Philosophy Review PDF

PHILOSOPHY Miles Hilary T. Galicio | STEM121-04 WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? WHAT MAKES PHILOSOPHY ★ defined as the science of the first SPECIAL? causes (Martin, 2005). ★ Science is from a Latin word scire 1. It enables us to think...

PHILOSOPHY Miles Hilary T. Galicio | STEM121-04 WHAT IS PHILOSOPHY? WHAT MAKES PHILOSOPHY ★ defined as the science of the first SPECIAL? causes (Martin, 2005). ★ Science is from a Latin word scire 1. It enables us to think carefully and meaning to know clearly about important issues. 2. Focuses on not what to believe but GREEK WORDS how to think ★ Philos and Sophia 3. Sharpens analytical abilities, ★ Love of Wisdom enabling us to identify and evaluate strengths and weaknesses in any PYTHAGORAS position. ★ given the honor of being the very 4. Develops our ability to work first philosopher to have coined the independently word philosophy and philosopher. ★ emphasized philosophy as a study THE QUESTION IS MORE IMPORTANT of concepts rather than just a natural THAN THE ANSWER investigation, focusing on underlying meta-principles. In philosophy the question is more important ★ established a school that functioned than the answer. Why? Questions activate as a brotherhood, fostering the mind to think; and will thus lead the community among his followers. person in finding the solutions to a problem ★ teachings were deeply rooted in his or an issue. religious beliefs, and his school maintained secrecy regarding its DISCIPLINE OF QUESTIONNING practices and teachings. ★ He taught the belief in the Authentic Questioning: The act of transmigration of souls, reflecting a questioning is considered authentic if it spiritual understanding of life and meets three fundamental conditions: existence. ★ Pythagoras and his followers 1. It is for gaining knowledge. followed a specific diet, 2. It is to become aware of one’s abstaining from meat and beans, ignorance. known as the “Pythagorean diet.” 3. It is for the awareness that there is more to be known. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY ★ Metaphysics - study of existence ★ Epistemology - study of knowledge ★ Ethics - study of our actions ★ Aesthetics - beauty and art PHILOSOPHY Miles Hilary T. Galicio | STEM121-04 Nature of Philosophy: Philosophy as a Practice Critical Thinking discipline of questioning is: Critical Thinking is a disciplined, ★ Dynamic: The act of questioning is systematic investigation of a verbal or endless. written discourse to make ideas clear, ★ Personal: Answers to questions precise, and reasonable. may be valid for one person but unacceptable for another. How do you learn to practice a new method of thinking? Conceptual Understanding: Philosophical concepts are not absolute and cannot be ★ Acquire - Acquire skills formed based on faith. ★ Develope - Develop the right disposition/trait SOCRATIC METHOD ★ Evaluate - Evaluate your thinking ★ The method is variously defined as a processes according to correct pedagogical technique, teaching standards. style, cooperative argumentative dialogue, and a disciplined form of Acquiring skills involves: questioning, without a universally ★ Interpretation accepted structure or set of standard - comprehend and give meaning to questions. what you are reading. ★ It is a critical thinking tool used for inquiry, instruction, and dialogue. ★ Analysis ★ Named after Socrates (469-399 BC), - to know the relationship. an influential philosopher from ancient Athens, Greece. ★ Evaluation - assess the credibility of statements. HOW TO STUDY PHILOSOPHY? ★ Inference ★ Philosophy is about persuasion. - collect different informations and ★ Read to understand backup references. ★ Think on your own. - draw a reasonable conclusion. ★ Philosophy is reflection ★ Take part in Philosophical ★ Explanation Discussion. - present the most convincing and clear way. ★ Self- Regulation - apply and practice to gin - self-monitoring and consistency PHILOSOPHY Miles Hilary T. Galicio | STEM121-04 Holistic Perspective and Partial Point of The standards to Know in Evaluating View your Thinking Processes: Partial Perspective: Emphasizes specific details while neglecting the broader context Clear: Thoughts and expressions are and bigger picture. understandable. Holistic Perspective: Analyzes each Precise: Ideas must be specific. component and its relationship with others to understand how they create a cohesive Relevant: Topics should be related and whole. timely. Accurate: Information needs to be precise Developing the Right Disposition Trait and relevant. means the critical thinker is: Broad: Ability to consider multiple ★ Truth-seeking perspectives. - courageous desire to acquire the best knowledge Deep: Understanding of the complexity and interrelationships of events and ★ Open-minded circumstances. - not being biased Logical: Thoughts and statements should ★ Analytical be coherent and sensible. - application of the reasons and evidences Significant: Focus on important and meaningful topics ★ Systematic - method or procedure What is Reflection? ★ Examining experiences, akin to ★ Self-confident looking in a mirror. - you trust yourself ★ Aims to make sense of experiences. ★ Inquisitive ★ Helps identify future actions. - eager and curious to acquire knowledge ★ Mature in Judgement - capable of making a mise and timely decision PHILOSOPHY Miles Hilary T. Galicio | STEM121-04 On Doing Philosophy