History of Criminal Investigation PDF

FSC100 - 3 History of Criminal Investigation - Policing 1750: Henry Fielding established the Bow Street Runners in London, England ○ “Thief takers” ◆ Accepted cases only from those who could afford the fees ◆ Initially tasked for tackling robbery gangs ○ Fir...

FSC100 - 3 History of Criminal Investigation - Policing 1750: Henry Fielding established the Bow Street Runners in London, England ○ “Thief takers” ◆ Accepted cases only from those who could afford the fees ◆ Initially tasked for tackling robbery gangs ○ First professional police force ○ Practices development still in rise: ◆ Hiring information ◆ Criminal raids ○ 1826: Metropolitan Police of London ○ 1842: Investigate unit was founded Bow Street Runners - first professional crime investigator (on a test) 1810: French Sürete ○ First formal use of the detective in modern times Founded by Eugene Francois Vidocq ◆ Criminal himself ○ Only criminals can fight crime ○ Believed in obtaining intimate knowledge of criminals habits/methods ○ Planted undercover investigation in prisons Preventative role: ○ Patrolling street ○ Maintain public presence ○ Investigate crime North America saw benefit of formal, uniformed police presence ○ 1834: Toronto ○ 1838: Montreal ○ 1840: Quebec City Canadian legal traditions overall can be traced earlier Provincial police forces in rural Eastern Canada (1867) ○ 1873: Expansion into North and West ◆ North-West mountain police ◇ Forerunners for Canada’s Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)  Criminology Criminalistics Study of crime within society Study of evidence to investigate crime Exploration of criminals and their Known today as ‘forensic science’ treatment History of Criminal Investigation - Philosophies in Criminology: Atavism ○ Criminals born to commit crimes due to biological deviance ○ Cesare Lombroso (1835 - 1909) ◆ Psychiatrist ◆ ‘Father of modern criminology’ Positivism ○ Criminals exist because crime is the product of social causes ○ Alexandre Laoasagne ◆ Professor of legal medicine ◆ ‘Father of forensic science’ How do these philosophies relate to criminalistics? ○ Influence others to generate systems/methods ◆ Formed the basis for those used in investigation today From forensic perspective, role of Lombroso Alphonse Bertillon (1853 - 1914) ○ Followed Lombroso, but different in approach ◆ Lombroso: understand inherent morphology of criminals ◆ Bertillon: Create identification system for recidivist offences -> Criminalistics ○ Systematic: approach to primal identification through 11 measurements of the body ◆ Anthropometry ○ Officially implemented in 1863 (Bertilionage method) ◆ Widely accepted until 1920’s ○ Problematic ◆ Subjectivity  ◆ Not very efficient ◆ Timely ◆ Can be altered ◆ Wrongfully profiled ○ Foundation for the concept of the mug shot Edmond Locard (1877-1966) ○ Another key player in the history of crime scene investigation ◆ Also impacted by criminology and the philosophies therein ◆ Lacassagne was the predecessor ◇ Positivism ◇ Encouraged him to study law alongside medical work ○ Developed methodologies for examining ◆ Cause of death ◆ Associated physical evidence ○ Will learn more about Locard… Impact of Criminology on Criminalists: Late 1800s and early 1900s contributions to forms of classification and identification ○ 1883: Alphonse Bertillion ◆ Method of criminal investigation (mugshot) ○ 1892: Sir Francis Galton ◆ Fingerprinting method ○ 1898: Paul Jesrich ◆ Categorization of bullet striations ○ 1901: Karl Landsteiner ◆ Blood grouping system Advances impacted by field and pioneers of criminology Formed basis of criminalistics Hans Gross (1847-1915) ○ Professor of criminal law ○ Recognized role of science in determining legal outcomes ○ Published the ‘Handbook for Examining Magistrates as a System of Criminology’ ◆ Need for legal professionals to understand scientific study of crime ◇ Unified science and law ◆ Connect the term ‘criminalistics’  – Sir Edward Richard Henry (1850 - 1931) – Metropolitan Police force – ‘Classification and Use of Fingerprints (1890) – Formalized the ideas of Francis Galton into a classification system – Henry Classification System – Fingerprint patterns to classify prints: – Loop – Whorl – Arch – Edmond Locard (1877 - 1966) – 1910: began using attic above law rooms to perform work – Interest in microscopic evidence (dust) – 1912: assistant police in solving the Marie Latelle case – Formal recognition of the Locardian laboratory – Internationally renowned as first dedicated forensic laboratory – Locards Exchange Principles (1920): “When any two objects come into contact there’s always a transference of material from each object onto another” – Henry T.F. Rhodes (1893 - 1969 – Use of scientific method for crime scene investigation – “The process of crime scene investigation is scientific” – Published ‘Clue and Crime’(1933) – Stated that the objective of crime scene investigation was to determine – How crime was committed – Order of events – Scientific method foundational to these decisions – Paul Kirk (1902-1970) – Founder of American criminalistics – Published Crime Investigation – Analyzed evidence in the Same Sheppard case (1955) – Marlyn Shepherd found murdered in bedroom (1954) – Sam Sheppard fought with the perpetrator and was struck unconscious – Questioned about an affair (Susan Hayes) – Charged; wrongful convictions and overturned – Physical evidence always present at crime scenes – Only compromised through human error – Illustrated importance  – Sir Alec Jeffreys (1950 - present) – British geneticist – 1950’s individual identification can be made based on DNA – Concept of generic fingerprinting – Developed techniques for profile anwyslis of DNA Development pf Forensic Labs in Canada: – Recall Locard established first dedicated forensic laboratory in early 1900’s in France – Led to the establishment of others internationally – In Canada: – Montreal: Le Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale – Run by Dr. Wilfred Decome – Following the Locard model – First established in Canada, third established in the world – Toronto: Laboratory of the Attorney General in Ontario – Head Dr. Edgar Frankish – Renamed centre of forensic science – Scientists are civilians (specialists or technologists) – Analyze evidence – Testify in Court – Full-service Laboratory includes: – Technology – Biology – Firearms and tools marks examinations – Questioned documents – Photo analysis – Electronics – Chemistry The Crime Lab – Operate under established protocols and guidelines – Ensures integrity of scientific analysis – Laboratories may become accredited (legally recognized) – American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors – Uphld quality assurance and quality control – Requires extensive reviews and examinations – Credentials of personnel – Administrative practices – Use of evidence controls – Type of examinations methods