explanation: Hindi natin kontrolado lahat ng bagay bagkus mas mag-focus tayo paano natin haharapin o ireresolba ang mga unexpected events na 'yon) **4 BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY ( MELE)\ \ 1. Metaphysics\ - "Beyond reality"\ - General** -explores the fundamental nature of reality and existence. It ***asks questions about what things really are and how they exist,*** such as whether abstract concepts like numbers are real or just human ideas. -Nageexist ba talaga ang isang bagay o isa lamang itong idea o konsepto na nasa isip lang ng mga tao. \- Hindi nakikita, Hindi rin nahahawakan ng pisikal, Hindi madaling maipaliwanag o masukat. \- Hal. Oras, Space, God, and Love. **SUBPARTS OF METAPHYSICS ( O-C-THEO-PSY)\ **1.Ontology \- Specific\ - branch of metaphysics that focuses on the study of being and existence. \- Tagalog Explanation: Ito ay nagtatanong tungkol sa kung ano ang mga bagay, paano sila umiiral, at ano ang kaugnayan nila sa isat'isa. 2.Cosmology 3.Theodicy 4.Psychology\ - "nature of the mind and consciousness." **2. EPISTEMOLOGY** -study of knowledge \- How can we use our senses to acquire knowledge? **3.LOGIC\ **-"valid reasoning" -What makes an argument valid or invalid?\ - If premise 1 and premise 2 are true therefore the conclusion is true. **4.ETHICS**\ - "nature of moral virtue and evaluates human actions" **\ 2 PROCESS IN DOING PHILOSOPHY:**\ **1. HOLISTIC POINT OF VIEW-** " ALL", "WHOLE"\ **2. PARTIAL POINT OF VIEW-** " ONE-SIDED", NOT ALL SIDES, LIMITED **IMPORTANCE OF PHILOSOPHY:** **Doing philosophy can be applied in day-to-day activities and life perspectives. Because it involves an evaluative process, doing philosophy allows a person to make better decisions and act accordingly to situations with the help of various philosophical skills.** **\ WEEK 3-4\ \ Philosophizing\ **-Is a way to reveal the truth\ -Pagiisip ng mas malalim at pag-unawa ng mas malawak kung bakit umiiral ang isang bagay para malaman kung ano ang katotohanan. **\ METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING\ 1. PHENOMENOLOGY (On consciousness)** -Founder: Edmund Husserl\ -The word "phenomenon" comes directly from the Greek (phainomenon) meaning appearance.\ -" Conscious Experience"\ - " Nasa state of mind ang involved"\ - "AWARE "\ - INSIDER- Actively involved- Primary source, sila mismo ang nakaranas ng pangyayari. Dito ka dapat mag-rely for you to know the truth.\ OUTSIDER- Secondary source. EX. Mga marites, maaring makapagpagulo lang sa isang argument o di mo talaga malalaman kung anong totoo sa kadahilanang baka may dagdag or may bawas ang kwento.\ \ **2. EXISTENTIALISM**\ - Choices and Free will\ - subjective and deeply rooted in personal experience. -Truth is dynamic and personal, shaped by our experiences, choices, and reflections. 3\. POST- MODERNISM \- challenges traditional notions of truth\ -**MODERNISM:\ **-naniniwala sila na may tama at mali at may iisang katotohanan at pamamaraan\ - Naniniwala sa lohika, progress at may isang tiyak na kahulugan sa mundo\ - Ang katotohanan ay maaaring maipaliwanag sa pamamagitan ng reason, science and technology.\ - Mahalaga sa kanila na may tumpak na sagot -Objective\ -**POSTMODERNISM:** -Naniniwala sila na walang iisang tama o mali, at lahat ng bagay ay depende sa interpretasyon ng tao at nakadepende ito mula sa ibat-ibang pananaw, kultura at karanasan ng mga tao. -Subjective **4.ANALYTIC TRADITION** -the relationship between language and truth is a central theme.\ -By carefully analyzing language, philosophers can clarify concepts, resolve ambiguities, and dissolve confusions. - Kailangan muna ianalyze at intindihin ang language para mas maintindihan at malaman ang katotohanan 5. **LOGIC AND CRITICAL THINKING\ **- Valid Reasoning\ - validity of arguments by focusing on their structure rather than content.