SCENE OF THE CRIME OPERATIONS-1.pdf

ABOUT THE AUTHORs Esmeraldo E Damuag is a faculty member of the College of Criminal Justice, University of Cebu, Main Campus from November 2003 up to present. He graduated of Bachelor of Science in Criminology from University of Cebu, Main Campus on March 1994, and passed the Board Examination for Criminologist in the year 2001. He was a graduate of Doctor of Philosophy in Criminal Justice on March 2018 from the University of Cebu, Main Campus, and a candidate of Doctor of Education Major in Institutional Planning at the University of Cebu, Main Campus. ALBOFERA ANTHONY, Ph.D CJ, RCRIM A hardworking faculty. Has experience in teaching in various subject in Criminology. For certificates, TOP 2 CSSP (Certified Security and Safety Practitioner), TOP 2 CCS (Certified Criminalistics Specialist). For work experience, Security Officer from 2008 to 2014, faulty member from 2014 until present. For education, Bachelor of Science in Criminology University of Cebu, Master of Science in Criminology at University of Cebu, Doctor of Philosophy in Criminal Justice with the Specialization in Criminology t University of Cebu, Bachelor of Secondary Education (CPE) at University of Cebu and Doctor of Education (on Progress). PLTCOL NORMAN LOBRIGAS NUEZ Chief, Police Community Affairs and Development Unit (PCADU), Bohol Police Provincial Office Provincial Spokesperson and Public Information Officer (PPIO). A fine police officer and a man of integrity and honor. A graduate of Bachelor of Science of Criminology in the University of Bohol in 2003 and became a Licensed Criminologist in the same year. A graduate of Management Development Program (MDP) of the Asian Institute of Management (AIM) in Makati City in 2013. Joined the police service as Policer Office 1 in December 16, 2003 and graduated as Top 1 of the Public Safety Basic Recruit Course and PNP Special Counter-Insurgency Operations Unit Training (PNP SCOUT), respectively. Joined the Police Commissioned Officer Corps in September 2, 2008 via Lateral Entry Program (Class Maringal) and graduated as Top 1 of the Public Safety Officers Orientation Course and Field Training Program for PCOs, respectively. In his 20 years of police service, has undergone different specialization courses, to mention PNP Values and Leadership Course, PNP Motorcycle Riding Course (MCRC), Investigation Officer’s Basic Course (IOBC), Operation Officers Management Course, and other trainings in crime scene investigation, intelligence and operations. Has been designated as Chief of Police in the police stations of Bohol to mention Danao, Candijay, Talibon, Loon, Tubigon and Ubay and San Francisco, Camotes, Cebu and has received several medals, awards, commendations and achievements. Some of these are the Most Outstanding Alumni in 2018 in the University of Bohol as COP Loon, Best Junior Police Commissioned Officer for Administration in 2017 as COP Talibon; as COP Danao, Bohol, being awarded as the Best Junior PCO for Operations and Most Outstanding COP in PRO7 and Danao MPS as the Best Municipal Police Station in PRO7 and in the same year being adjudged as the Most Outstanding Chief of Police of the Philippines for the 3rd LEAD PNP Award. ATTY. DODELON F. SABIJON, RCrim, Ph.D Crim, Ph.d HRM, DPA Atty. Dodelon F. Sabijon is the present Dean of the University of Cebu Main Campus, College of Criminal Justice since 2013. He is also the Program Chair of Master of Science in Criminal Justice and Doctor of Philosophy in Criminal Justice of University of Cebu Main Campus. A professional lecturer in Criminal Justice Education in the Philippines and a Researcher, Trainer and Consultant in Qualitative Research. He was also appointed as one of the members of the Regional Quality Assurance Team (RQUAT 7) in Region 7 for Criminology Program and also a member of the CHED Team lecturers on various trainings and seminars. At present, he is the President of the Council of Deans for Criminology and Criminal Justice Education in Region 7. Atty. Delon took his Bachelor of Arts major in Political Science at Divine Word College-tagbilaran (now Holy Name University) and graduated as CUM LAUDE in October 1993. He also graduated with his degree of Bachelor of Laws from the Divine Word College in 1997. In 2005, he graduated Bachelor of Science in Criminology at University of Bohol and right after he took his Master of Science in Criminology at University of Cebu Main Campus and graduated in October of 2007. He also took his degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Criminology at the Philippine College of Criminology in Manila and graduated as BENEMERITUS in 2010. In 2010, he also graduated with his degree in Bachelor of Science in Education (Qualifying) at the University of Bohol. He also took the Master of Arts in Educational Management at University of Bohol and graduated as SUMMA CUM LAUDE. Furthermore, he also took his degrees of Doctor in Philosophy in Human Resources Management and Doctor of Philosophy in Public Administration at the University of Bohol in 2014 and 2015 respectively and graduated as MERITISIMUS/SUMMA CUM LAUDE in both degrees. At present, he is taking up Master of Laws at San Sebastian College-Recoletos in consortium with University of Cebu. Moreover, Atty Delon is also an active member of Professional Criminologists Association of the Philippine, Inc. (PCAP, Inc.) and elected as Executive Vice President. He is also the current Chairman of the Advisory Group of the Philippine National Police, Cebu City Mobile Force Company. He has also attended in the national and international conferences as research presenter, facilitator in Hong Kong, Shanghai, Beijing, Kuala Lumpur and Penang Malaysia, Ho Chi Minh Vietnam, Queensland Australia, Singapore and Vienna Austria. John Kevin V. Bangaysiso, 27 years old, and a resident of Sacsac, Bacong Negros Oriental. He earned his degree in Bachelor of Science in Criminology (BSCrim) at Negros Oriental State University in Dumaguete City in 2016. In addition, he graduated with the degree Master of Science in Criminal Justice at University of Cebu – Main Campus. Currently, he is finishing his Ph.D. in Criminal Justice in the same school. He passed the Criminologist Licensure Examination (CLE) in December 2016 with a rating of 87.45%. His work experiences include: a.) data gatherer in a DILG funded research conducted by the faculty College of Criminal Justice, Negros Oriental State University – Dumaguete City (April 2016 – June 2016), b.) Guest Security Aide in Negros Oriental State University – Dumaguete City (October 2016 – November 2016), c.) Criminologist Licensure Examination (CLE) lecturer in a review center In Cebu and Negros Oriental (2017 – present), d) Full Time Instructor at Rizwoods Colleges – Cabreros Campus, Brgy. Basak San Nicolas, Cebu City (November 2016 – March 30, 2020), and e) Full Time Instructor at University of Cebu – Campus (September 2020 – present). Scene of Crime Operations : Forensic Investigation First Edition Philippine Copyright, 2024 By: ChapterHouse Publishing Incorporated All Rights Reserved. The text of this book or any part hereof, may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including copying, recording, storage in any informational retrieval system, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Any unauthorized copying, reproduction, or dissemination of any portion of this book shall be prosecuted in accordance with the law. Published and Distributed by: ChapterHouse Publishing Incorporated Novaliches, Quezon City 0927-156-2290 0918-487-4559 (02) 7987-1356 [email protected] fb.com/chapterhouse ISBN: 978-621-488-020-1 Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO): Definition and Historical Background.......................................................... 9 Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO)................................................... 9 Mission, Powers, and Functions of SOCO............................................. 10 General Objectives of SOCO................................................................... 10 Forensic Science: Definition................................................................... 11 Components of Forensic Science.......................................................... 11 History of the Philippine National Police Forensic Group.................... 13 May 19, 1945: AFWESPAC’s G-2 Division; Fingerprint Section......13 May 26, 1959: PC Forensic Laboratory........................................... 13 December 1, 1960: PC Central Crime Laboratory.......................... 13 July 22, 1968: PC Crime Laboratory (PCCL)................................... 13 1975: Continuous Improvements of PCCL..................................... 14 May 16, 1985: PC/INP Crime Laboratory Service.......................... 14 December 13, 1990: PNP Crime Laboratory................................... 14 2006: First ISO 9001 Certification................................................... 14 October 2008: Creation of Asian Forensic Sciences Network (AFSN)............................................................... 15 September 30, 2021: PNP Forensic Group..................................... 15 Asian Forensic Sciences Network (AFSN)............................................ 15 Other Notable Forensic Science Networks Across the Globe.............. 20 Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 7 Chapter 2 The Philippine National Police (PNP) Forensic Group............................... 21 Philippine National Police Forensic Group............................................ 21 Mandate, Vision, and Mission of PNP Forensic Group......................... 21 Service Pledge of PNP Forensic Group................................................. 22 The PNP Forensic Group Organizational Structure.............................. 22 Technical Divisions of PNP Forensic Group.......................................... 25 Medico-Legal Division...................................................................... 25 Fingerprint Identification Division................................................... 26 Forensic Chemistry Division............................................................ 