Purposive Communication ENGL 101 – PRELIM COVERAGE PDF

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION ENGLISH 101 – PRELIM COVERAGE THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE LESSON ONE OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: 1. Demonstrate an understanding of the key ideas in language and communication; and 2. Relate your personal experience with the input pr...

PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION ENGLISH 101 – PRELIM COVERAGE THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE LESSON ONE OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: 1. Demonstrate an understanding of the key ideas in language and communication; and 2. Relate your personal experience with the input presented. POINTS TO REMEMBER: 1. What is language? 2. Importance of language 3. Requirements for identifying a language 4. Speech community 5. Language acquisition 6. Mother tongues 7. First languages 8. Second languages 9. Language learning 10. Language contact 11. Language change SYNTHESIS: 1. Language is a human capacity that consists of (a) a system of rules (also known as grammar), (b) a sound system (phonology), and (c) a vocabulary (lexicon). 2. While growing up in a community, people acquire the languages used by those in the community. This is the process of language acquisition. 3. The languages acquired while growing up are known as mother tongues, which may also referred to as first languages. 4. Other than the first languages, there are other languages that are needed for various reasons. These other languages are referred to as second languages. 5. People learn their second languages in school or on their own. This is the process of language learning. 6. In our interaction with other people, our languages come into contact with their languages, resulting in language change. Language change is a natural behavior of all languages.  TYPES OF COMMUNICATION LESSON TWO OBJECTIVES: 1. Identify the types of communication in relation to communication mode, context, and purpose and style; 2. Differentiate verbal, non-verbal, and visual communication and their sub- forms in relation to communication modes; 3. Evaluate the differences among intrapersonal, interpersonal, extended, organizational, and intercultural communication in relation to communication context; and 4. Explain the differences between formal and informal communication in relation to purpose and style. WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? Communication is generally defined as the exchange of thoughts, ideas, concepts, and views between or among two or more people. Context is the circumstance or environment in which communication takes place. Communication may then be classified according to: (1) communication mode, (2) context, and (3) purpose and style. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO MODE 1. VERBAL – NON-VERBAL 2. VISUAL 1. VERBAL-NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION Effective communication calls for the blending of these two types. One cannot be separated from the other. Rather than just speaking, it is to use the non-verbal code through a handshake, facial expression, and a kind disposition or character. 2. VISUAL COMMUNICATION It is the type of communication that uses visuals to convey information/ messages. Some examples are signs, symbols, imagery, maps, graphs, charts. diagrams, pictographs, photos, drawings, or illustrations, and even various forms of electronic communication. Some examples of electronic communication symbols or images are emojis, emoticons, and animation.  What makes visual communication even more advantageous is that it makes use of technology that provides apps (applications), videos, and images. They should pay attention to graphic elements, such as position, color, size, shape, and orientation as all these play an important role in the presentation of slides. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO CONTEXT Communication may also be classified according to context: (1) Intrapersonal (2) Interpersonal (3) Extended Communication (4) Organizational communication (5) Intercultural communication. INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION It is a Latin prefix “intra” – means within or inside. Intrapersonal communication then means talking to oneself. Some label it as self or inner talk, inner monologue, or inner dialogue. Psychologists call it with other names such as self-verbalization or self-statement. 1. Boost your confidence 2. Appraise yourself 3. Console yourself INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION The Latin prefix “inter” – means between, among, and together. An interactive exchange takes place as interpersonal communication takes place. This may occur in dyads or small groups, also known as group communication.  A communication situation is interpersonal if it is meant to establish or deepen one’s relationship with others. However, if the objective is to achieve something at the end of the conversation, it becomes transactional. Whereas interpersonal talks are meant for maintaining social relationships, transactional talks aim to accomplish or resolve something at the end of the conversation. EXTENDED COMMUNICATION Extended communication involves the use of electronic media Before, this was characterize through the use of television and radio, nowadays, the description of extended communication may be expanded as to include tele, audio, or phone conferencing; video conferencing; Skype calls; and other technological means. ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION With this type of communication, the focus is on the role that communication plays in organizational contexts. Organizations comprise individuals who work for the company. Each organization has expectations that you as professional should meet or that you as the owner may establish. For an organization to be successful, a system of communication should be put in place. A set of rules or standards for communication protocol should be made clear so that interaction patterns are established. INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION It is a communication between or among people having different linguistic, religious, ethnic, social, and professional backgrounds. Example: ▪ Australian – consider eye contact as important in assessing the sincerity of a person ▪ Indians – looking straight into the eyes of a person while talking is inappropriate. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO PURPOSE & STYLE 1. FORMAL 2. INFORMAL FORMAL COMMUNICATION Formal communication employs formal language delivered orally or in written form. ▪ Example: Lectures, public talks/speeches, research and project proposals, reports, and business letters To inform, to entertain, and to persuade are the main objectives of this type of communication. INFORMAL COMMUNICATION Informal communication certainly does not employ formal language. It involves personal and ordinary conversations with friends, family members, or acquaintances about anything under the sun. The mode may be oral as in face-to-face, ordinary or everyday talks and phone calls, or written as in the case of e-mail messages, personal notes, letters, or text messages. The purpose is simply to socialize and enhance relationships. SYNTHESIS ▪There are various types of communication. These types can be divided according to mode, context, and purpose and style. In terms of communication mode, the types of communication are verbal, non-verbal, and visual. In terms of context, the communication types are intrapersonal, interpersonal, extended, organizational, and intercultural. In terms of purpose and style, the types of communication are formal and informal. ▪Verbal and non-verbal codes should complement each other. With visual communication, interpretation of signs and symbols is crucial since people have different ways of interpreting them. It is important to always contextualize the symbol/sign received in order to arrive at the correct interpretation. SYNTHESIS ▪In any organization, a system of communication should be put in place. Transmission of message and message flow also play an important role in effective organizational communication. ▪People have different linguistic, religious, ethnic, social, and professional backgrounds. It is then necessary to pay attention to intercultural communication to avoid miscommunication and/or communication breakdown. ▪Formal communication and informal communication have different uses depending on the situation. Both types may be in oral or written mode. ASSESSMENT: ACTIVITY 2 (ASYNCHRONOUS) ◦ Quiz – Identification and Essay ◦ To be administered through google forms.  COMMUNICATION PROCESSES, PRINCIPLES, AND ETHICS LESSON THREE OBJECTIVES: 1. Explain the various communication models and how they help in understanding the communication process; 2. Identify the variables involved in the communication process; 3. Determine the principles for effective oral and written communication; 4. Point out the ethical issues involved in communication 5. Recognize the importance of a code of ethics in communication. COMMUNICATION MODELS ❑Aristotle’s Communication Model ❑Laswell’s Communication Model ❑Shannon-Weaver’s Model ❑Berlo’s Communication Model Aristotle’s Communication Model Aristotle emphasized that there are three variables in the communication process: speaker, speech, and audience. The speaker variable is very important in this model. Without the speaker, there will be no speech to be produced. The speech is adjusted depending on the profile of the audience. Laswell’s Communication Model In 1948, Harold Dwight Laswell described communication as being focused on the following Ws: ◦ WHO says WHAT ◦ In WHICH channel ◦ To WHOM ◦ With WHAT effect  The whole process of communication begins with the communicator (who) sending out message (what) using a medium (in which channel) for a receiver (to whom) experiencing an effect (with what effect) afterwards. The process may be analyzed through the content sent, the medium used, as well as the effect on the recipients of the message. While this model is similar to Aristotle’s in the sense that both are linear and have the same components, Laswell’s also differs in that there are five variables involved, with the addition of two: medium and effect. Shannon-Weaver’s Communication Model Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren Weaver’s model of communication was introduced in 1949, a year