Fundamentals of Investigation and Intelligence PDF

**CHAPTER 1** **FUNDAMENTALS OF INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE** **INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION** This chapter deals with the general history of criminal investigation, basic concepts and cardinal principles of criminal investigation, including the distinction between the interview from...

**CHAPTER 1** **FUNDAMENTALS OF INVESTIGATION AND INTELLIGENCE** **INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION** This chapter deals with the general history of criminal investigation, basic concepts and cardinal principles of criminal investigation, including the distinction between the interview from interrogation, as well as an informer from an informant. **Objectives** a. Analyze and justify the varying concepts of Criminal Investigation. b. Discover the different personalities and events that created an impact in the field of investigation c. Apply the 6 Cardinal Points of Investigation d. Analyze the sequential process of Criminal Investigation. **UNIT 1. HISTORY OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION** Over the years, it has become an increasingly evident that the crime problem is exceeding the capabilities of the criminal justice system to contain even contain it. In early groups known as tribes and clans, methods existed for detecting and resolving undesirable acts. The methods used also primitive beyond as compared today were based on assigning responsibility to a given individual or a family. If a member of a particular family members were held responsible for detection apprehension, and even execution of the offending member. The Following some notable accounts relative to investigation: **2100 B. C. Babylon** At about 1750 BC, Hammurabi, King of Babylon, created one of the first bodies of written law-the Code of Hammurabi. The code was then implemented to detect those who refuse to obey the law. It imposes the lex Taliones (Law of Retribution) principle where the punishment of an offender was equal to what he did. The principle also refers to the concept known as, "An eye for an eye and a tooth for a." **5^th^ Century B.C (Rome)** This century marked Rome for the creation of the first specialized investigative unit which has named as Questorss or Trackers or Murderers **6^th^ Century B.C. (Athens)** This era adopted an unpaid magistrate (judge) to make decisions to the cases presented to them. This magistrate was appointed by the citizens. **Reign of Alfred the Great** In the part of 9^th^ century, Alfred the great established a system of "mutual pledge" (Social Control), which was organized for the security of the country into several levels such as the following: 1. Ten Tithing. This was done by grouping a hundred of persons into one under the charge of a high constable. Hue and cry were employed. The constable who was considered the first form of English police dealt with more serious breaches of law. 2. Tithing. This was performed by grouping ten persons to protect one another and to assume responsibility for the acts of the group's members. The one who heads the group was called Chief. ***Note:** William Norman divided England into shires (districts) and was headed by a reeve (ruler)* **The Time of Christ Rome** The Roman Emperor Augustus picked out special, highly qualified members of the military to form the Praetorian Guard, the Praefectus Urbi and Vigiles of Rome. Their Functions were as follows: 1. **Praetorian Guard**. This guard was considered too be the first Police Officer in Rome, with the job of protecting the Palace of Rome and emperor. 2. **Praefectus Urbi**. The function of the Praefectus Urbiwas to protect the city, exercising both executive and judicial power. 3. **Vigiles of Rome**. The Vigiles began as fire fighters, granted with the law enforcement responsibilities and patrolled Rome's streets day and night. They were considered as civil police force designed to protect citizens. They were considered quite brutal and it is where the word "Vigilante" came from. **1285 A. D., The Statute of Winchester (England**) The Statute of Winchester was enacted to establish a rudimentary Criminal Justice System in which most of the responsibility for law enforcement remained with the people themselves. This statute was promulgated by Winchester. The Statute established the following: 1. The Watch and Ward Act; 2. Hue and Cry System; 3. Parish Constables became primary urban law enforcement agent in England; and 4. All males kept weapons in their home for maintaining public peace. **1720's Jonathan Wild (England)** He was a buckle maker and a brothel operator and a master criminal who became the London's most effective criminal investigator. He was the most famous thief catcher in 1720's. He conceived the idea of charging a fee for locating and returning stolen to property to their rightful owners (Manwong, 2004). **1749 Henry Fielding** He founded the Bow Street Runners. This was called London's first professional police force (originally numbered just eight) and was considered as the foundation of all modern police forces. In 1751, Henry published a pamphlet entitled an inquiry into the Causes of the Late Increases of Robbers, which called for many sweeping changes in the laws and execution of their laws. (Eduardo, 2008, Notes in Law Enforcement Administration). **1753, John Fielding** As a younger sibling of Henry Fielding, he was appointed as Henry's assistant in 1750. He also helped Henry to root out corruption and improve the competence to those engage in administering justice in London. He also introduce the practice of developing informants, printing wanted notices, employing criminal raids and bearing firearms and handcuffs. The blind john was known as the "Blind Beak "and allegedly abled to recognize 3,000 criminals by the sounds of their voices. **Eugene "Francois" Vidocq (France)** Eugne Vidocq established squads of ex-convicts to aid the Paris Police in investigating crimes. He worked under the theory of "Set a Thief to catch a thief." He introduced the concept of Trade Protection Society," which became the forerunner of the present day credit card system. For a fee, any owner of a shop or business establishment could obtain particulars concerning the financial solvency of new costumers. **Dr. Edmond Locard** Edmond Locard published L' Etiquette Criminelleet les MethodesScientifique in 1920. He was also a pioneer on forensic science and became known as the Sherlock Holmes of France. He formulated the principle of forensic science: Every contact leaves a trace ". This became known as "Locard's Exchange Principle. **1829, Sir Robert Peel (London)** He is considered the father of Modern Criminilogy, His most memorable principle was, "the Police are the public, and the public are the police" He establishes the London Metropolitan Police (LMPF) Which became the world's first modern organized police force. (LMPF) did not only became a model for the American police system but also had greatly influence on the style of the policing in almost all industrial societies. **1833, England** Scotland Yard employed the first undercover officer. in USA, the first daytime paid police department was established in Philadelphia. **1835, Texas Rangers** Texas Ranger was organized as the first law enforcement agency with statewide investigative authority. This is the forerunner of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). **1839, William Henry Fox Talbot** William Henry Fox Talbot explained in his photographic process to the Royal Society of London. This year was known as the birth of Photography. **1851, Boston Massachusetts, USA** Multi-suspect identification line-up was employed for the first time. **1852, Boston Massachusetts, USA** Charles Dickens was a great novelist in which through his story entitled Bleak House, he introduced the term detective of the English Language **1856, Kate Wayne (U.S.A)** Kate Wayne was the first woman detective in the history of criminal investigation. She was hired by the Pinkerton Agency and contributed to solving big cases in the United States of America. **1859, U.S.A** The appellate court of USA recognized accepted/photographs as evidence in court proceeding upon its relevancy and after thorough verification. **1866, Thomas Byrnes (U.S.A)** Thomas Byrnes was a keen-minded individual who trained his detectives in recognizing individual criminal techniques. He founded the criminal "modus operandi." This is a Latin Phrase, approximately translated a "Method of Operation." the term is used to describe someone habits of working, particularly in the context of business or criminal investigation. In English, it is often shortened as M.O. **1866. Jessie James Gang (USA)** The game made the first hold-up which mark the beginning of the gang's 15 year hold-up and robbery spree ( 12 bank holdup and 12 stage coach robberies in 11 states). Clay Country Saving Associations was their first victim and took \$60,000.00. **1877, Howard Vincent (England)** Howard Vincent headed the newly organized Criminal Investigation Department in Scotland Yard. **1882, Alphonse Bertillon (France)** Alphonse Bertillon introduced the first systematic identification system base on the Anthropological measurement (Anthropometry/ Bertillon System). He was considered the father of Criminal Investigation as well as the Father of Personal Identification (Tubid, 1966). The system recorded anthropometric measurements and personal characteristics such as color of eyes, scars, and deformities. The following measurements were taken: 1\. Body: Height, reach from finger to finger tips, length of trunk and head, or height sitting; 2\. Head: length and width, length and width of right ear; 3\. Limbs: Length of left foot, length of left middle finger, length of left little finger, length of left forearm. These measurements were recorded on cards and classified according to the length of the head. **1892, Francis Galton (England)** Francis Galton is an English man who published his study on classifying fingerprints and recognized the uniqueness of the fingerprints to be used as evidence against a suspect. **1918, England** A new concept was introduced in the field of Criminal Investigation, known as "team Policing". In this concept, there is no patrol division or criminal investigation per se. In this system, a team of police officers is assigned to patrol and investigate all criminal matters within the area of jurisdiction or district. **1953, Paul Leland Kirk** A chemist and forensic scientist, Paul Leland Kirk is most known for his work on blood splatter evidence. he applied this expertise on bloodstain pattern analysis to the Sam Sheppard homicide case. He published "Crime Investigation" in 1953, one of the first comprehensive criminalist and crime investigation textbooks that encompassed theory in addition to practice (Turkey 2011). 1966, Miranda v. Arizona (U.S.A.) The US Supreme Court established procedural guidelines for taking criminal rights of every accused under custodial investigation. **1977, USA** The FBI introduced the beginning of Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) with the first computerized scans of fingerprints. **1986, England** Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) typing was first uses to solve a crime. DNA is unique to every individual and can be used for personal identification**.** **1987, USA** DNA profiling was introduced for the first time in the US criminal court. Based on RLFP Analysis performed by life codes, Tommy Lee Andrews was convicted of a series of sexual assaults in Orlando, Florida. (Rankin, Forensic Science Central, 1995-2014). **1818- 1884, Allan Pinkerton** Being engaged in business as a barrel maker in 1846, Allan Pinkerton a gang of counterfeiters and was consequently elected as a county sheriff. In 1850 he organized the Pinkerton's National Detective Agency and was appointed as the first City Detective in Chicago. The recovery of a large sum of money stolen from Adam express Company and the large discovery of plot to murder Abraham Lincoln in 1861 made way to his reputation (Manwong, 2004). During the American Civil War he organized the secret service of the U.S. Army. During the railroad strikes of 1877, his agency provided strikebreakers. His books include strikers, Communists and tramps (1878) and thirty years a Detective (1884). Allan Pinkerton was considered as the Americans foremost private detective. This individual truly derived the title of "America's Founder of Criminal Investigation". Among the methods he pioneered were "shadowing", the art of suspect surveillance, "roping," working in undercover capacity with a motto, "We never sleep" **1847-1915, Dr. Hans Gross** Dr. Hans Gross was the earliest advocator of criminal investigation as a science. Interested in investigation while serving as an examining magistrate he became a professor of criminology at the University of Vienna (Manwong,2004). He is also recognized today as the father of Criminalistics/ Forensic Science**.** **1859-1930, Dr. Arthur C. Doyle** Dr. Arthur C. Doyle is a British physician, novelist, and detective-story writer, Dr, Arthur C. Doyle is best known as the creator of the character Master sleuth Sherlock Holmes, particularly his ability of ingenious deductive reasoning, was based on one of the Conan Doyle's own University professors (Vicente, 2014 Manual on Criminal Investigation). **Dr. Alec John Jeffrey's** Dr. Alec John Jeffrey's used DNA fingerprinting and profiling to identify Colin Pitchfork as the murderer of two young girls in the English Midlands. Significantly, in the course of the investigation, DNA was first used to exonerate an innocent suspect (U.S. national Library medicine Website, 2014). **Flaviano Guerrero** Flaviano Guerrero is the only Filipino member of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (NBI Website, 2014). Take Note: The evolution of Criminal Justice is closely familiar with the Historical development of criminalistics. **Criminal Investigation in the Philippines** The criminal investigation the Philippines Service (CIS) now known as CIDG, can trace its humble beginnings out of an urgent need for a unit that would handle investigation of major crimes especially against national security, and at the same time , free other Philippine Constabulary Units from this time consuming and highly specialized of criminal investigation. Hence, this crime- fighting unit came into being the creation of investigation (Is) pursuant to section 2 of Act No. 235 of the Philippine Commission enacted on October 3, 1901 (CIDG Manual, 2000, p.1). **1901-1919** During the American occupation, the criminal investigation service was primarily organized but the great necessity of the Philippine constabulary in the investigation of crimes (CIDG Manual, 2001, p. 1). **1913** The genesis of criminal investigation of Manila police Department, presently known as the Western Police District took place in 1913. **1920-1936** The CIS then known as the Information service led to the successful investigation on the then Colurom rebellion, Sakdalista Movement and the Asedillo uprising. It also became successful in suppressing and investigating crimes including those committed against the security of the state (CIDG Manual, 2000, p.1) **1936** The Division of Investigation (DI) was created by virtue of commonwealth Act. No. 181 during the reign of the late president Manuel L. Quezon. The DI, with 45 initial members, was organized by Thomas Dugan and Flaviano Guerrero and this was partnered after the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of United States of America (NBI Website, 2014). **1942-1945** During the Japanese occupation, the D I was affiliated with the Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) and the Philippine's Constabulary (PC) known as the Bureau of Investigation (BI), (NBI Website, 2014). **1946** The CIS was tapped to perform highly specialized task of investigation and intelligence work as criminal investigation branch of G2 (CIDG Manual, 2000, p.1) **1947** The bureau of investigation was recognized by virtue of Act No. 157 and the Department of Justice became its parent agency. R.A. 157 was later amended by executive Order No. 94 renaming the BI to what is known as, National Bureau of Investigation (NBI Website, 2014). **1950** The CIs was commissioned to gather intelligence and assume as the role investigating outfit of the Philippine Constabulary in response to resurgence of various criminal syndicates, like the Black Shirt and Kamlon gang coupled with the organization of anti- government movements, such as Hukbalahap( CIDG Manual, 2001, p.1). **1987** The mandate of the 1987 constitution establishing the National Police Force that should be national in scope civilian in character under the De\[artment of Interior and Local Government (DILG) paved the way for the creation of National Police Police (PNP). Consequently, the CIS is retained as one of the National support units of the PNP under the name of Criminal Incestigation Service Command (CISC)n this distinguishes it from the operating unit of the administrative support unit created pursuant R. A. 6975 which assume the name of the ''Service" while operating the support units assumed the name of command( CIDG Manual, 2000, p.2). **1991** Due to media publicity of investigations sensational cases committed by local executives Organized Crime Groups (OCGs), the CISC as mandated by R.A. 6975, acted as the primary investigating arm of the PNP on major crimes, OCGs, and economic sabotage ( CIDg Manual, 2002, p.2). **1994** On September 5, 1994, The Criminal Investigation Service Command was renamed as Criminial Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG) following NAPOLCOM Resolution Nr. 92-37, with the motto "We seek the truth". Form its humble inception up to the way, it metamorphosed to being the premier arm of PNP as the "Spirit and soul of the Force". (CIDG Manual, 2000, p.2)**.** **1996** A SOCO team was appropriately organized to meet the core mission of the crime laboratory which id the National Operating Support Unit of the PNP by virtue of NAPOLCOM Resolution Nr. 96-058 (CAcdac, et al, 2009) Laws Relative to Criminal Investigation **1. 1935. Phil. Constitution, Art 3, Sec. 17 (1)** " In all criminal proceedings, the accused shall.... enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel. **2. 1973. Phil. Constitution, Art 3 , Sec. 20** "No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself". that, any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have the right to remain silent, to have a counsel, and to be informed of such right. No force, intimidation, or any means, which vitiate and free will, shall be used against him. Any confession obtained in the violation of this section shall be inadmissible as evidence. **3.1987 Phil. Constitution, Art 3, Sec. 12(1)** "Any person under investigation of the commission of an offense shall have the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have a competent and independent counsel preferably of his choice. If the person cannot afford the services of the counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights cannot be waived except in writing, signed in the presence of a counsel. Related Cases: **MirandaV. Arizona (1966)** It originated from the American jurisprudence. Mr. Ernesto Miranda, A Latino who was accused of kidnapping and rape in the state of Arizona. The Arizona Police interrogated him exhaustedly leading to his confession. Based on his confession, he charged, tried and convicted. Appeal to his conviction was made before the Arizona Supreme Court but his conviction was affirmed. The appeal was then elevated to the US Supreme Court where there was a reversalof the decision and he was acquitted on the constitutional grounds. It was in this case that the US Supreme Court laid down the constitutional rights of the accused during the custodial interrogation. This constitutional right was also incorporated in the 1973 Philippine Constitution and later in the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines. This is known as the Miranda rule, Doctrine, or Warning. **The rights of a person under Custodial Investigation are as follows:** 1\. Right to remain silent. Anything that he/she may be used against him/her in any court of Law. 2\. Right to have counsel preferably of his /her own choice and if he/she has one, the government must provide one for him. 3\. Right to be informed of the nature of the charges against him and whatever he/she says may be used for or against him/her; and 4\. Right to be informed of such rights under constitution These rights could be validly waived in writing and with the assistance of a counsel in order that the ensuing confession be admissible in evidence. The confession must also be in writing, signed and sworn to by the accused. In the Miranda v. Arizona case, the court addressed the question on how to enforce a suspect's right to counsel and right against self- incrimination. The court concluded that the police officers must specifically inform suspects of these rights and inform them that if they give up these rights their statements can be used against them. **Gideon v. Wainwright( U.S., 1963)** The Supreme Court held that the sixth Amendment, which guarantees criminal defendants the right to counsel, requires state governments to provide attorneys for indigent (poor) criminal defendants, **Escobedo v. Illinos (U.S., 1964)** The court held that a suspect has a right to have an attorney present when being interrogated in the police custody As well as during a trial. **Morales v. Juan Ponce Enrile, 1983 (GR\#61016; SCRA 538)** The Supreme Court of the Philippines ruled in this case and made clear remark that the Miranda Warning as it generally called to have to be made so that a confession can be admitted. **4. 1987 Phil. (Sec. 6, Art 16)** The state establishes and maintains one police force, which shall be national in scope and civilian in character, to be administered and controlled by the National Police Commission. The Authority of the local executives over the police shall be provided by law" **5. Republic Act No. 7438** An Act defining certain rights of a person arrested, detained and/or under custodial investigation as well as the duties of the arresting, detaining, and investigating officers and providing penalties for violation thereof (see Appendix **UNIT 2. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION** What is Investigation? Investigation is the act or process of investigating or the conditioning of being investigated. It also refers to a search or inquiry for ascertaining facts; detailed or careful examination. Investigation came from the Latin term investigation which means to "to inquire or to discover" during the 5^th^ century. **Different Definitions of Criminal Investigation** 1**. Criminal Investigation** is a legal inquiry, by virtue of complaint to follow-up, examine, trace, track and search, step by step, by patient, and meticulous observation, the fact of the commission of a crime, the identity of the actors, and the circumstances to the end that violators of the law be brought to the bar of justice, and the innocent be relieved from. 2.**Criminal Investigation** is the collection and analysis of facts about persons, things and places, subject of the crime to identify the guilty party, locate the whereabouts of the guilty party, and provide admissible evidence to establish the guilty party involve in a crime. 3\. **Criminal Investigation** is lawful search for people and things useful in reconstruction the circumstances of a crime and the mental aspect accompanying it (Weston). 4\. **Criminal Investigation** is legally defined as a branch of jurisprudence that applies the theories, principles and time tested practices of philosophical analysis, arts and sciences in judicial and extra- judicial proceedings. 5\. Criminal Investigation is the collection of facts to accomplish the three fold aims: a\. to identify the guilty party; b\. to locate the guilty party; and to provide evidence of his guilt. c\. to provide evidence of his guilt. A Criminal Investigation is an official effort to uncover information about the crime. There are generally three ways that a person can be brought to justice for a criminal act. **First** and probably the least likely, the individual will be driven by his/her conscience to immediately confess. **Second** the officer of the law can apprehend him/her in the act. **Third** and most common, a criminal investigation can identify the person as a suspect, after which he/she may confess or be convicted by a trial (Cael &Agas 2000). **Three Elements of Crime** **Crime Exist through the presence of the following:** **1. MOTIVE** is the moving power of force which compels a person to commit acts towards definite results. Generally motive is immaterial in incurring criminal liability; it is intent which is material. Motive becomes material when the act brings variant crimes; there is a doubt whether the accused committed the crime or the identity of the accused is doubtful; the evidence in the commission of a crime is purely circumstantial; or the evidence of the guilt of the accused is inconclusive (Boado,2008 p.35) **2. OPPORTUNITY** is the chance or time given to the offender in committing the crime. Without such chance or opportunity given to the offender, there could be no crime committed in many instances, the victim are the ones giving an opportunity for the offender to commit such crime. 3\. **Instrumentality**/ Capability involve the use of materials and other means which are essential in the commission of the crime, Thus crime will occur if all the elements of crime exist. Further, if one of the elements of crime is absent then there will not and will never happen. **Basic Elements of Criminal Investigation** **1^st^ Element: Recognition** Recognition involves the efforts of identifying data, including physical things that may provide relevant information regarding the criminal case being investigated. That is why recognition is otherwise known as the identification stage of the investigation. The earlier significant facts are identified, the sooner the case will be solved. Significant things must be recognized and may be in the form of bloodstains at the crime scene, neighbor who actually saw/witnessed a burglary in progress, or bank record of a dealer. These are relevant facts that can be used by the investigator, to be developed on well-founded belief that a crime has in fact been committed. **2^nd^ Element: Collection** Collection refers to the act of gathering those identified data or facts, or physical things that are significant in the case under investigation. Collection may be done be scrapping the bloodstains found at the crime scene. Significant things that must be recognized in the form of bloodstains at the crime scene, interviewing the neighbor who saw the burglary, or examination of drug dealer's notebook. **3^rd^Elements:Preservation** Is a function that is simultaneously performed during the collection stage. It includes the act of keeping the collected pieces of evidence in their true and original form, preventing contamination or destruction of their substantive value. Preservation does not only involve the process of packaging physical evidence in order that can be safely transmitted to the evidence custodian or to the crime laboratory but covers the process maintaining the objectivity of facts or information also gathered from the testimony of witnesses victims or other persons involved in the criminal case. **4rth Element:Evaluation** Evaluation refers to the process of determining the probative value of evidence. Probative value refers to the strength of evidenceor its worth/weight in successfully establishing a proof that a crime has in fact been committed and the suspect/accused is the one who is responsible for it. **5^th^ Element: Evaluation** Presentation is primarily manifested in the court room. the investigator with the help of the prosecutor, must be able to present facts and information in a very simple and convenient manner in order to convince the court and other parties involved in the criminal case about the validity and truthfulness of the evidence they are trying to prove or establish(Weston &Wells, 1997). **Cardinal Points of Criminal Investigation** According to Manwong (2004), investigation must seek to establish the (6) six cardinal points of investigation, namely: what specific offense was committed; hoe the offense was committed; when it was committed; where it was committed; why it was committed and who were the involved person. The 5W's and 1 H are further presented as follows: A. Who Questions: These are questions use to inquire on the identity of the victims or offended party, name of the suspect, accomplices, accessories and witnesses of the crime such as: 1\. Who reported the crime? Who discovered the crime? 2\. Who saw how the crime was perpetrated? 3\. Who is the victim? Who had any misunderstanding with him/her? 4\. Who is the offender/perpetrator/culprit? 5\. Who are the companions, associates, accomplices of the perpetrator? B. What Questions: The purpose of these type of questions is to find out what happened or what took place before, during and immediately after the commission of the offense. Some Questions are: 1\. What happened? 2\. What specific actions did the suspect/victim/witness do? 3\. What is the nature of the crime? 4\. What was/were the weapon/s or tool/s used by the culprit? 5\. What are the pieces of evidence discovered at the crime scene? C. Where Questions: These are questions that localize the place of the incident- the city or town, the district or barangay, the street or the road, the number of the house or building. The questions necessary in pinpointing the particular location of the crime are: 1\. Where was the crime discovered? 2.Where did the offense takes place? 3\. Where are the victims, witnesses or culprits? 4\. Where do the victims/witnesses/culprits live? 5\. Where was the suspect when he was apprehended? 6\. Where were the weapons or tools used in committing the crime? 7\. Where did the investigator secure or obtain the evidence? D. When Questions: These are questions needed to determine and fix the crime day, month and year when the crime was committed. These questions such as the following should be specified and as accurate as possible: 1\. When was the crime was committed? 2\. When was it discovered? 3.When was the police notified? 4\. When was the victim last seen? 5\. When was the suspect arrested? E. Why Questions: These are questions that endeavor to ascertain, the motives, causes, antecedents, previous, incidents, related facts, background occurrences that might help explain the commission of the offense. Why questions are as follows: 1.Why did the offender do it? 2.Why did he/she kill the victim? 3\. Why didn't he/she let the victim go? 4\. Why didn't the suspect surrender? F. How Questions: These are designed to help the investigator to determine how the crime was committed, the means/tools that were employed, how the crime was discovered and how the culprit entered the building/room. The following questions are very significant in preparing the modus operandi file or report: 1\. How did the suspect get near to the victim? 2\. How did he/she perform the crime? 3\. How did the criminal get all the necessary information? 4\. How did the criminal get away from the crime scene? 5\. How was the crime scene search conducted? What are the purposes of the 5Ws and 1 H in Criminal Investigation? 1. They aid the investigator in searching the crime scene or other places which may be sources of evidences. 2. They guide the investigator in formulating question, in interviewing complaint, witnesses and other interested parties or in the process of interrogating suspect. 3. They assist the investigator and the desk officer in making brief statements of facts in the logbook/police blotter and in reports. 4. They help the investigator in preparing the MODUS OPERANDI report- How was the crime perpetrated? 5. They assist the investigator in furnishing a concise criminal investigation report (Manwong, 2004) **Criminal Investigation as a Science and as an Art** **1. Criminal Investigation as an Art** Criminal Investigation is an art that deals with identification and location of criminal offenders and then providing their guilt through criminal proceeding. Some author stressed that Criminal Investigation is more than an art rather than a science because it is not governed by rigid rules or principles. Most often than not, it is governed by intuition, felicity/inspiration and to minor by extent by chance. This idea is based in the tradition made by the adventures of Sherlock Homes, a fictional detective created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. **Criminal Investigation as Science** Criminal Investigation is a systematic method of inquiry that is more like a science than an art. Criminal Investigators primarily apply scientific knowledge, principles and methodologies in order to discover, identify collect and process facts and evidence to promote justice. However, use of scientific method must be supplemented by the investigator's initiative and resourcefulness in finding solution to criminal cases. The sequence of investigation must follow a scientific operating framework that requires imagination, innovation and creativeness on the part of the investigator. While good fortune occasionally plays a key role in successful investigation, it should not be relied upon. A competent investigator does not rely on luck but trusts his knowledge and skills developed from experience, intuition and common sense. Thus, he must possess adequate professional capabilities or set positive qualities. **Criminal Investigation as a Process** Criminal Investigation involves the systematic process of identifying, collecting, preserving, and evaluating data or raw facts to produce valuable information to prosecute a criminal offender that eventually leads to proper administration of justice. **Contributors to Criminal Investigation** 1\. Jonathan Wilde 2\. Eugene Vidocq 3\. Henry Fielding 4\. Sir Robert Peel 5\. Inspector Thomas Byrnes 6\. Allan Pinkerton 7\. Aplhonse Bertillion 8\. