Communication: An Introduction PDF

COMMUNICATION: AN INTRODUCTION  “No man is an island” Everyone needs to relate with somebody - to share feelings, ideas, needs and information or just to establish and maintain relationships. CONTEXT is the circumstances or the environment in w...

COMMUNICATION: AN INTRODUCTION  “No man is an island” Everyone needs to relate with somebody - to share feelings, ideas, needs and information or just to establish and maintain relationships. CONTEXT is the circumstances or the environment in which the communication takes place.  COMMUNICATION means the practice of encoding information through sounds, symbols, and actions to transmit that information to others. Wilbur Schramm’s Model  ASPECTS OF COMMUNICATION High-quality communication is competent, meaning it is both appropriate and effective. IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS Communication shapes relationships and leadership abilities. Ethical communication shows respect for others, accepting their freedom of choice. Attitudes toward others matter more than the message itself, and choice-making is part of the process.  IMPORTANT COMMUNICATION TERMS Messages – composed of words, sound, and gestures that people express to one another. It can be verbal or nonverbal communication. Symbol – a message that refers to something else. It is where the symbols and other concepts are arbitrary. Referent – it is what is meant by the symbol. Language – is a verbal symbol that allows people to interpret spoken words into meaningful messages. Non-Verbal Symbols – use of sounds, action, and gestures that has common meaning. Media (Channel) – a medium that used to sending forth the message, which symbols are transmitted and meanings are represented. Natural Media – using our own voice, gestures, and body to communicate. Technological Media – electronic devices like personal digital assistants, phones, text, images, internet, email, and instant messages facilitate the transfer of visual, written, physical, and audio information. Meaning – the interpretation of a message, whether personal, unique, or shared, refers to how it is recognized and understood. Managing – process of creating, receiving and responding to a verbal and nonverbal messages in terms of communication.  ASSUMPTIONS IN COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION is a PROCESS The meaning of an utterance depends on its context. COMMUNICATION CREATES OUR SOCIAL WORLD Communication isn't just about sharing thought's and ideas but rather it's an impecable thing that makes us have a deeper understanding about the thing we're sharing.  COMMUNICATION is FUNCTIONAL - serves practical functions, such as explaining, directing, negotiating, and decision-making, helping us accomplish tasks. COMMUNICATION LIMITING and LIBERATING - human beings both create and conform to contexts, that context limits or imposes, constraints on our communication.  COMMUNICATION is ADAPTIVE - Adapt how you express yourself based on the situation, audience, and context, while staying true to your beliefs, to make your message effective. COMMUNICATION is HOLISTIC - means the speaker, the audience and what they do together need to be viewed as complex sets of processes operating simultaneously.  COMMUNICATION is AMBIGUOUS - Ambiguity allows people with different opinions to collaborate by letting them believe they share the same values. Ambiguous communication can promote creativity. COMMUNICATION is CRUCIAL TO QUALITY LIFE - How we communicate affects our relationships, communities, and lives. Changing negative communication patterns to positive ones strengthens relationships  COMMUNICATION AND COMPETENCE Able to communicate appropriately and effectively based on the situation. Involves choosing the right approach, whether clear or ambiguous, to fit the context and meet the needs of both you and others. TO PERCEIVE AS COMPETENT BY OTHERS; 1. Motivated to communicate competently. 2. Knowledgeable about the situation you are communicating in and the kinds of messages that are obligated, permitted, or prohibited. 3. Skilled at transmitting the kinds of messages you know you should perform in the situation.  COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES #1: To write or not to write #6: Say what you mean, mean what you say #2: To specify is to exclude #7: Beware of the inadvertent message #3: Negative or positive #8: Communication is linked to social process #4: Writing is scriptwriting. #9: Restricted or elaborated #5: Know your intent #10: Focus on the practicable response  GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION 1. Be clear with your purpose. 5. Adjust to the needs, interests, 2. Support your message with facts. values, and beliefs of your audience. 3. Be concise. 6. Observe communication ethics. 4. Provided specific information in 7. Be your natural self and appear your feedback. very confident.  TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO MODE Verbal communication, involves sharing thoughts, ideas, and feelings through spoken or written words. Nonverbal communication, relies on delivering information without using words. Visual communication, sharing of information and ideas through symbols, images, and visual elements. Intrapersonal, talking to yourself Interpersonal, communication between two or more people.  TYPES OF COMMUNICATION Extended, refers to communication that takes place through electronic media. Organizational, refers to the various channels and methods used for communication within organizations. 2 Types of Organizational Structure APPROACHES OF FORMAL STRUCTURE Formal structure allows communication to take place 1. Downward Communication via designated channels of message 2. Upward Communication flow between positions in the 3. Horizontal Communication organization. 