after Laswell’s. Originally, it was conceptualized for the functioning of the radio and television serving as a model for technical communication and, later on adopted in the field of communication. In this model, other components such as noise, reception, destination, and feedback have been identified. Other terms such as information source for the sender, transmitter for the encoder, decoder (reception), and receiver (destination) were introduced. Berlo’s Communication Model David Berlo’s model conceptualized in 1960 is probably the most well- known among the communication models. Initially, Berlo’s model was called SMCR which stands for sender of the message, sent through a channel or medium to a receiver. However, it was modified later on to include noise, hence the acronym SMCRN. The major variables involved in the communication process are (1) source, (2) message, (3) channel, and (4) receiver. SOURCE Originator of the message Attitude towards the audience Mastery of the topic Counts along with the social system that he/she is in which includes values, beliefs and practices, and culture. MESSAGE Content Elements (language and gestures employed) Treatment or manner by which the message is transmitted Structure or the arrangement of parts or flow of the message CHANNEL Refers to the different senses: seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and touching. RECEIVER The one who decodes the message. Similar variables as to those of the first variable  General Principles of Effective Communication Since communication is a two-way process, it is important that you know the principles to be obser ved to make it effective. For both oral and written communication, you should be able to apply the following principles: ▪ Know your topic. You communicate essentially because you want to share something. In speaking situations, speakers are invited because they have something to share. This also applies to writing. You write because you wish that other people learn something from you. ▪ Adjust your speech or writing to the context of the situation. The environment in which your speech or writing is to be delivered determines the kind of language you will use. ▪ Know your purpose in communicating. Are you communicating basically to inform, to entertain, or to persuade? While you may have more than one purpose, there is still a more dominant objective or reason why you communicate. ▪ Know your audience. In both speaking and writing, you should know your audience as it will dictate the speaking or writing style you are going to employ. Consider the age, educational background, profession, culture, and other salient features of your listeners or readers. ▪Work on the feedback given you. Once you receive comments from the listeners/readers, work on them. Take kindly to criticisms. In the long run, constructive criticisms will provide beneficial to you as you learn to address them.  PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE ORAL COMMUNICATION 1. Be clear with your purpose. You should know by heart your objective in communicating. 2. Be complete with the message you deliver. Make sure that your claims are supported by facts and essential information. 3. Be concise. You do not need to be verbose or wordy with your statements. Brevity in speech is a must. 4. Be natural with your delivery. Punctuate important words with appropriate gestures and movements. Exude a certain degree of confidence even if you do not feel confident enough. 5. Be specific and timely with your feedback. Inputs are most helpful when provided on time.  PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE WRITTEN COMMUNICATION: 7Cs 1. Be clear. Be clear with your message. Always be guided by your purpose in communicating. 2. Be concise. Always stick to the point and do not beat or run around the bush. Be brief by focusing on your main point. 3. Be concrete. Support your claims with enough facts. Your readers will easily know if you are bluffing or deceiving them because there is nothing to substantiate your claims. 4. Be correct. It is important that you observe grammatical correctness in your writing. Always have time to revise and edit your work. Even simple spelling errors may easily distract your readers. 5. Be coherent. Your writing becomes coherent only when you convey a logical message. The ideas should be connected to each other and related to the topic. Observe sound structure that will present a smooth flow of your ideas. Use transitional or cohesive devices so that the ideas cohere with one another. 6. Be complete. Include all necessary and relevant information so that the audience will not be left wanting of any information. Always put yourself in the shoes of the audience, who is interested to receive new information. 7. Be courteous. The tone of your writing should be friendly. Avoid any overtone/undertone or insinuation to eliminate confusion and misinterpretation. ETHICS OF COMMUNICATION Communication ethics emphasizes that morals influence the behavior of an individual, group, or organization thereby affecting their communication. Thus, it is important to note that one’s behavior should be regulated by honesty, decency, truthfulness, sincerity, and moral uprightness. To achieve ethical communication, be guided by the following: ▪ Establish an effective value system that will pave the way for the development of your integrity as a person. One’s behavior and decision-making style affect, in turn, the operations of an organization. ▪ Provide complete and accurate information. Whether it is needed or not, the data you provide should always be contextualized and correct. ▪ Disclose vital information adequately and appropriately. Never conceal or hide information that are necessary for purposes of transparency. IMPORTANCE: Observing a code of ethics is essential as it determines the kind of behavior that is proper and desirable over one that is displeasing and offensive. A code of ethics sets the standards to be observed by a person or a company that will create a good reputation or a positive image not only for an individual but also for the organization. It will, therefore, pave the way for the attainment of the desired results leading to the success of an individual or the entire company. Success in decision-making will likewise impact the company’s reputation. SYNTHESIS ▪ The communication models explain how the communication process works. Some of the well-known conceptual models are Aristotle, Shannon-Weaver, Laswell, and Berlo’s models. ▪For oral communication to be effective, there is a need to be clear with the purpose, complete and concise with the message, natural with the delivery, and specific and timely with the feedback. ▪For written communication to be effective, the 7C’s, namely clarity, conciseness, concreteness, correctness, coherence, completeness, and courtesy should be observed. ▪A code of ethics is important for any organization. Without it, confusion, misunderstandings, and conflicts arise within the structure since there are no standards to be observed. ASSESSMENT: ACTIVITY 3 - Group Activity Role Play a situation in the workplace where ethical communications are put into question and how you respond and deal with them. Make sure that someone explains the situation first before the presentation.  FORMS OF COMMUNICATION LESSON FOUR OBJECTIVES: ▪ Identify the various communication modes and how they help in expressing one’s communicative intent; ▪ Show the importance of face-to-face, audio, virtual, text-based, and other forms of communication particularly in targeting different types of audiences in local and global settings; ▪ Distinguish the differences between and among the communication modes; and ▪ Use these communication modes appropriately depending on the context of the communication situation. COMMUNICATION MODES ◦ Refers to the channel through which one expresses his/her communicative intent. ◦ It is the medium through which one conveys his/her thoughts. COMMUNICATION MODES 1. Face-to-face interaction Informal or casual conversation between two or more people. One advantage of face-to-face is that aside from directly hearing the message being conveyed, you are able to not visual cues through facial expression, gestures, movements, or even objects or realia from the person/s you are communicating with. 2. Video A Very effective mode of communication especially for people separated by distance. COMMUNICATION MODES 3. Audio Means transmitted sound. In this mode of communication, only the voice of the speaker is heard. It is quite difficult especially if you are listening to people with different accents. 4. Text-based communication Communication is done through e-mail, facsimile, text messaging, and instant messaging through social networking sites. While text-based communication mode does not originally provide video and audio benefits, it has a wider reach and can disseminate information to a bigger audience quickly. SYNTHESIS ▪ The various models of communication are face-to-face, video, audio, and text- based. ▪ The video is used to connect two or more people who cannot interact face-to- face. It is the second most convenient communication mode next to face-to- face interaction. ▪ Whereas the audio mode of communication is limited to hearing only the speaker’s voice, most types of the text-based communication are limited only to what is printed. However, the latter has a wider reach and is able to disseminate information to a larger group of audience. ASSESSMENT To be announced… COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY LESSON FIVE OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: ▪ Identify the positive and negative dimensions of the use of technology in communication; ▪ Demonstrate your knowledge of social media in Asia and the rest of the world; and ▪ Convey an idea or deliver a message to various audiences using the most appropriate technological tool. SYNTHESIS: 1. With the rapid rise and spread of Internet connectivity, the old forms of communication have given way to new ones that make communication easier and faster. 2. Technology tools in communication such as social networking sites, for example, are used to connect to distant family and relatives or old friends, to meet new ones, or to share the most trivial to the most important information or ideas. 3. Each tool has its own strengths and weaknesses. Whatever tool is used, it is important to always be responsible in conveying ideas or delivering messages.