**\ 2 METHODS OF REASONING\ 1. Inductive reasoning-** Specific- General\ **2. Deductive reasoning-** General- specific 6. **FALLACIES\ **-errors in reasoning/ maling pangangatwiran -identifying fallacies help in **avoiding flawed arguments** and in **promoting clear and logical thinking.\ **\ **Usually committed errors:\ \ 1. Against the Person (ad hominem)\ - sa halip na ang inaatake ay argument mismong tao ang inaatake.\ **EX. Of course he believes that the government is flawed kasi ang pangit ng thinking niya tapos panget pa siya. 2\. Appeal to Force\ - May pananakot o threat\ EX. Kapag hindi ka tumulong sa research tatanggalin ko name mo. **3. Appeal to emotion\ - Paawa effect\ **EX. Hindi ko naman sinasadya na mahuli mo, kaya ko nga dinelete para hindi ka magalit, sige magpapakamatay ako kapag hindi mo ako binalikan. **( DAAAA NERVEEEE!)** **4.Appeal to the popular\ - Kung ano nauuso sa karamihan dapat ganun ka din.\ - Kung ano inaaccept na idea or konsepto ng karamihan dapat ganun ka din.\ **EX. Pagbili ng latest iphone, kahit meron ka pa namang phone na ginagamit magpapabili ka pa ng latest. ( Yamarrrn yarrrn?) 5\. Appeal to the tradition \- Acceptable ang isang ideya dahil ito ay matagal ng ginagawa at pinaniniwalaan.\ EX. Marriage between man and a woman.\ \ 6. Begging the question -also known as "circular argument"\ - Pinapaikot-ikot ka lang VEHHH\ -Pabalik-balik lang sa mismong tanong o ideya\ EX. " Alam mong mahal kita dahil sinabi ko na mahal kita" ( LOL) 7. **Cause and Effect** -Assuming a "cause-and-effect" relationship between unrelated events.\ - inaassume mo na may kinalaman ang isang pangyayari sa isa pang pangyayari kahit wala naman talaga.\ EX. Nangangati ilong mo, assuming ka na may nahalik sa picture mo, hindi ba pwedeng dami mo lang black heads? Choss. 8. Fallacy of composition\ - Kung anong totoo sa isa ay totoo na sa lahat\ - specific to general\ \ 9. Fallacy of Division\ - Kung anong totoo sa karamihan ay dapat totoo din para sa isa.\ - General-specific\ EX. ) "You came from a family of doctors and intellectuals! Surely you can do better in this course". **TRUTH VS. OPINION\ \ TRUTH\ **-fact and reality\ -original or standard **OPINION\ -** view or judgment\ -not necessarily based on fact or knowledge\ - expresses a person\'s feelings that cannot be proven. **WEEK 6:** **\ *Embodied-*** materialized( Ideas/concepts turn into product) or incarnated( Characteristics ay nabuhay sa pamamagitan ng actions ng isang tao)\ ***embodied spirit*** :\ -is an inseparable union of body and soul.\ - it enables us to ***know our potentialities and limitations*** SOUL - concept of life. BODY - it is a physical aspect and the philosophers believe the body is with our perception. (Note: Natututo tayo and nakaka-acquire tayo ng knowledge through our senses) MAN- used to refer to human beings in a **general sense.** HUMAN- **biological and evolutionary** aspects of our species. ( Term used in science to explain the origin of humans---nagmula tayo sa unggoy.) PERSON:\ -term emphasizes **individuality and personal identity.\ -**It encompasses not only the **biological** but also the **psychological, social, and legal dimensions** of being.\ Note: Mayroon na tayong rational thinking and we are able to know our responsibilities, rights and obligations in an institutions) HUMAN PERSON:\ -It integrates both the **biological and personal identity aspects of being human**.\ -Complete self ( Pinagsama-sama ang MAN, PERSON and Human) PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE HUMAN PERSON 1. BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE- product of evolution.