FSC100 Lecture 2 - History of Forensic Science PDF

FSC1005 Applied Methods of Crime Scene Investigation: The Real CSI Professor: Shelby Scott HISTORY OF FORENSIC SCIENCE AND C R I M E S C E N E I N V E S T I G AT I O N R O O T S O F C R I M I N A L I N V E S T I G AT I O N Forensic science as a relatively new career field Traced to approxi...

FSC1005 Applied Methods of Crime Scene Investigation: The Real CSI Professor: Shelby Scott HISTORY OF FORENSIC SCIENCE AND C R I M E S C E N E I N V E S T I G AT I O N R O O T S O F C R I M I N A L I N V E S T I G AT I O N Forensic science as a relatively new career field Traced to approximately 1248 China: Interdisciplinary nature of forensic science and crime scene investigation Pioneers in other fields relevant to development of crime scene investigation Source: information.dk R O O T S O F C R I M I N A L I N V E S T I G AT I O N ‘Kin policing’ in early clan life All clan members were responsible for determining sanctions to impose on violators Absolute ‘Among ancient Hebrews, law enforcement responsibility of kings, high priests, and elders Individuals appointed to apprehend and punish Continued into Roman rule Source: crotos.com R O O T S O F C R I M I N A L I N V E S T I G AT I O N Ancient Babylon Codified laws into ‘Laws of Hammurabi’ Approximately 1700’s B.C. One of the earliest and most complete written legal codes Foundation for establishment of a judicial system Early example of Source: history.com R O O T S O F C R I M I N A L I N V E S T I G AT I O N 5th century B.C., Romans adopted first written laws Twelve Tables (‘ ’) Rights and responsibilities of the Roman citizen Legal procedures Property ownership, building codes Punishment for crimes Police officials called Quaestorees Parricidi Through conquest of Mediterranean, Romans influenced law systems of Western Europe Source: museodelprado.es R O O T S O F C R I M I N A L I N V E S T I G AT I O N From collapse of Roman Empire through early Middle Ages, formal law enforcement essentially non-existent as tools for social control Individual offenses punished through: Trial by ordeal Trial by combat Court of the Star Chamber Source: ksnt.com R O O T S O F C R I M I N A L I N V E S T I G AT I O N 13th century, emerging EU powers developed structured law enforcement systems Classification of crimes English defined the legal age of reason Source: rmwraps.com R O O T S O F C R I M I N A L I N V E S T I G AT I O N 13th century, emerging EU powers developed structured law enforcement systems Enforcement methods: Hue-and-cry system Watch-and-ward system Office of Sheriff Source: rmwraps.com H I S T O R Y O F C R I M I N A L I N V E S T I G AT I O N POLICING 1750: Henry Fielding established the Bow Street Runners in London, England “Thief takers” First professional police force Practices developed still in use: 1829: Metropolitan Police of London 1842: Investigative unit was founded Source: heartoflondonbid.london H I S T O R Y O F C R I M I N A L I N V E S T I G AT I O N POLICING 1810: French Sûreté Founded by Eugène François Vidocq Only criminals can fight crime Believed in obtaining intimate criminal knowledge Planted undercover investigators in prisons Preventative role Source: smcp.com H I S T O R Y O F C R I M I N A L I N V E S T I G AT I O N POLICING North America saw benefit of formal, uniformed police presence 1834: 1838: 1840: Canadian legal traditions overall can be traced earlier Provincial police forces in rural Eastern Canada (1867) 1873: Expansion into North and West North-West Mounted Police Source: grunge.com H I S T O R Y O F C R I M I N A L I N V E S T I G AT I O N CRIMINOLOGY VERSUS CRIMINALISTICS Criminology Criminalistics Source: thenewsminute.com Source: saintleto.edu H I S T O R Y O F C R I M I N A L I N V E S T I G AT I O N PHILOSOPHIES IN CRIMINOLOGY Atavism Positivism Criminals born to commit crimes due to Criminals exist because crime is the biological deviance product of social causes Cesare Lombroso (1835 – 1909) Alexandre Lacassagne (1843 – 1924) H I S T O R Y O F C R I M I N A L I N V E S T I G AT I O N IM PA C T O F C R IMI NO L OG Y O N C R IMI NA L I S TI CS How do these philosophies relate to criminalistics? Influenced others to generate systems/methods From forensic perspective, role of Lombroso and Lacassagne in history: Influence first forensic scientists Source: history.com H I S T O R Y O F C R I M I N A L I N V E S T I G AT I O N IM PA C T O F C R IMI NO L OG Y O N C R IMI NA L I S TI CS Alphonse Bertillon (1853 – 1914) Followed Lombroso, but different in approach Lombroso: Bertillon: Systematic approach to criminal identification through 11 