27 Physical Identification Division....................................................... 28 Fire Arms Identification Division..................................................... 29 Question Documents Examination Division................................... 29 Forensic Photography Division........................................................ 30 Polygraphy Division.......................................................................... 31 DNA Laboratory Division.................................................................. 31 Scene of the Crime Operations Division......................................... 32 Classifications of Cases for PNP Forensic Group Assistance............. 33 Chapter 3 Concepts and Principles of Criminal Investigation.................................... 35 Criminal Investigation............................................................................. 35 Criminal Investigator............................................................................... 36 Qualities of a Good Criminal Investigator.............................................. 36 Tools of a Criminal Investigator............................................................. 37 Phases of Criminal Investigations......................................................... 39 Composition of an Investigation Team.................................................. 40 Equipment of an Investigator................................................................. 40 Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 8 Methods of Recording Investigative Data............................................. 42 Interrogation and Interview.................................................................... 44 Role of an Interviewer............................................................................. 46 Requisites of an Interview...................................................................... 47 Methods of Crime Scene Search........................................................... 48 Activity 1: Crime Scene Investigation.................................................... 49 Chapter 4 Basic Role of Crime Scene Personnel......................................................... 54 Crime Scene Investigation...................................................................... 54 Three Major Players During the Crime Scene Investigation................. 55 Specific Functions, Responsibilities and Procedures........................... 56 First Responder................................................................................ 56 Investigator-on-Case........................................................................ 57 SOCO Team....................................................................................... 58 Release of the Crime Scene............................................................. 58 Detailed Procedures in the Conduct of CSI........................................... 59 Activity 2: Crime Scene Investigation (FR, IOC & SOCO)...................... 74 Chapter 5 Physical Evidence: Collection, Handling and Transportation.................... 78 Physical Evidence................................................................................... 78 Evidence: Definition and Typologies...................................................... 79 Direct Evidence and Circumstantial Evidence....................................... 80 Evidence Collection and Preservation................................................... 81 General Rules for the Collection and Preservation of Biological Materials...................................................... 81 Collection and Preservation of Blood.................................................... 82 Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 9 Collection and Preservation of Semen and Saliva................................ 83 Collection and Preservation of Urine..................................................... 84 Collection and Preservation of Body Fluids.......................................... 85 Collection and Preservation of Fibers................................................... 87 Collection and Preservation of Hairs..................................................... 88 Collection and Preservation of Fingerprint............................................ 89 Collection and Preservation of Articles in Clothing.............................. 91 Collection and Preservation of Latent Footwear and Print.................. 92 Collection and Preservation of Visible Gloves Print............................. 93 Collection and Preservation of Soil, Plants, Construction Materials...93 Collection and Preservation of Tool Marks........................................... 95 Collection and Preservation of Glass.................................................... 96 Collection and Preservation of Paint..................................................... 97 Collection and Preservation of Firearms............................................... 97 Procedure for Submitting Evidence to the Crime Laboratory............... 99 General Information................................................................................ 99 Paperwork................................................................................................ 100 Evidence Packaging/Marking and Sealing............................................ 100 Activity 3: Understanding Elements of Identification and Individualization........................................................ 102 Activity 4: Acquiring and Classifying Inked and Latent Fingerprints...104 Activity 5: Identification and Matching of Fingerprints......................... 109 Activity 5-A: Bloodstain Geometry (Part A).......................................... 111 Activity 6: Bloodstain Geometry (Part B)............................................... 115 Activity 7: Trace Evidence Collection and Sorting................................. 117 Activity 8: Examination of Human Hair.................................................. 120 Activity 9: Glass Fracture and Direction of Force.................................. 126 Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 10 Activity 10: Bullet Trajectory Analysis.................................................... 128 Activity 11: Forgery Detection................................................................ 130 Chapter 6 Processing Methodology.............................................................................. 133 Introduction............................................................................................. 133 A Processing Model................................................................................ 134 The Processing Model............................................................................ 134 Step 1: Initial Notification................................................................ 134 Step 2: Coordination, Assessment, and Team Call-Out................ 134 Step 3: Conduct Initial Observations............................................... 135 Step 4: Deal with the Deceased....................................................... 136 Step 5: Photograph the Scene......................................................... 136 Step 6: Document Overall Observations......................................... 137 Step 7: Sketch the Scene................................................................. 138 Step 8: Conduct a First Recheck..................................................... 138 Step 9: Release the Body................................................................. 138 Step 10: Collect Items of Evidence................................................. 139 Step 11: Conduct a Second Recheck of the Scene........................ 140 Step 12: Conduct a Third Recheck of the Scene............................ 140 Step 13: Check beyond the Scene................................................... 140 Step 14: Conduct an On-Scene Debriefing of the Investigative Team..................................................................... 141 Step 15: Release or Secure the Scene............................................ 141 Step 16: Process and Package Evidence........................................ 141 Step 17: Conduct a Formal Debriefing............................................ 142 Bibliography................................................................................................... 143 Image Credits................................................................................................. 147 Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 9 Chapter 1 Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO): Definition and Historical Background Learning Objectives: At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to: 1. Define the Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO); 2. Identify the Mission, Power, Functions, and General Objectives of SOCO; 3. Define Forensic Science and some of its components; 4. Discuss the important events in the development of the Philippine National Police Forensic Group; 5. Identify and appreciate the value and roles of the Asian Forensic Sciences Network (AFSN) and other Forensic Sciences Networks around the world. Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO) The forensic procedure was performed by trained personnels of the. PNP Crime Laboratory through scientific methods of investigation for the purpose of. preserving the crime scene, gathering information, documentation, collecting, and. examination of all physical evidence is referred to as Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO) (NAPOLCOM SOP No. ODIDM - 2011 - 008, 2011). According to the Revised Philippine National Police (PNP) Operational Procedure (2021), SOCO includes the processing of crime scenes, technical and forensic examination of evidence, and similar scientific investigative assistance. SOCO is one of the twelve (12) divisions under the Philippine National Police Forensic Group. Their primary tasks are as follows: 1. Determine, preserve, and protect the crime scene; 2. Conduct a methodical search of physical evidence; 3. Simulate the crime scene as it happened; and 4. Present evidence and testimony before any court of law. Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 10 Mission, Powers, and Functions of SOCO SOCO’s mission as an organization is to provide proper scene operation based on the scientific method of investigation geared towards the identification and successful prosecution of the responsible person. To accomplish this mission SOCO has the following powers and functions: 1. Attends to all cases brought to its attention by various requesting units’ higher headquarters and the director; 2. Performs daily crime scene operations on a twenty-four-hour basis. 3. Segregates collected pieces of evidence from the crime scene and submitted them for examination to the technical division responsible for its examination together with a written request duly signed by the SOCO team leader. 4. Maintain records for their operation and other activities. 5. Submits after mission report to the Director thru channel; 6. Monitor the status of the cases, which they referred to the technical divisions for proper evaluation or examination. 7. Consolidates all examination reports coming from the technical division, which conducted the requested examination for transmittal to the requesting units. General Objectives of SOCO The following are the general objectives of SOCO: 1. To obtain maximum information from the crime scene based on scientific techniques they would help the field of criminal investigators on the early filing of criminal cases particularly heinous crimes that will surely end up in the successful prosecution and conviction of the perpetrator of the crime. 2. To orient the field investigators regarding the importance of SOCO in their investigation of criminal cases. 3. To prevent overlapping or duplication of functions between SOCO and the criminal investigators in the processing of a crime scene. 4. To make SOCO a vital or indispensable part of criminal investigation in order to ensure successful prosecution of criminal cases in court. Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 11 Forensic Science: Definition and Components The noun forensic, meaning “an argumentative exercise” derives from the adjective forensic, whose earliest meaning in English is “belonging to, used in, or suitable to courts or to public discussion and debate.” The English word was derived from the Latin word forensis meaning “of the marketplace or form, public,” which in turn comes from the Latin word forum, meaning “marketplace, forum.” (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). The modern definition of forensic is: “relating to, used in, or suitable to a court of law.” Any science used for the purposes of the law is forensic science. Forensic sciences are used around the world to resolve civil disputes, to justly enforce criminal laws and government regulations, and to protect public health (American Academy of Forensic Sciences, 2023). It is also referred to as Criminalistics, the application of scientific methods to the recognition, collection, identification, and comparison of physical evidence generated by criminal or illegal civil activity. It also involves the reconstruction of such events by evaluation of the physical evidence and the crime scene. Criminalists, usually called forensic scientists, analyze evidence such as body fluids in order to determine if the DNA in those fluids matches the blood found at a crime scene. Other forensic scientists may help identify, collect, and evaluate physical evidence at a crime scene (Siegel, 2023). Components of Forensic Science As discussed previously, forensic science is a multidisciplinary field that involves the application of different scientific principles and techniques to analyze and investigate crimes, accidents, and other legal issues. The following are the components of forensic science: 1. Crime Scene Investigation- is one of the most critical stages of any criminal investigation. It refers to all the investigative procedures undertaken at the crime scene (PNP, 2011). This includes the recognition, search, collection, handling, preservation, and documentation of physical evidence, the identification of witnesses, and the arrest of suspect/s at the crime scene (PNP, 2021). 2. Physical Evidence Analysis- This encompasses the examination, collection, preservation, and analysis of various physical items and materials found at crime scenes or associated with criminal investigations (Houck, and Siegel, 2015). Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 12 3. Fingerprint Analysis- This involves comparing fingerprints found at a crime scene called latent fingerprints, with fingerprints from a known individual and assessing how similar they are (Houck and Siegel, 2015). 4. DNA Analysis- Forensic scientists can use DNA profiles to identify criminals or determine parentage. A DNA profile is like a genetic fingerprint. Every person has a unique DNA profile, making it especially useful for identifying people involved in a crime. The only exception to this is identical twins (Harris and Lee, 2019). 5. Toxicology- It is the analysis of biological samples for the presence of toxins, including drugs. It provides key information as to the type of substances present in an individual and if the amount of those substances is consistent with a therapeutic dosage or is above a harmful level (Harris and Lee, 2019). 6. Firearms Identification- Commonly referred to as ballistics, determines if a particular bullet or cartridge case retrieved from a crime scene was fired from a specific firearm. When a bullet is fired from a gun, the gun leaves microscopic marks on the bullet and cartridge case. These marks are like ballistic fingerprints (Harris and Lee, 2019). 7. Digital Forensics- It focuses on identifying, acquiring, processing, analyzing, and reporting on data stored electronically. Its main goal is to extract data from electronic evidence, process it into actionable intelligence, and present the findings for prosecution (INTERPOL, 2023). 8. Questioned Documents Examination- is one of the oldest disciplines in forensic science, which uses scientific and technological methods to seek evidence that might be present in the document for investigation by police officers and other agents, and to provide the evidence in a court of law (AFSN, n.d.). Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 13 History of the Philippine National Police Forensic Group Here is a brief history of the Philippine National Police Forensic Group; May 19, 1945: AFWESPAC’s G-2 Division; Fingerprint Section The PNP Crime Laboratory traces its origin to the Fingerprint Section of the G-2 Division of the Military Police Command Armed Forces in the West Pacific of the United States Army (AFWESPAC), organized on May 19, 1945. Later on, it was upgraded into a branch and renamed the Crime Laboratory branch of the Criminal Investigation Service (CIS), the investigative arm of the Philippine Constabulary (PC) (PNP Forensic Group, n.d.). May 26, 1959: PC Forensic Laboratory The CIS Crime Laboratory underwent several reorganizations and changes of names. It was reorganized on May 26, 1959, as a separate Unit of the PC under Table of Organization and Equipment 3-07 (TO and 3-07) of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and was renamed as PC Forensic Laboratory (PNP Forensic Group, n.d.). December 1, 1960: PC Central Crime Laboratory In pursuant to the Table of Organization and Equipment 3 (TO and EO3), the unit was renamed the PC Central Crime Laboratory. June 28, 1961, it was activated as a separate unit of the AFP pursuant to Special Order Number 453 GHQAFP (PNP Forensic Group, n.d.). July 22, 1968: PC Crime Laboratory (PCCL) The National Headquarters of the Crime Laboratory in Camp Crame was constructed during the term of the then Philippine Constabulary Chief, Brigadier General Vicente Raval on July 22, 1968. The construction was completed on July 22, 1969, coinciding with its official designation as the PC Crime Laboratory (PCCL) pursuant to headquarters Philippine Constabulary General Order Number 23 (PNP Forensic Group, n.d.). Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 14 1975: Continuous Improvements of PCCL PCCL had continuous improvements in the following years in order to serve the people more effectively. In 1975, scientific equipment was acquired through the War Reparations Program of the Japanese Government under the authority of HPC GO No. 23 where twelve (12) regional units were established (PNP Forensic Group, n.d.). May 16, 1985: PC/INP Crime Laboratory Service With the merging of the Philippine Constabulary and the Integrated National Police (INP) on May 16, 1985, PCCL was re- designated as PC/INP Crime Laboratory Service as per HPC GO No. 64 (PNP Forensic Group, n.d.). December 13, 1990: PNP Crime Laboratory Under the Republic Act No. 6975 or the Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990, the Philippine National Police (PNP) was established as the merger of the Philippine Constabulary (PC) and the Integrated National Police (INP). As a result, the PC/INP Crime Laboratory Service was renamed as the PNP Crime Laboratory as one of the administrative units of the PNP (RA 6975, Sec. 35). Its primary function is to provide scientific and technical investigative aid and support to the PNP and other government investigative agencies. It is also mandated to provide crime laboratory examination, evaluation, and identification of physical evidence involved in crimes with primary emphasis on their medical, chemical, biological, and physical nature (RA 6975, Section 35. a). 2006: First ISO 9001 Certification The PNP Crime Laboratory received its first ISO 9001 certification, making it the first “ISO Certified” PNP unit (Caliwan, 2022). ISO certification is a seal of approval from a third-party body that a company runs to one of the international standards developed and published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (ISO Quality Services Limited, 2023). Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 15 October 2008: Creation of Asian Forensic Sciences Network (AFSN) Six (6) national forensic institutes in Asia convene in Singapore to discuss the issue of the formation of a regional forensic science network. This resulted in the founding of the Asian Forensic Sciences Network (AFSN). The Philippines is one of its founding members. September 30, 2021: PNP Forensic Group The PNP Crime Laboratory was renamed to the PNP Forensic Group through General Orders Number DPL-20-32, in accordance with NAPOLCOM Resolution No. 2021-1275 dated September 30, 2021. The PNP Forensic Group will continue to conduct its mandates as outlined in Section 35 (a) of Republic Act No. 6975, which includes providing scientific and investigative aid and support to the PNP and other governmental investigation agencies (De Leon, 2021). Asian Forensic Sciences Network (AFSN) Representatives from six national forensic institutes in the region converged in Singapore to discuss the issue of the formation of a regional forensic science network. The six institutes are as follows (Asian Forensic Sciences Network [AFSN], n.d.): 1. Department of Scientific Services, Brunei Darussalam; 2. Department of Chemistry, Malaysia; 3. National Bureau of Investigation, Philippines; 4. Central Institute of Forensic Science, Thailand; 5. Forensic Science Institute, Vietnam and 6. Health Sciences Authority, Singapore. Also present at the meeting were Dr Barbara Remberg of UNODC and Prof Jose Lorente, International Liaison Officer of Academia Iberoamericana De Criminalistica Y Estudios Forenses (AICEF). This meeting gave birth to the Asian Forensic Sciences Network (AFSN) which serves as a collective representation of the forensic science community in Asia (AFSN, n.d.). Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 16 AFSN was formed for the purpose of having a platform for forensic scientists in Asia to come together to discuss, share, and advance forensic science. The objectives of AFSN are as follows (AFSN, n.d.): To provide a forum for forensic science institutes in Asia for discussion on issues relating to forensic services. To enhance the quality of forensic services in Asia through expert working groups, training, collaborative studies, proficiency tests, and accreditation. To establish links with other similar networks for the promotion and advancement of forensic science. To formulate strategies relating to forensic science issues in Asia. ASFN has nine (9) Technical Working groups, they are as follows: 1. Crime Scene Investigation (CSIWG) It serves as a platform for forensic scientists and police officers to introduce the crime scene investigation in their respective countries, interact and exchange casework learning points, and discuss technology advancement and future developments in the area. Members are expected to share the status of crime scene investigation, including casework and current and future development in their respective countries. It conducts training workshops on crime scene management, bloodstain pattern analysis, crime scene reconstruction, and post- blast scene investigation for its members and participants (AFSN, n.d.). 2. Digital Forensics (DFWG) It comprises digital forensic experts from the member institutes in AFSN. Its main focus is to support AFSN in the area of electronic forensics. The DFWG’s major activities include, but are not limited to, the following: Seminars and Academic exchanges; Education and Training; Collaboration and Cooperation; Research and Development; and Information Sharing (AFSN, n.d.). Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 17 3. DNA (DNAWG) It serves as a platform to share, discuss, and promote research to advance the field of forensic biology. It is the only established scientific working group of forensic biology experts in Asia with members from 29 institutes in 9 countries. Its objectives are as follows: Strengthen the science of forensic biology for use in the criminal justice system; Encourage discussion and sharing of expertise and knowledge; Enhance inter-laboratory collaboration; and Promulgate best practices and quality assurance standards (AFSN, n.d.). 4. Fingerprint (FPWG) It focuses on new technology, research, standards, and guidelines related to the forensic examination of fingerprint evidence. These include the development of fingerprint marks on different surfaces, comparison, and evaluation of fingerprint evidence, and Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS). FPWG aims to discuss and share fingerprint examination methods and protocols and encourage research and innovative technology related to friction ridge examination. It also aims to cooperate with other national and international organizations in developing standards for quality assurance and quality control. Its members engage in the discipline of fingerprint examination in law enforcement agencies as well as the international forensic science community (AFSN, n.d.). 5. Forensic Medicine (FMWG) It promotes quality forensic medicine services to attain public health, public safety, and the administration of justice in Asia. Its objectives are as follows: To provide advocacy and sharing of best practices and excellence in forensic medicine; To promote research and advance knowledge in medico-legal examinations; and Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 18 To provide a platform for discussion and exchange of ideas for practicing professionals in relation to our field of expertise (AFSN, n.d.). 6. Illicit Drugs (IDWG) According to the AFSN (n.d.), the strategic goals of the Illicit Drugs Working Group are as follows: enhance the expertise and competency of illicit drug analysis. establish quality assurance requirements. promote accreditation among members laboratories. encourage research and development in illicit drug analysis. encourage knowledge sharing amongst members on issues relating to illicit drugs analysis, especially on the emergence and challenges of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) in this region. organize annual workgroup meetings with specific training areas to meet the needs of member laboratories. function as a platform for knowledge sharing and information exchanges on new developments and trends. coordination of the work between other organizations such as the SWGDRUG and the UNODC. 7. Toxicology (TXWG) It aims to improve education and promote collaboration by providing a platform for forensic toxicologists to share and learn about the latest advancements in the various fields of forensic toxicology. During its annual meeting, TXWG focuses on one toxicology topic, where an expert in that topic is invited to give a workshop, with workgroup members sharing their own practices too. These topics include systematic toxicology analysis, driving under the influence of drugs, drug-facilitated crimes, drugs of Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 19 abuse in urine and alternative specimens, hair drug analysis, method validation, and postmortem toxicology analysis and interpretation. TXWG also produced a Guideline on Alcohol Analysis in Clinical and Postmortem Samples which serves as a minimum standard for alcohol analysis (AFSN, n.d.). 8. Trace Evidence (TEWG) It brings together forensic examiners in the Asian region for networking, information exchange, and mutual collaboration. TEWG’s activities include scientific sessions for the sharing of technical knowledge among the examiners, laboratory attachment of staff between TEWG member institutes, participation in collaborative exercises, and collaboration in databases (explosive and fiber). The topics of TEWG’s workshops covered in past AFSN meetings include paint interpretation, fiber analysis, explosives analysis, forensic statistics, and microanalysis of traces (AFSN, n.d.). 9. Questioned Document (QDWG) It aims to promote the development of the Questioned document examination (QD), facilitate communication among the QD examiners, and promote the development and standardization of QD in Asia (AFSN, n.d.). AFSN also has a Quality Assurance and Standards Committee (QASC), which promotes the development and delivery of quality forensic services in Asia. It forms a platform to encourage member institutes to share their experiences, concerns, and difficulties in quality management and quality assurance. Its objectives are as follows: to create awareness of quality assurance in forensic laboratories and to coordinate training in quality assurance (AFSN, n.d.). AFSN holds an annual meeting every year for its members, which is comprised of 70 member institutes from 18 countries (as of June 2023) (AFSN, n.d.). Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 20 Other Notable Forensic Science Networks Across the Globe Here are some of the Forensic Science Networks in different regions of the world (AFSN, n.d.): 1. American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors (ASCLD), founded in 1974 in America. 2. Senior Managers of Australian and New Zealand Forensic Laboratories (SMANZFL), founded in 1986, in Australia and New Zealand, 3. European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI), founded in 1995 in Europe, and 4. Academia Iberoamericana De Criminalistica Y Estudios Forenses (AICEF), founded in 2004 for Latin America, Spain, and Portugal. Review Questions: 1. What is the Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO)? 2. What are the Mission, Power, Functions, and General Objectives of SOCO? 3. What is Forensic Science and some of its components? 4. What are the important events in the development of the Philippine National Police Forensic Group? 5. What are the roles and importance of the Asian Forensic Sciences Network (AFSN) and other Forensic Sciences Networks around the world? Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 21 Chapter 2 The Philippine National Police Forensic Group Learning Objectives: At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to: 1. Identify the Mandate, Vision, Mission, and Service Pledge of the PNP Forensic Group; 2. Discuss the organizational structure of the PNP Forensic Group; 3. Enumerate and identify the ten (10) Technical Divisions of the PNP Forensic Group; 4. Identify the services offered by each Technical Divisions of the PNP Forensic Group; and 5. Explain the classification of cases that need assistance from the PNP Forensic Group Philippine National Police Forensic Group The first chapter discusses the historical development of the Philippine National Police (PNP) Forensic Group. It was formerly known as the PNP Crime Laboratory. The re-branding was done to give recognition to the organization’s forensic services and to align its nomenclature with that of Asian countries, which adopt the term ‘Forensic’ for their forensic services units. The Philippines is an active member of the Asian Forensic Science Network (AFSN) which was established in 2008 (De Leon, 2021). Mandate, Vision, and Mission PNP Forensic Group According to the RA 6975 Sec.35, and NAPOLCOM Resolution 96-058, the PNP Forensic Group was established to enhance police operational efficiency; and effectiveness by providing laboratory examination, evaluation, and identification of pieces of physical evidence involved in crimes with emphasis on their medical, chemical, biological and physical nature. To accomplish this mandate, Regional, Provincial, and City Forensic Units were established wherever necessary in all regions and cities of the country (PNP Forensic Group, 2022). Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 22 Its vision is to be a highly competent and trusted forensic laboratory for the effective delivery of justice. Its mission is to provide scientific investigation and other technical support to the PNP offices, other investigative agencies, and the public through forensic examination, fieldwork, Scene of Crime Operation (SOCO), training, and research (PNP Forensic Group, 2022). Service Pledge of PNP Forensic Group The PNP Forensic Group, guided by its mission and vision, is committed to providing quality services to the public and the criminal justice system with integrity, honesty, thoroughness, openness, and timelines through a robust and certified ISO 9001:2015 Quality Management System. They are also committed to delivering quality service and ensuring customer satisfaction through the following (PNP Forensic Group, 2022): Provide quality scientific investigation and forensic services; Utilize standard-based laboratory examination procedures; Maintain the integrity of examinations and results and the documentation to support analytical data; Instill a culture of Discipline, Excellence, and Integrity among its personnel; and Focus on continual improvement of its processes to ensure continuing accuracy and precision of examinations to enable reliable and interpretable results. The PNP Forensic Group Organizational Structure The organizational structure of the PNP Forensic Group is composed of the following: 1. Director, the head of the PNP Forensic Group. He/she has a Chef of Staff and three (3) Deputy Directors: a. Deputy Director for Operations; b. Deputy Director for Forensic Service; and c. Deputy Director for Administrations. Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 23 2. Administrative Resource Management Division and Operations Management Division. Each division is headed by its respective Chiefs; 3. 10 Technical Divisions, each division is headed by its respective Chiefs: a. Medico-Legal Division, b. Fingerprint Identification Division, c. Forensic Chemistry Division, d. Physical Identification Division, e. Firearms Identification Division, f. Questioned Document Examination Division, g. Forensic Photography Division, h. Polygraphy Division, i. DNA Laboratory Division, and j. Scene of the Crime Operation Division. 4. Forensic Unit Offices, each office is headed by either a Chief or an Officer In Charge (OIC): a. 5 NCR District Forensic Unit Offices b. 16 Regional Forensic Unit Offices c. 114 Provincial Forensic Unit Offices Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 24 Below is the image showing the Organizational Structure of the PNP Forensic Group. Image 1 PNP Forensic Group Organizational Structure Note: this image is taken from the PNP Forensic Group Official Website https://fg.pnp.gov.ph/elementor-373/about-us/organizational- structure/retrieved November 15, 2023. Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 25 Technical Divisions of PNP Forensic Group As indicated earlier the PNP Forensic Group has 10 Technical Divisions that facilitate the forensic activities that were mandated to their organization. They collectively contribute to the PNP’s efforts in solving crimes and providing scientific support to the criminal justice system in the Philippines. The following are the ten (10) technical Divisions of the PNP Forensic Group and some of the services that they are offering: 1. Medico-Legal Division They are the “Ally of all Victims of Abuse.” They conduct forensic examinations related to medical and legal aspects of cases and provide medical expertise in legal proceedings. The following are the forensic examinations that they are providing: Autopsy/Postmortem Examination- It is the examination of a body after death, which aims to determine the cause of death. It provides useful information about how, when, and why someone died (UK National Health Service, n.d.). Physical Examination- it is a comprehensive examination of an individual’s body, including external and internal features, to document injuries, marks, and any other physical characteristics. These are crucial in cases of assault, homicide, or other violent incidents (Harris and Lee, 2019). Genital Examination- It is the examination of the genital region, including the external and internal genitalia, to document injuries, collect evidence, and assess any signs of sexual assault or abuse. This examination is particularly relevant in cases involving sexual offenses (Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, 2012). Serology Examination- It is the analysis of bodily fluids such as blood, semen, saliva, etc., to identify the presence of specific substances, such as blood group antigens or DNA. These are often employed to link individuals to crime scenes or victims (Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, 2012). Histopathological Examination- It is the examination of tissues and cells under a microscope to identify abnormalities or diseases. In forensics, histopathological examinations are used to analyze tissues for signs of injury, poisoning, or other pathological conditions (Dettmeyer, 2018). Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 26 Forensic Odontological Examination- it is the examination of dental evidence, including teeth and bite marks. Forensic odontologists may analyze dental records, compare bite marks to dental impressions, and provide identification or other relevant information in criminal investigations (Adams, Carabott, and Evans, 2014). Identification of Mass Casualty and Calamity Victims- It is the process of identifying individuals who have perished in mass casualty events or calamities, such as natural disasters or accidents. This may involve the use of various forensic methods, including DNA analysis, fingerprinting, dental records, and physical examinations. 2. Fingerprint Identification Division They are the “Imprint Intelligence” of the group, which can identify anyone using fingerprints. Fingerprint identification, also known as dactyloscopy, is a forensic science discipline that involves the analysis and comparison of fingerprints for the purpose of individual identification (Daluz, 2014). It is considered an exceptionally reliable and accurate method of individual identification. This method is based on the uniqueness and permanence of ridge patterns and minutiae points on the friction ridge skin of human fingers (Murray and Stiefel, 2017). The following are the services offered by the Fingerprint Identification Division: Fingerprint Collection- Fingerprint impressions can be collected in various ways, including ink and paper, digital scanning, or latent prints left behind unintentionally on surfaces. Proper collection and preservation are crucial to maintaining the integrity of the fingerprint evidence (Murray and Stiefel, 2017). Fingerprint Identification and Examination- Fingerprint examiners compare the ridge patterns and minutiae points of an unknown fingerprint, usually collected from a crime scene or evidence; with known fingerprints, which are collected from individuals. The goal is to determine whether there is a match or exclusion (Murray and Stiefel, 2017). Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)- The division is also capable of utilizing AFIS. It is a biometric solution consisting of a computer database of fingerprint records, which is able to search and compare them to identify known or unknown fingerprints. It is a computerized system that stores and matches Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 27 fingerprints in large databases (Singla, Kaur, and Sofat, 2020). It enables rapid searching and comparison of fingerprint records, facilitating the identification process. 3. Forensic Chemistry Division They have a critical role in the analysis of various substances and materials related to criminal investigations. The following are the services that they are offering: Seized Drugs Examination- It is the analysis of substances suspected to be illegal drugs seized in criminal investigations. It aims to identify the type and quantity of drugs, providing crucial evidence for drug-related cases (Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, 2012). Drug Test- It is the analysis of biological samples, such as urine or blood, to detect the presence of drugs or controlled substances in the system of an individual. These are often conducted on individuals suspected of drug use or impairment. Explosive Examination- It is the analysis of materials suspected to be explosives or explosive residues. It helps identify the type of explosive material used and provides evidence in cases involving bombings or explosions. Paraffin/GSR test- It is the analysis of gunshot residue (GSR) or paraffin tests on individuals to determine whether they have recently discharged a firearm. This test can provide evidence of recent firearm use, linking individuals to shooting incidents. Toxicological Examination- It is the analysis of biological samples such as blood or tissues, to detect and quantify the presence of toxic substances, including drugs, poisons, or chemicals. These are crucial in cases of poisoning, overdose, or suspicious deaths. Chemical Test- It is the analysis of various substances using chemical methods to determine their composition or characteristics. Chemical tests can be applied to a wide range of materials, from unknown powders to liquids, to identify their chemical properties. Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 28 Unfair Trade Competition- this involves the examination of products or materials related to cases of unfair trade practices, such as counterfeit goods, adulterated products, or deceptive packaging. 4. Physical Identification Division They specialize in the analysis of physical evidence related to firearms, vehicles, and other materials. Here are some of the services that they are offering: Macro-etching of Firearms and Vehicles- Macro-etching involves the use of acid to reveal the microstructure of metal surfaces. In the context of firearms and vehicles, this technique may be used to examine and document specific features, such as serial numbers or markings, which are not easily visible (Heard, 2011). Examination of the following: - Bullet Trajectory- It is the analysis of the path a bullet takes from the firearm to the point of impact. This examination helps reconstruct the shooting incident, determine the direction of fire, and establish the position of the shooter and the victim. - Hair and Fiber- It is the analysis of the hairs and fibers found at crime scenes or on individuals to provide information about potential sources. This examination can help link a suspect to a crime scene or victim. - Tool Marks- It is the analysis of the marks left on objects by tools during the commission of a crime. This examination helps identify the tools used, linking them to a specific crime or suspect. Casting and Molding- it is the creation of casts or molds of tool marks, footwear impressions, or other physical impressions found at crime scenes. This technique helps preserve and study three-dimensional impressions for analysis. Microscopic Paint Analysis- It is the examination of paint samples microscopically to identify their composition and characteristics. This analysis can help link a vehicle or object to a specific crime scene or another object (Wheeler, and Wilson, 2011). Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 29 Ultraviolet Examination- It is the use of ultraviolet (UV) light to examine and detect substances that may not be visible under normal lighting conditions. This examination is particularly useful for detecting bodily fluids, certain chemicals, or other evidence (Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, 2012). 5. Firearms Identification Division They specialize in the identification and examination of firearms-related evidence. Here are some of the services they are offering: Firearms Identification and Examination- It is the identification and examination of firearms and related evidence recovered from crime scenes. This involves analyzing firearms, ammunition, and related materials to determine their characteristics and link them to specific incidents or individuals. Stenciling and Testing- Stenciling is a method of transferring markings or serial numbers from firearms onto a stencil. Testing involves various examinations to assess the functionality and condition of firearms. Both processes are important for documenting and understanding the properties of firearms. Firearms Identification System (IBIS) and IBIS 2- The division is also capable of using IBIS and IBIS 2. These are computerized systems used for the storage, analysis, and comparison of ballistics evidence, such as spent cartridge casings and bullets. This system manages a database of ballistic images and associated information. It allows for the comparison of ballistic evidence from different crime scenes, potentially linking cases or identifying patterns. It can match ballistic evidence to a specific firearm, providing crucial information for investigations (Bailey, 2019). 6. Question Documents Examination Division They conduct various examinations related to documents, handwriting, and currency. Here are the services that they are offering: Examination of the following: - Altered or Erased Document- It involves the analysis of documents to identify any alterations, erasures, or changes made to the original content. Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 30 - Counterfeit Bills- They analyze currency notes to determine their authenticity. This involves a thorough examination of the physical features, security elements, and printing techniques to identify counterfeit bills and distinguish them from genuine currency. - Signature Examination- They specialize in the analysis of signatures. In cases where the authenticity of a signature is in question, these experts compare the questioned signature with known or authentic samples to determine if they match or if there are signs of forgery. - Handwriting identification- This involves the comparison of handwriting samples to determine whether they are produced by the same individual. Forensic document examiners assess various characteristics of handwriting, including letter forms, spacing, and individual habits, to make identifications. 7. Forensic Photography Division They specialize in capturing, analyzing, and documenting visual evidence related to criminal investigations. Here are the services that they are offering: Forensic Photography- They capture detailed and accurate images of crime scenes, evidence, injuries, and other relevant visual information. The goal is to create a visual record that can be used in investigations, court proceedings, and forensic analysis (Weiss, 2022). Computerized Facial Composite- it is the creation of composite images of suspects’ faces using computer software. This process involves combining facial features to generate a visual representation based on eyewitness descriptions. Computerized facial composites are valuable tools for law enforcement in identifying and locating suspects. Comparative Examination and Photograph Analysis- They compare and analyze photographs to identify similarities, differences, or patterns. This examination is crucial in cases where visual evidence, such as images of individuals, objects, or scenes, needs detailed analysis for investigative purposes. Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 31 Crime Scene Sketching- They create accurate and detailed sketches of crime scenes, including the placement of evidence, landmarks, and relevant details. Crime scene sketches provide a visual overview and aid in the reconstruction of events (Gardner, and Krouskup, 2018). Video Recording- Using video recording equipment to document crime scenes, witness statements, and investigative procedures. Video recordings offer a dynamic and comprehensive visual record that can be reviewed during investigations or presented in court. 8. Polygraphy Division They are the “Ally of Truth.” They are responsible for conducting polygraph examinations, commonly known as lie detector tests. A polygraph, commonly known as a lie detector, is a device that measures physiological responses such as heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and skin conductivity while a person is asked a series of questions. The underlying assumption is that deceptive answers will produce physiological changes that can be detected (Krapohl, and Shaw, 2015). They conduct Polygraph Examinations for the following purposes: For scientific detection of truth and deception; For pre-employment screening/ periodic screening; Confirm or refute conflicting statements. 9. DNA Laboratory Division They are the “Decoder of Human Identity.” They are responsible for the analysis of DNA evidence, which plays a crucial role in criminal investigations. They utilize research and scientific innovation in DNA Casework. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) analysis involves studying the unique genetic code present in an individual’s cells. The analysis focuses on specific regions of the DNA molecule that vary among individuals, creating unique DNA profiles. DNA analysis is primarily used for the identification of individuals. It can link a suspect to a crime scene or victim, confirm or exclude individuals as biological relatives, and establish the identity of unknown individuals. DNA samples can be obtained from various biological materials, including blood, saliva, hair, skin cells, and other bodily fluids. The DNA Laboratory ensures the Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 32 proper collection, preservation, and storage of DNA samples to maintain their integrity and reliability. The DNA Laboratory Division uses the following in their DNA analysis: Swab Solution Powerplex Fusion- It refers to a liquid solution used to moisten a swab for collecting biological samples, such as saliva, blood, or other bodily fluids. The swab solution helps in efficiently collecting and preserving DNA samples from surfaces or items for subsequent analysis (Ambers, 2022). It reduces processing time by 40% and the cost of extraction by 75%. Y Chromosomal Analysis- It is commonly used in Sexual Assault cases. This analysis focuses on the Y chromosome, which is passed from fathers to their sons. It is often used to trace paternal lineage. Enhanced Bone Processing Protocol- It is a specialized set of procedures for extracting DNA from bone samples. Bones may present unique challenges due to their density and composition. Enhanced Bone Processing Protocol allows for the efficient extraction of DNA from skeletal remains. Serological Tests- It determines if the blood sample is from a human or not, whether it is from a male or female source. 10. Scene of the Crime Operations Division They are the “Crime Solver” of the group that leaves no evidence unexamined. Their primary functions are: Determine, preserve, and protect the crime scene; Conduct methodological Search of Physical evidence. Simulate the crime scene as it happened; Present evidence and testimony before any court. Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 33 Classifications of Cases for PNP Forensic Group Assistance It is important to note that not all cases need the assistance of the PNP Forensic Group. The following are the cases that NEED assistance from the PNP Forensic Group: 1. Paraffin examination of suspect/s or victim/s of shooting incidents that are confined in the hospital. 