4. Crosswise Communication  2 types of Organizational Structure Informal structure, comes from unofficial channels of message flow. A.k.a, "grapevine" messages coming from the different levels of the organization are transmitted. Intercultural, is the ability to effectively communicate with people from different cultures. According to purpose and style Formal - employs formal language delivery orally or in written form, such as in official meetings or reports Informal - certainly does not employ formal language, like conversations among friends  COMMUNICATION MODES Face-to-Face Video Audio an informal or casual Using a web camera so that Communication through conversation between people who cannot interact voice by transmitting two or more people. face-to-face can sound. communicate.  COMMUNICATION MODELS (Most Common/Traditional ) One-way communication (ACTION) In this model, communication is like getting a shot - someone has an idea, squeezes it through some channel, and squirts it into the receiver. The audience (the receiver) plays no part in the process itself.  COMMUNICATION MODELS (Most Common/Traditional) Two-Way communication (INTERACTION) Communication is more realistic than the first because it recognizes the responses  COMMUNICATION MODELS (Most Common/Traditional) Transactional communication Transaction indicates that we construct our views of ourselves, of others, and of meaning as we communicate in relationship with others.  Four elements of Transactional Communication 1.Communication is a process. (PROCESS) 2.Communication is a gestalt, a totality depending on all our systems. (TOTALITY) 3. Communication is perceptual, creative. (PERCEPTIONS) 4.Communication is uncertain. (UNCERTAINTY)  COMMUNICATION MODELS (Information Age Responsive) Information Transfer Model also known as the linear or action model, views communication as a one-way process. A sender creates a message and transmits it through a channel to a receiver.  COMMUNICATION AS SHARING MEANING A communication that flows both ways – from source to a receiver and from receiver to source. The important view is that both persons understand and agree to each other. It is divided into two distinct models the INTERACTIVE and TRANSACTIONAL models INTERACTIVE MODEL Turns communication from a linear process into a circular one by emphasizing meaning sharing and a feedback loop. Both participants take turns acting as senders and receivers, doing every action at once.  TRANSACTIONAL MODEL Suggests that people are both senders and receivers of messages, using non-verbal cues like eye contact and head nods. COMMUNICATION AS PERSUASION Persuasion is the use of communication where the persuader tends to change the audience’s values, beliefs, or actions. In communication, persuading influence others to achieve your own goal.  COMMUNICATION AS COMMUNITY A community is a group of people who come together in the same physical, mental, or virtual space to interact or pursue a common goal. Community permeates our existence as members of society, organizations, groups and relationships.  BODY LANGUAGE d) REGULATORS – in conversation, gestures like nodding, eye contact, are used to regulate 5 Specific types of Body Language the flow of discussion. a) EMBLEMS – a non-verbal e) ADAPTORS - behaviors that indicate an inner behavior to show idea. state and are unconscious responses b) ILLUSTRATORS – these aid in understanding spoken words by providing visual demonstrations. SPACE COMMUNICATION c) AFFECT DISPLAYS – showing Relationships between individuals reflect feelings emotion by using facial expression; and cultural norms. Formal relationships create may be unintentional or giving clues. distance, tied to culture.  TIME COMMUNICATION 3 Ways to use Time Communication a) Formal Time – time units in our culture include seconds, minutes, and hours. b) Informal Time – learning informal time units in different cultures can be particularly difficult since they are prone to misunderstandings. c) Psychological Time – the importance we place on the past, present, and future varies within a culture and among individuals or groups within that culture.  ARTIFACTUAL COMMUNICATION Some non-verbal communication comes from the objects we use, or with which we surround ourselves: the way we dress or accessorize ourselves, the type of house we choose, the cars we drive, etc.  COMMUNICATION ETHICS principle governing communication maintaining the correct balance between the speaking and listening legitimacy of fear and emotional appeal degree criticism and praise - system of moral principles ETHICS values relation to human conduct respect to the rightness and wrongness goodness and badness  DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MORALS ETHICS Our set of rules, so others Rules accepted and are neither expected nor approved by society, so they required to follow them. are imposed upon everyone. If there are differences between these two, what are the similarities?  ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATORS OBSERVE ETHICS Uphold integrity. Respect diversity of perspective and privacy. Observe freedom of expression effectively. Promote access to communication. Be open-minded. Develop your sense of accountability.  ETHICAL COMMUNICATIONS UNETHICAL COMMUNICATION - Threatens the quality of all communication and the well-being of individuals and the society. To avoid labeled being “unethical”, Deirdre D. Johnston pointed out ethical communications. 1. MUTUALITY. Pay attention. 2. INDIVIDUAL DIGNITY. Do not cause embarrassment or a loss of dignity. 3. ACCURACY. Ensure that others have accurate information. 4. ACCESS TO INFORMATION. Never bolster the impact of your communication by preventing people from communicating.  Responsible thinking Decision making FUNDAMENTALS OF Relationships and Communities ETHICAL COMMUNICATION Contexts Cultures Channels Media  ETHICAL FACTORS SIGNIFICANT IN COMMUNICATION ETHICS 1. Building an Information Network. Credibility and trustworthiness. 2. Engaging and Participating. A responsibility to be actively involved. 3. Speaking with a Heart. Choose the right word that may not offend a person. 4. Condemning Discrimination. Commit to communication that promotes personal conviction by being fair and just. 5. Respecting and Understanding Each Other. Earn first to respect and understand the content of what is said.