General Physics I PDF

PHYSICS REVIEWER for 12 Lesson 1 Measurements The History of Measurement The cubit is an ancient unit of length based on the distance from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger. It was primarily associated with the Sumerians, Egyptians, and Israelites. The term cubit is found in the Bible regar...

PHYSICS REVIEWER for 12 Lesson 1 Measurements The History of Measurement The cubit is an ancient unit of length based on the distance from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger. It was primarily associated with the Sumerians, Egyptians, and Israelites. The term cubit is found in the Bible regarding Noah's Ark, the Ark of the Covenant, the Tabernacle, and Solomon's Temple. The Standard System of Measurement System of measurement refers to the process of associating numbers with physical quantities and phenomena. It is more like a collection of units of measurement and rules relating them to each other. Systeme International (SI unit) established in 1960, a complete metric system of units of measurement for scientists; fundamental quantities are length (meter) and mass (kilogram) and time (second) and electric current (Ampere) and temperature (kelvin) and amount of matter (mole) and luminous intensity (candela). The 7 Base Units Thermodynamic temperature (TEMPERATURE) Kelvin - its zero point is absolute zero (no molecular motion), in the Kelvin scale, temperature can be related directly to kinetic energy. Formula: K = C + 273.15 = Kelvin (K) constant equivalent to 0 T. Amount of a substance (MOLE) The mole is the amount of any substance. Mole is represented as “mol” and is the SI unit of quantified substance. The quantified substance of any given object or sample is measured with the help of calculating the elementary units. Formula: number of moles= Given Mass (g) Molar mass (g/mole) (Amedeo)Avogadro's constant; 6.022 x 10^(23) mol Note: this formula is useful in field of chemistry Luminous intensity (CANDELA) The candela (/kænˈdɛlə/ or /kænˈdiːlə/; symbol: cd) is the unit of luminous intensity in the International System of Units (SI). It measures luminous power per unit solid angle emitted by a light source in a particular direction. Formula: I (cd) = Φ(lm) Ω(sr) Electric current (AMPERE) The current in which one coulomb of charge travels across a given point in 1 second. Taking the fixed numerical value of the elementary charge e to be 1.602 176 634 × 10 when expressed in the unit C, which is equal to A , where the second is defined in terms of ∆ν. Formula: I (current) = Voltage (v) Resistance (Ω) Mass (KILOGRAM) Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms, and does not change with location. Weight is the gravitational force acting on that mass, measured in newtons, and varies with the strength of the gravitational field. Formula: mass (kg) = W (Newton) gravity (m/s ) Length ( METER) Length is measured in meters in the SI system because it provides a standardized, universally accepted, and practical unit that simplifies measurements and calculations. Its adoption facilitates international collaboration and ensures consistency and precision in scientific and technical fields. From Kilometers to Meters: 1 kilometer (km) = 1,000 meters (m) From Millimeters to Meters: 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.001 meters (m) From Centimeters to Meters: 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.01 meters (m) Formula : Given x conversion factors into meters = m Time (SECONDS) What is a second (s or sec)? The second (s or sec) is the International System of Units (SI) unit of time measurement. One second is the time that elapses during 9,192,631,770 (or 9.192631770 x 10 in decimal form) cycles of the radiation produced by the transition between two levels of the cesium-133. Note: To convert between Minutes, Hours, Days, you can use the following conversion factors: Minutes to Seconds: Multiply by 60 Hours to Seconds: Multiply by 3,600 Days to Seconds: Multiply by 86,400 Formula: t = Minutes × 60 = s t = Hours × 3,600 = s t = Days × 86,400 = s Lesson 2 Vectors Scalar Quantity - have only magnitude and no direction, such as speed or temperature. Vector Quantity - include both magnitude and direction, such as velocity or force. Angle - the degree that represents the direction of the movement of the magnitude of a vector quantity. Magnitude - the movement of the vector quantity in a certain direction or space. Methods in calculating the Vector Quantities Graphical Method - simply graphing the vectors quantity to get the resultant, it has 3 types including the following: Analytical Method - to analyze the given and calculate it numerically with certain formulas included for angle and displacement.