\ -Theory of Charles Darwin- Human Evolution, nagmula tayo sa monkey. **Other Traits and Capabilities of Humans**\ **-Planning and Intentional action**- Marunong tayo mag-plano and alam natin kung ano ang ating ginagawa. **-Innovation and Creativity** **-Communication (language and writing)** **-Technology** **-Symbolic interaction** as evidenced by religion and art- Our deep relationship with God. 2\. PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE- emphasizes human behavior and thought processes. Explanation: human nature influences how people interpret and understand the behavior of others -Our inherent characteristics and psychological makeup shape how we perceive and judge the actions of individuals. **CORE PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAITS** Rationality-- being reasonable Intelligence- perceive information Introspection-self-reflection **Three Levels of Mind according to Sigmund Freud\ 1. Conscious Mind-** Aware- alam kung ano ginagawa dahil ito ay present na nangyayare. **2.** **Pre-conscious Mind-** Thoughts and memories- May mga bagay na siyang dahilan para mag-pop-up sa utak mo ang mga memories in the past. **3.** **Unconscious Mind-** Consists of **latent or repressed emotions,** thoughts, and desires.- May mga nangyare in the past na sobrang traumatic or sobra kang nasaktan kaya pilit hindi tinatanggap ng utak mo at pilit mo ng kinalimutan. **3. ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE- Needs and Wants** **Hierarchy of Needs Acc. To Abraham Maslow** **4. THEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE-** man is considered a special relationship with the creator. **\ WEEK 7 : Transcendence\ \ Transcendence-** refers to the ability to rise above or go beyond one\'s physical or psychological limitations.\ ( Explanation: Personal Growth, personal development\-\-- nag-transform ka to a best version of yourself. You turn your weaknesses into strength. **\ TRANSCENDENCE IN THE GLOBAL AGE** 1. **Forgiveness-** When we forgive, we are freed from our anger and bitterness because of the actions and/or words of another.\ ***\"Kapag binitiwan mo ang galit, ikaw ang tunay na napapalaya---ang pagpapatawad ang susi sa kalayaan.\"*** 2. **The beauty of nature-** Observing and appreciating the perfection in nature can inspire a sense of wonder and connection to something greater than oneself. ***\"Tumingin ka sa mga bituin---ang bawat isa'y nagpapaalala na mas malawak ang mundo kaysa sa iyong mga alalahanin.\"*** 3. **Vulnerability-** To be invulnerable is somehow inhuman. To be vulnerable is to be human. ***\"Ang pagiging matatag ay astig, pero ang pagiging totoo ang tunay na lakas---ang tapang ay nasa pagpapakita ng puso.\"*** 4. **Failure -** Our failures force us to confront our weaknesses and limitations. ***\"Bawat kabiguan ay isang nakatagong aral, hinahasa ka para sa tagumpay.\"*** 5. **Loneliness-** Our loneliness can be rooted in our sense of vulnerability and fear of death. ***\"Ang kalungkutan ay bulong ng ating mga takot, pero ito rin ang nagtutulak sa atin na humanap ng koneksyon.*** 6. **Love -** To love is to experience richness, positivity, and transcendence. ***\"Ang pag-ibig ay hindi lang damdamin---ito ang kapangyarihang nagpapatingkad ng buhay, dinadala ka sa lampas sa pangkaraniwan. (SANA ALL)*** 1. **Nirvana -**means the state in which one is absolutely free from all forms of bondage and attachment. **It means to overcome and remove the cause of suffering** 2. **ST. AGUSTINE: WILL-** physically we are free, yet morally bound to obey the law. **The Eternal law is God Himself**. According to this law, **humanity must do well and avoid evil**, hence, the existence of moral obligation in every human being. **WEEK 8-The Human Person in their Environment\ TWO MODELS FOR VALUING NATURE:\ ** 1. **ANTHROPOCENTRIC MODEL -** This model places humans at the center of the universe and values nature primarily in terms of its utility to human beings.\ **-Human-centered-** Nandiyan lang ang nature para sa benefit ng mga tao kaya kapag na-overuse ng people ay patuloy itong nasisira. - Humans as the most important beings in the universe. It views **[nature mainly in terms of how it serves human needs and desires].** 2. **ECOCENTRIC MODEL -** It emphasizes the intrinsic value of nature, regardless of its usefulness to humans**.** \- promotes long-term environmental health and sustainability. -Ecosystem-centered/Nature-centered- Kahit walang tao ay may karapatang mabuhay ang ating mother earth. - It holds that all living organisms and ecosystems have inherent worth and deserve respect and protection. **The origin of Nature according to the Ancient Philosophers** 1. **THALES --** Everything is water. 2. **ANAXIMENES**- Air is the fundamental substance. 3. **ANAXIMANDER-** apeiron was the source of all things and that the world emerged from it.\ APEIRON- means limitless, boundless, indefinite, ageless. **NATURE according to the Modern Philosophers** 1. **Herbert Marcuse-** disconnection between humans and the natural world because of TECHNOLOGY. 2. **Jurgen Habermas:\ **-participatory democracy\ - inclusive decision-making processes where citizens can engage in dialogue about environmental issues. 1. **[Deep Ecology-\ ]-**shift away from anthropocentrism to ecocentrism **- This theory advocates for the intrinsic value of all living beings and natural systems, arguing that human actions should respect the inherent worth of nature, not just its utility.** 2. **[Social Ecology-] ecological crisis results from authoritarian social structures.** Destroying nature is a reflection wherein few people overpower others while exploiting the environment for profit or self-interest. - This approach **links environmental issues** with **social hierarchies and injustices**, suggesting that environmental problems stem from societal structures and that addressing these issues requires transforming social and economic systems. 3. **[Ecofeminism-]** ecological crisis is a consequence of male dominance. - *This approach links environmental issues with social hierarchies and injustices, suggesting that environmental problems stem from societal structures and that addressing these issues requires transforming social and economic systems.* **\ Demonstrate the Virtues of Prudence and Frugality toward Environment- ERICH FROMM** **Some core functions typically associated with his vision:** 1. **Promoting Humanistic Values-** Encouraging values such as compassion, empathy, and mutual respect. Fromm believed that a society should nurture individuals who are oriented towards the well-being of others and the environment.\ ***\"Ang tunay na yaman ay hindi nasa bagay, kundi sa malasakit at respeto sa kapwa---mundo\'y magiging mas mabuti kung lahat ay magmamahal ng tapat.\"*** 2. **Encouraging Moderation and Frugality-** Advocating for a shift away from materialism and consumerism towards a lifestyle characterized by prudence, simplicity, and environmental consciousness. This involves valuing experiences and relationships over possessions.\ ***\"Hindi sukatan ang dami ng gamit, kundi ang lalim ng karanasan---mas mabuti ang masaya sa simpleng pamumuhay kaysa mayaman sa materyal na bagay.\"*** 3. **Encouraging Environmental Stewardship-** Emphasizing the need for responsible management of natural resources and the environment. This includes practices that protect and preserve ecological systems for future generations. ***\"Alagaan ang kalikasan ngayon, para ang bukas ay may buhay pa---ang kalikasan ay ating tahanan, at ito'y dapat nating protektahan.\"*** **\"True success is not in reaching the destination quickly, but in the wisdom gained through every step of the journey---because the love of wisdom means learning, growing, and evolving with every experience.\"** *-Giknows* **\ ** **\ **