2. Conduct of qualitative or quantitative examination of fake products in other government or private laboratories in case of Unfair Trade Competition. 3. Collection of Urine Samples for drug test. 4. Collection of paint fragments, fibers, and glass fractures at the crime scene in cases of Vehicular accidents. 5. Collection of ashes and debris in relation to Arson cases. 6. Bullet trajectory examination of motor vehicles at the crime scene. 7. Macro-etching examination of stranded or defective motor vehicles at the crime scene or in the compound of the requesting party. 8. Conduct of Autopsy at the PNP accredited funeral parlors. 9. Exhumation of cadavers to determine the cause of death. 10. Conduct of Document examination or fingerprint examination in the place of the requesting unit. 11. Photographing of evidence related to fingerprint or document examination cases and other forensic fields where the physical evidence could not be removed or brought out of the office. 12. Lifting of latent prints in relation to qualified/simple theft cases and robbery. 13. Polygraph examination of suspect/s in the office of the investigator if the name of the suspect is highly confidential. 14. Withdrawal of fired bullet embedded in the wall of a car or a building found at the crime scene after the crime scene processing. 15. Presenting of bulky evidence in the court. Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 34 Review Questions: 1. What are the Mandate, Vision, Mission, and Service Pledge of the PNP Forensic Group? 2. What is the organizational structure of the PNP Forensic Group? 3. What are the ten (10) Technical Divisions of the PNP Forensic Group? 4. What are the services offered by each Technical Divisions of the PNP Forensic Group? 5. What are the classifications of cases that need assistance from the PNP Forensic Group? Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 35 Chapter 3 Concepts and Principles of Criminal Investigation Learning Objectives: At the end of this chapter, the students should be able to: 1. Define Criminal Investigation and Criminal Investigator; 2. Enumerate the three-fold aims and the six (6) cardinal points of Criminal Investigation; 3. Identify the qualities of a good Criminal Investigator; 4. Explain the Phases of Criminal Investigation; 5. Enumerate the members of an Investigation Team and their functions; 6. Differentiate interrogation and interview; and 7. Identify and demonstrate the five (5) methods of Crime Scene Search. Criminal Investigation It is a process that deals with the identity and location of the offender and provides evidence of guilt through criminal proceedings. According to the Philippine National Police (PNP) Operational Procedures (2021), Criminal Investigation is the collection of facts in order to accomplish the threefold aims: 1. To identify the guilty party 2. To locate the guilty party 3. To provide evidence of his guilt Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 36 In the performance of their duties, the Criminal Investigator must seek to establish the six (6) cardinal points of investigation, they are as follows: 1. What specific offense was committed? 2. How was the offense committed? 3. Who committed it? 4. Where was the offense committed? 5. When was it committed? 6. Why was it committed? Criminal Investigator It is the person who is charged with the duty of carrying on the objectives of a criminal investigation. According to the Philippine National Police (PNP) Revised Criminal Investigations Manual (2011), a criminal investigator is a public safety officer who is tasked to conduct the investigation of all criminal cases as provided for and embodied under the Revised Penal Code/Criminal Laws, and Special Laws which are criminal in nature. A well-trained, disciplined, and experienced professional in the field of criminal investigation duties and responsibilities. The primary job of an investigator is to discover whether or not an offense has been committed under the law, after determining what specific offense has been committed, he/she must discover how it was committed, by whom, where it was committed, and when and why it was committed. Qualities of a Good Criminal Investigator The following are some of the qualities needed to become a good criminal investigator: 1. Perseverance It is the ability to persist in the face of challenges and setbacks, is crucial for a criminal investigator. Investigations can be complex, time-consuming, and may not always proceed smoothly. Perseverance allows investigators to stay focused on the case, follow leads, and overcome obstacles without losing motivation. This quality is particularly important during long and demanding investigations. Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 37 2. Intelligence It refers to a combination of analytical, problem-solving, and cognitive abilities. Good criminal investigators need to be intellectually sharp, capable of understanding complex situations, and adept at connecting disparate pieces of information. Intelligence is crucial for comprehending legal frameworks, evaluating evidence, and making informed decisions. Investigators with high intelligence can efficiently analyze data, recognize patterns, and draw accurate conclusions, enhancing the effectiveness of their investigations. 3. Honesty It is a fundamental ethical quality for any criminal investigator. It involves truthfulness, integrity, and a commitment to maintaining the highest ethical standards throughout the investigative process. Honesty is essential for the credibility of investigative findings. Investigators must report findings accurately, resist the temptation to manipulate evidence, and maintain transparency. A reputation for honesty is vital when presenting findings in court and collaborating with other professionals. 4. Keen to Details It involves being thorough, observant, and meticulous in the examination of evidence, crime scenes, and witness statements. Criminal investigations often hinge on small details that may be easily overlooked. Details can provide critical clues, link individuals to crimes, and help reconstruct events accurately. Investigators with keen mindfulness are more likely to notice subtle indicators that could be pivotal to solving a case. Tools of a Criminal Investigator According to the PNP Revised Criminal Investigations Manual (2011), the following are the tools of an investigator in gathering facts: 1. Information- It refers to the data that have been processed into a document, report, memorandum, graphic, or any other materials created to convey a message to the receiver. These are the data gathered by an investigator and other person/s including the victim himself/herself and from: Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 38 a. Public Records- encompass information available to the general public, such as government records, court documents, and other publicly accessible databases. b. Private Records- include information held by private entities, organizations, or individuals, which may be relevant to the investigation. c. Modus Operandi File- It contains information on the methods and techniques commonly used by criminals. This database helps investigators recognize patterns and potentially link crimes to a specific perpetrator. 2. Interview- It is the skillful questioning of witnesses and suspects. a. Witness Statements- Obtaining statements from witnesses can provide firsthand accounts of the events, contributing to the reconstruction of the incident. b. Suspect Interviews- Skillful questioning of suspects can help investigators gather information, establish timelines, and assess the credibility of statements. 3. Instrumentation- It is the scientific examination of real evidence, application of instruments, and method of physical sciences in detecting crime. a. Scientific Examination- It involves the use of scientific methods and specialized tools to examine physical evidence. This can include forensic techniques and technology to analyze crime scenes and gather evidence. b. Application of Instruments- This includes instruments such as fingerprinting kits, forensic chemistry tools, DNA analysis equipment, and other specialized devices used to collect and analyze evidence. c. Physical Sciences- Applying principles from physical sciences, investigators use tools and methods to examine and interpret physical evidence, linking it to the crime or identifying individuals involved. Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 39 Phases of Criminal Investigations According to the PNP Revised Criminal Investigations Manual (2011), the following are the phases of a criminal investigation: 1. Phase 1- identify the suspect through: a. Confession- it is an express acknowledgment by the accused in a criminal prosecution of the truth of his guilt as to the offense charged, while admission refers to statements of fact not directly constituting an acknowledgment of guilt (PNP, 2021). b. Eyewitness Testimony- also referred to as positive identification, is the bedrock of many pronouncements of guilt (G.R. No. 232455. December 02, 2020). It is an account given by people of an event they have witnessed. c. Circumstantial Evidence- It is the proof of collateral facts and circumstances from which the existence of the main fact may be inferred according to reason and common experience (G.R. No. 228828, July 24, 2019) d. Associative Evidence- these are the pieces of evidence that will link the suspect to the crime scene. The physical evidence found at the scene of the crime and during the course of the investigation may serve to identify the criminal by means of clue materials, personal property, or the characteristic pattern of procedure deduced from the arrangement of objects at the crime scene. 2. Phase 2 - locate and apprehend the suspect. 3. Phase 3 - gather and provide evidence to establish the guilt of the accused. It is important to note that, the investigator must know by heart the elements of a specific crime; in proving the guilt of the accused in court the following are needed (PNP, 2011): The fact of the existence of the crime must be established; The accused must be identified and associated with the crime scene; Competent and credible witnesses must be available; and The physical evidence must be appropriately identified. Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 40 Composition of an Investigation Team Generally, the following comprises an Investigation Team: Team Leader- He/she provides overall guidance, direction, and coordination of the investigation. They make strategic decisions, allocate resources, and ensure that the investigative process adheres to established protocols and legal standards. Investigator/Recorder- He/she is responsible for gathering information, interviewing witnesses, collecting statements, and documenting evidence. They play a key role in building a comprehensive case file by recording facts, statements, and other relevant details. Photographer- He/she captures high-quality images of crime scenes, evidence, and relevant details. These photographs serve as visual documentation, aiding in the analysis and reconstruction of events. Evidence Custodian- He/she is responsible for the safe and secure storage of all collected evidence. This includes proper labeling, packaging, and cataloging of items to maintain the chain of custody. Composite illustrator/Artist- He/she creates visual representations of suspects based on witness descriptions. This may involve sketching or using computerized tools to generate composite images to assist in suspect identification. Equipment of an Investigator The equipment listed represents a comprehensive set of tools used by investigators in various fields, including law enforcement and forensic science. They are as follows: 1. Police Line- It is used to secure and cordon off crime scenes, restricting access to authorized personnel only. Helps maintain the integrity of the crime scene and prevents contamination of evidence. Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 41 2. Video Camera- It captures visual documentation of crime scenes, evidence, and investigative procedures. Video footage can be crucial for later analysis, presentation in court, and documentation of investigative processes. 3. Voice Recorder- It records audio statements, interviews, and conversations. Voice recordings provide accurate and verbatim documentation of spoken information, which can be useful for investigations and legal proceedings. 4. Camera- It captures high-quality still images of crime scenes, evidence, and other relevant details. Photographs serve as visual documentation, aiding in the analysis and reconstruction of events. 5. Measuring Device- It is used for accurate measurements of crime scenes and evidence. This includes distances between objects, dimensions of evidence, and overall scene mapping. 6. Gloves- It is a personal protective equipment to prevent contamination of evidence. Investigators wear gloves to avoid leaving their fingerprints or other traces on items being examined. 7. Flashlight- It provides additional lighting at crime scenes, especially in low-light conditions. A flashlight is essential for examining details that may be missed in the dark. 8. Fingerprint Kit- It contains tools for collecting and preserving fingerprint evidence. This may include fingerprint powder, brushes, lifting tape, and other items necessary for fingerprint identification. 9. Evidence Bag- It is used for packaging and securing collected evidence. Evidence bags help maintain the integrity of items by preventing contamination and preserving their condition. 10. Evidence Tags- These are labels attached to evidence items to provide essential information, including case details, date, location, and a description of the item. It helps maintain the chain of custody. Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 42 11. Evidence Bottles/Vials- These are containers for storing liquid or small samples of evidence. They are sealed and labeled to preserve the integrity of the contents. 12. Investigators Tickler- It is a tool for tracking and managing deadlines, appointments, and tasks related to an investigation. It helps ensure that critical timelines are met. It is composed of the following: a. Investigators Checklist- It is a detailed checklist of tasks and procedures to be followed during an investigation. It ensures that investigators cover all necessary steps systematically. b. Anatomical Diagram Form- It is used for sketching and documenting injuries, wounds, or anatomical details related to a crime scene or victim. It provides a visual representation of physical findings. c. Evidence Checklist- It is a checklist to ensure that all relevant evidence is identified, collected, and documented. It helps maintain a systematic and organized approach to evidence collection. d. Turn-over Receipt- It is a document acknowledging the transfer of evidence from one person or agency to another. It provides a record of custody and responsibility. Methods of Recording Investigative Data Investigative data means data collected or created by a law enforcement agency in order to prepare a case against a person, whether known or unknown, for the commission of a crime (LawInsder.com, n.d.). According to the PNP Revised Criminal Investigations Manual (2011), the following are the standard method of recording investigative data: 1. Photographs- these are visual means of documenting crime scenes, evidence, and investigative processes. They provide a permanent and detailed record that can be analyzed, shared, and presented in court. Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 43 2. Sketching Crime Scenes- creating sketches or diagrams of crime scenes helps visualize spatial relationships, the arrangement of evidence, and other critical details. Sketches complement photographs and provide an additional layer of understanding, especially when it comes to depicting the overall scene layout and the relative positions of key elements. 3. Written Notes- taking written notes involves recording detailed observations, facts, and impressions during an investigation (what you have seen/observed). Written notes capture information that might not be immediately evident in visual documentation. They serve as a real-time record of an investigator’s thoughts, actions, and initial impressions. 4. Developing and Lifting Fingerprints Found at the Crime Scene- it involves using specialized techniques to reveal and preserve latent fingerprints on surfaces. Fingerprints can be crucial for identifying individuals present at the crime scene. Proper development and lifting techniques preserve the integrity of the prints for analysis. 5. Gathering Physical Evidence- it involves the collection of the physical items or materials that may be relevant to the investigation. Physical evidence can provide critical information, link individuals to the crime, and contribute to the overall understanding of the case. 6. Plaster Cast- it involves the creation of casts of three-dimensional impressions found at the crime scene, such as footprints or tire tracks. Plaster casts preserve detailed impressions for later analysis and comparison. They capture the depth and contours of the impressions. 7. Tape Recording of Sounds- capturing audio recordings of sounds at the crime scene, including conversations, ambient noise, or other auditory cues. Sound recordings provide context, additional details, and potential clues that may not be immediately apparent visually. 8. Video Tape Recording of Objects- it involves the recording moving images of objects, scenes, or events related to the investigation. Video recordings offer a dynamic and comprehensive visual record. They can capture actions, movements, and details that static photographs may miss. Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 44 9. Written Statement of Objects and Witnesses- documenting statements from witnesses and details related to objects or evidence in a written format. Written statements serve as formal records of witness accounts and contribute to the overall case file. They help establish a chronological and factual narrative of events. Interrogation and Interview Interrogation refers to the process of questioning an arrested or detained relation to any violation of law (IRR of RA 9745, 2009). It is the formal questioning of a suspect, often by law enforcement or investigators in relation to the commission of a crime or wrongdoing. It can occur during a criminal investigation, an arrest, or after a suspect is in police custody (Legal Information Institute, n.d.). Interview is the questioning of a person who is believed to possess knowledge that is of official interest to the investigator. It is a non-accusatory, structured questioning with the purpose of eliciting interpretable behavior of guilt or innocence, and factual information concerning the case (Zulawski, Wicklander, Sturman, et al., 2001). Although the purpose of both interviews and interrogations is obtaining information, the interview is an informal procedure whereas the interrogation is formally questioning a person with information about a suspected crime (Romero, Ronning, Sampert, et al., 1982). Interrogation has an accusatory tone, whereas an interview is non accusatory (Zulawski, Wicklander, Sturman, et al., 2001). Interrogation is questioning witness or suspect who is reluctant to divulge or reveal information with the goal of extracting a confession or obtaining information while an interview is simple questioning of a person who cooperate with the investigator. There are two kinds of Information according to its source, they are: 1. Information Coming from Regular Sources - These are information that are from ordinary citizen, or company records. 2. Information Coming from Cultivated Sources - These are information that are from paid informant. Scene of Crime Operation : Forensic Investigation 45 The following are the ways on how to identify the suspect of a crime: 1. Confession- a statement in which a person acknowledges that he/she is guilty of committing one or more crimes (Haas, 2023). 2. Admission- is the indirect acknowledgement of guilt or refers statements of fact not directly constituting an acknowledgment of guilt (PNP, 2021). 3. Eyewi

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