measurements of the body Anthropometry Officially implemented in 1883 (‘Bertillonage method’) Widely accepted until 1920’s Problematic H I S T O R Y O F C R I M I N A L I N V E S T I G AT I O N IM PA C T O F C R IMI NO L OG Y O N C R IMI NA L I S TI CS Edmond Locard (1877 – 1966) Another key player in the history of crime scene investigation Also impacted by criminology and the philosophies therein Lacassagne was his predecessor Encouraged him to study law alongside medical work Developed methodology for examining: H I S T O R Y O F C R I M I N A L I N V E S T I G AT I O N IM PA C T O F C R IMI NO L OG Y O N C R IMI NA L I S TI CS Late 1800’s and early 1900’s: contributions to forms of classification and identification 1883: Alphonse Bertillon 1892: Sir Francis Galton 1898: Paul Jesrich 1901: Karl Landsteiner Advances impacted by field and pioneers of criminology Formed basis for criminalistics H I S T O R Y O F C R I M I N A L I N V E S T I G AT I O N IM PA C T O F C R IMI NO L OG Y O N C R IMI NA L I S TI CS Hans Gross (1847 – 1915) Professor of criminal law Recognized role of science in determining legal outcomes Published the ‘Handbook for Examining Magistrates as a System of Criminology’ Coined the term: Source: columbuscountylaw.com I M P O R TA N T F I G U R E S IN THE HISTORY OF FORENSICS AND CSI Alphonse Bertillon (1853 – 1914) Hans Gross (1847 – 1915) Sir Edward Richard Henry (1850 – 1931) Edmond Locard (1977 – 1966) Henry T.F. Rhodes (1893 – 1969) Paul Kirk (1902 – 1970) Sir Alec Jeffreys (1950 – present) Source: independent.co.uk I M P O R TA N T F I G U R E S IN THE HISTORY OF FORENSICS AND CSI Sir Edward Richard Henry (1850 – 1931) Metropolitan Police Force ‘Classification and Use of Fingerprints’ Henry Classification System Fingerprint patterns to classify prints Source: wgtvnews.org I M P O R TA N T F I G U R E S IN THE HISTORY OF FORENSICS AND CSI Edmond Locard (1877 – 1966) 1910: began using attic above law rooms to perform work Interest in 1912: assisted police in solving the Marie Latelle case Formal recognition of the Locardian laboratory Locard’s Exchange Principle (1920): “When any two objects come into contact, there is always a transference of material from each object onto another” I M P O R TA N T F I G U R E S IN THE HISTORY OF FORENSICS AND CSI Henry T.F. Rhodes (1893 – 1969) Use of the scientific method for crime scene investigation “The process of crime scene investigation is scientific” Published ‘Clues and Crime’ (1933) Stated that the objective of crime scene investigation was to determine: Source: nu.edu I M P O R TA N T F I G U R E S IN THE HISTORY OF FORENSICS AND CSI Recall, the scientific method as: Systematic method to ensure scientific integrity: 1. Formulate a question 2. Generate a hypothesis 3. Collect data by observing and experimenting 4. Interpret data 5. Draw conclusions Source: istockphoto.com I M P O R TA N T F I G U R E S IN THE HISTORY OF FORENSICS AND CSI Paul Kirk (1902 – 1970) Founder of American criminalistics Published ‘Crime Investigation’ (1953) Analyzed evidence in the Sam Sheppard case (1955) Physical evidence always present at crime scenes Illustrated importance of recognizing evidence Source: port.ac.uk I M P O R TA N T F I G U R E S IN THE HISTORY OF FORENSICS AND CSI Sir Alec Jeffreys (1950 – present) British geneticist 1980’s: individual identification can be made based on DNA Paved way for current techniques of DNA analysis Source: bbc.co.uk DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC LABS IN CANADA Recall Locard established first dedicated forensic laboratory in early 1900’s in France In Canada: Montreal: Laboratoire de Sciences Judiciaires et de Médicine Légale (1914) Dr. Wilfrid Derome Following the Locard model First established in Canada, third established in the world Toronto: Laboratory of the Attorney General in Ontario (1932) Dr. Edgar Frankish Renamed Centre of Forensic Sciences in 1966 DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC LABS THE CRIME LAB Scientists are civilians (specialists or technologists) Analyze evidence Testify in Court Full-service laboratory includes: Source: thestar.com DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC LABS THE CRIME LAB Operate under established protocols and guidelines Ensures integrity of scientific analyses Laboratories may become accredited (legally recognized) American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors Uphold quality assurance and quality control Requires extensive reviews and examinations Credentials of personnel Administrative practices Use of evidence controls Type of examination methods Source: cfsgov.ca