Fundamental Concept Units PDF

Fundamental Concept Units Fundamental Concept Terminology: Medical physics: The science of human health and radiation exposure. Also called health physics, is devoted to radiation safety Physical medicine: And rehabilitation refer to physiotherapy. Is a branch of medicine that aims to enhance and re...

Fundamental Concept Units Fundamental Concept Terminology: Medical physics: The science of human health and radiation exposure. Also called health physics, is devoted to radiation safety Physical medicine: And rehabilitation refer to physiotherapy. Is a branch of medicine that aims to enhance and restore functional ability and quality of life to those with physical impairments or disabilities. Fundamental Concept Terminology: Biophysics : Is science that applies approaches and methods traditionally used in physics to study biological phenomena. Biophysics covers all scales of biological organization, from molecular to organismic and populations. Radiological: Physics involved with the one of radiation in diagnosis and treatment of disease. Fundamental Concept Terminology: Radiation : Protection also known as radiological protection, The protection of people from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, and the means for achieving this Exposure can be from a source of radiation external to the human body or due to internal irradiation caused by the ingestion of radioactive contamination. Fundamental Concept Modeling: To understanding a physical phenomenon we simplify it by selecting its main features by similar things. For example: the film by retina, the eye by camera. This kind of selection is called modeling it is not complete replacement. The flow of blood is represented by the flow of electricity. The relationship between forces (F), Mass (m) and acceleration (a) can be represented by mathematical model that is called equation as: F= ma Fundamental Concept Modeling: In medical field the heart rate (R) is a function of the power produced by the body (p) and can be modulated mathematically by the term function as: R = f (p) In medical field the term Feedback occurs when outputs of a system are routed. The system can then be back as inputs as part of a chain of cause-and-effect that forms a circuit or loop. Said to feed back into itself. There are two kind of it. Fundamental Concept Modeling: 1. Negative feedback: The kind of increasing in one side and decreasing in another. For example when calcium in blood drops too low the body release some calcium from the bone to increase the level in the blood. 2. Positive feedback: Can occur when the two changes in the same direction. Like growing in weight means increasing in cell numbers. Fundamental Concept Measurement: Is the assignment of a number to a characteristic of an object or event, which can be compared with other objects or events. In medicine measuring temperature and pulse rate in accuracy is of important. International system (SI) units or metric units; the basic units are: meter, Kilogram, second, ampere, Kelvin and candle. In medicine nonstandard units are used, for example: for blood pressure, millimeter of mercury instead of dynes per square centimeter. Fundamental Concept Measurement: Measurements in the body involve the time can be dividing into two groups: 1. Repetitive : Measurements such as pulse. 2. Non-repetitive : Measurements such as removing foreign substance from the blood by the kidney. Fundamental Concept Units: Unit of measurement is a definite magnitude of a quantity, defined and adopted by convention or by law that is used as a standard for measurement of the same kind of quantity. Any other quantity of that kind can be expressed as a multiple of the unit of measurement. Fundamental Concept Units: The International System of Units (SI): Is the modern form of the metric system and is the most widely used system of measurement, based on the International System of Quantities it comprises a coherent system of units of measurement built on seven base units. Which are the second, meter, kilogram, ampere, kelvin, mole, candela, and a set of twenty prefixes to the unit names and unit symbols that may be used when specifying multiples and fractions of the units. Fundamental Concept Units: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. S: second time m: meter length kg: kilogram mass A: ampere electric current K: kelvin temperature Mol: mole amount of substance Cd: candela luminous intensity. Fundamental Concept Units: Fig 1: The seven SI base units Symbol Name Quantity Fundamental Concept Units: Table 2: SI name and symbol Fundamental Concept Units: Table 3: SI derived units Fundamental Concept Units: Table 3: SI derived units Fundamental Concept Units: Table 4: Compound units derived from SI Fundamental Concept Units: Table 4: Compound units derived from SI Fundamental Concept Units: Table 4: Compound units derived from SI Fundamental Concept Units: Table 5: Standard prefix. Note: 10-6 kg is 1 µkg as 1 mg Fundamental Concept Physical quantities: A property of a material or system that can be quantified by measurement. Can be expressed as the combination of a magnitude and a unit. For example, the physical quantity mass can be quantified as n kg where n is magnitude and kg is the unit. Fundamental Concept Physical quantities: Physical quantities are divided into two groups: 1. Base quantity: Contains of length, mass, time, electrical current, temperature, quantity of matter & luminous intensity. 2. The quantity: Which derived from base quantity. Like force, energy, pressure. The fundamental unites: Fundamental Concept The fundamental unites: The kilogram: Base unit of mass in the metric system, formally the International System of Units (SI), having the unit symbol kg. The Meter: Base unit of length in the International System of Units. The SI unit symbol is m. The length of the path travelled by light in a vacuum in 1299,792,458 of a second. Fundamental Concept The fundamental unites: The second: The second (abbreviation: sec) is the base unit of time in (SI), One second is the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of ground state of the Cs₁₃₃ atom. The Ampere: The base unit of electric current in SI. Having the unit symbol A. Fundamental Concept Examples: What is the mass of 4.54 gm in milligram & in kilograms? Solution: 1gm = 10ᶟ milligrams 4.54 gm = 4.54×10³= 4540 milligrams 1gm = 10¯³ kilograms 4.54 gm = 4.54×10¯³ kilograms = 0.00254 Kilograms. Fundamental Concept Examples: Express 1228 km/h in meter per second? Solution: 1 km = 1000 m = 10³ m. 1h = 60min, 1min=60 sec 1h = 60×60 = 3600 sec. 1228 km/h = 1228×10³𝑚/ℎ =1228×103𝑚/3600𝑠 = 341.11 m/s Fundamental Concept Examples: What is the volume of 1.55 cm3 in cubic millimeters and in cubic meters? Solution: 1cm= 10 mm 1cm³ = 1cm× 1cm×1cm = 10mm× 10mm× 10mm = 1000mm³ So: 1cm³= 10³ mm³ 1.55 cm³ = 1.55×10³ mm³ = 1550 mm³ As the same 1cubic centimeters = 10¯⁶ cubic meters 1.55 cm³ = 1.55 × 10¯⁶ m³ = 0.00000155 m³ Error, accuracy and precision. Fundamental Concept Error, accuracy and precision: Error: Is an action which is inaccurate or incorrect. Error is synonymous with a mistake. In statistics, "error" refers to the difference between the value which has been computed and the correct value In measurement of a set, accuracy refers to closeness of the measurements to a specific value, while precision refers to the closeness of the measurements to each other. Fundamental Concept Error, accuracy and precision: Accuracy has two definitions: 1. More commonly, it is a description of systematic errors, a measure of statistical bias; low accuracy causes a difference between a result and a "true" value 2. Alternatively, accuracy as describing a combination of both types of observational error above (random and systematic), so high accuracy requires both high precision and high trueness. Fundamental Concept Error, accuracy and precision: Precision : Is a description of random errors, a measure of statistical variability.