Methods of Philosophy ★ Doing Philosophy is every man's Methodic Doubt: Systematic questioning to vocation. find truth, not for mere skepticism. ★ Doing Philosophy entails digging into the roots. Logic: Study of reasoning rules to validate ★ Doing philosophy involves the arguments. marriage of theoria and praxis. ★ Doing Philosophy necessitates deep Dialectic: Method for discussing and reflection. critiquing ideas among philosophers. ★ Doing Philosophy is primarily about questions that it is about answers. Phenomenology: Examines experiences ★ Doing Philosophy leads to a holistic as they appear to us. perspective. Practical Philosophy: Focuses on Introduction to Philosophy of the Human improving daily life, addressing emotions Person and ethics. Process of Doing Philosophy: Methods Leading to Wisdom and Truth Philosophy Process: Combines reflection, The Elenchus and Scrutiny of the experience, observation, and critique, Doxa resembling the scientific method in pursuit of truth. Doxa (Opinion): - Subjective beliefs based on personal Distinguishing Truth: Seeks to perspectives. differentiate facts from subjective opinions, - Can be a starting point for rational which may appear factual but are often inquiry. misleading. - Limited as an absolute guide for actions and life. Steps in Doing Philosophy: Elenchus: Know the Issue or Problem - Scrutinizes opinions to uncover Arranging and Assessing the Data truth, not to shame. Suggesting the Hypothesis - Aims to validate or disprove claims Testing the Hypothesis through dialogue. Finding out the Truth (Conclusion) Philosophical Criticism and Reflection PHILOSOPHY Miles Hilary T. Galicio | STEM121-04 The methodic doubt and the PLATO foundation of truth Two-world theory: Describes the dual Descartes’ Method: nature of humans. - Aims to purify “knowledge” from Components: Consists of the body and the experience and authority. soul. - Evaluates truth before being applied Soul: in life and actions. Belongs to a higher world. - Similar to Socratic Elenchus, but Considered superior to self-initiated rather than other-initiated. ST. THOMAS AQUINAS - - The soul is distinct from the body, Experience: yet they are substantially united. - Often regarded as the best teacher, - Body and soul are integral parts of a but only if lessons are understood whole. correctly. - Emphasizes their unity rather than - Many are misled by erroneous merely being added together. interpretations of their experiences. - The substantial unity is illustrated by the concept of reciprocality. Human Being THREE ABSOLUTE REALITIES OF THE - A human being, specifically a HUMAN PERSON member of the species Homo sapiens, is distinguished by abstract Physical: Represents the tangible, bodily reasoning abilities and the capacity aspect of human existence. to express thoughts. Immaterial: Refers to the spiritual or soul HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED aspect, transcending the physical. SPIRIT Free: Emphasizes the capacity for choice The terms human and person are and autonomy in decision-making. interchangeable, with every human being (man, woman, child) considered a person. What is Reality? "Person" comes from the Greek "prosopon," meaning "mask." Reality is defined as anything that exists independently of human thought; it simply A human person is an embodied being, is. consisting of a physical body and an abstract spirit. PHILOSOPHY Miles Hilary T. Galicio | STEM121-04 What is Transcendence? IMMATERIAL REALITY AS A LIMITATION - Derived from Latin, meaning The immaterial reality refers to the "climbing" or "going beyond." incorporeal essence of a living being, often - The connotations of transcendence conceptualized as the soul. have evolved over time. - Refers to excelling, surpassing, or Philosophical Views: going beyond usual limits, achieved through actions and decisions. Plato: ★ Described the soul as universal, LIMITATIONS AND POSSIBILITIES OF pure, unchanging, and immortal. THE HUMAN PERSON ★ Contrasted it with the body, which is compound, mortal, and always Absolute Realities of the Human Person: changing. Physical: Represents limitations due to Aristotle: bodily constraints. ★ Viewed the soul as the core essence of the human person, integral to the Immaterial: Illustrates limitations of the soul body. and intellect within certain boundaries. ★ Believed the soul animates the body but is not a separate substance. Free: Signifies the potential for transcendence and the ability to exceed THE ABSOLUTE REALITY OF BEING limitations. FREE IS A POSSIBILITY FOR TRANSCENDENCE Framework: - The physical and immaterial aspects FREEDOM FROM RESTRICTIONS outline our limitations. Saying: "Free as a bird" reflects a desire for - The freedom aspect highlights our a carefree life, free from worries and possibilities for transcendence. responsibilities. PHYSICAL REALITY IS A LIMITATION Reality: The freedom of non-human - Refers to the human body; humans animals is not true freedom; it is limited and are unique in existing as corporeal constrained. beings. - Humans exist as "being thrown into" Observation: Caged animals consistently or "being situated in" this world, a try to break free, demonstrating their concept termed Dasein by instinctual desire for genuine liberation. philosopher Martin Heidegger. - The physical reality signifies that the corporeal body will inevitably die. PHILOSOPHY Miles Hilary T. Galicio | STEM121-04 HUMAN FREEDOM - Ignoring personal values for the - Human freedom surpasses mere sake of a comfortable existence. freedom from restrictions; it is - Acting without understanding the unique compared to the freedom of reasons behind their actions. other beings. - Avoiding facing uncomfortable truths. - Humans possess the ability to choose and decide for themselves, KINDS OF LIMITATIONS IN PHYSICAL highlighting their autonomy. REALITY - This capacity for choice is the third Natural Limitations: absolute reality and underpins the Relate to the inherent physical constraints possibilities for transcendence in of being human, such as mortality, physical human persons. abilities, and biological needs. - Humans are characterized as Social Limitations: "meaning-seeking beings," aiming to Arise from societal structures, cultural define their own meaning in life and norms, and expectations that can restrict making rational decisions in an individual freedom and opportunities. irrational universe. The Relationship of Human Person and the Environment INAUTHENTIC EXISTENCE The term "environment" originates from the Martin Heidegger: Proposed that failing to French word “environia,” meaning "to exercise one's freedom through surround." It encompasses both: transcendence results in a "fallen life," termed "inauthentic existence." Abiotic: Physical or nonliving elements (e.g., water, air, rocks). - Inauthentic existence refers to being Biotic: Living organisms (e.g., animals, out of touch with one's own reality. plants). Jean-Paul Sartre: Expanded on this concept, describing inauthentic existence as: - Basing actions on external pressures. - Aiming to appear as a particular kind of person or adopting a specific lifestyle. PHILOSOPHY Miles Hilary T. Galicio | STEM121-04 PERSPECTIVES ON HUMANITY'S ORDER AS PATTERN AND CONFORMITY RELATIONSHIP WITH THE TO ORDERING PRINCIPLE (Lorand, ENVIRONMENT 2000) Anthropocentrism: First Meaning of Order: Humans are the most important species and An ordering principle where elements are have the right to transform nature and use arranged according to a specific pattern or its resources. rule. Biocentrism: Second Meaning Order: All living beings, including humans, have The extent to which elements conform to intrinsic value; humans should consider the the ordering principle, reflecting the moral implications of their actions on other condition of their arrangement for guideline life forms. and comparison. Ecocentrism: Order and Disorder in an Environment Humans are part of a greater biological system and have a role as stewards of ORDER nature, promoting a balanced relationship - Arrangement of people or things with the environment. based on a specific pattern or method. - Everything in the correct or expected CATEGORICAL DISTINCTION OF BEING state. BY NORRIS CLARKE - Organized structure. Being as Simple: DISORDER Refers to a single entity with no parts, - To disturb the order. exemplified by God. - To disrupt normal functioning. Being as Complex: Refers to entities composed of many parts, such as all of God's creatures. Example: Human Beings A human is a complex being, composed of millions of cells and vital organs that function together. PHILOSOPHY Miles Hilary T. Galicio | STEM121-04 Notice things that are not in their Proper 1. Disinterested Attitude: Perceiving Place and Organize them in Aesthetic the environment objectively, without way personal bias or concern for benefit. Engaging with the environment should be 2. Appreciation for Its Own Sake: seamless if humans recognize their identity Enjoying and imagining a desired life as part of nature, fostering a deep despite environmental challenges. relationship with it. By imposing our criteria This optimism serves as a remedy of order, we can manipulate nature to for viewing the environment as correct ecological disruptions. For instance, hopeless. properly segregating and disposing of waste prevents environmental contamination. VIRTUES OF PRUDENCE AND FRUGALITY TOWARDS THE ENVIRONMENT INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC/INSTRUMENTAL VALUE Habits developed through repeated actions, essential for addressing environmental Intrinsic Value: The worth of the concerns. environment. - Valued by humans; without them, it Prudence: lacks worth. - The ability to judge the right means for achieving goals. - Valuable independently of human - In environmental context, it involves perception. recognizing the harmful impacts of - degradation on well-being, health, Extrinsic/Instrumental Value: The and sustainability. environment's contributions to biotic communities: Frugality: - Provides enjoyment and can lead to A frugal person limits their consumption of protection or destruction by humans. food and drink, practicing moderation. - Protects life (e.g., trees preventing floods and mitigating pollution). Frugality as Temperance: Involves self-control regarding the quality of AESTHETIC ATTITUDE what one consumes, choosing healthy and - A positive mindset that encourages sustainable items that benefit both an optimistic approach to the world. individuals and the environment. PHILOSOPHY Miles Hilary T. Galicio | STEM121-04 Frugality as Thriftiness: A thrifty person purchases items for personal use but also shares with others, demonstrating generosity and selflessness. Frugality as Simplicity of Life: Emphasizes a non-extravagant lifestyle, balancing work with time for family and leisure.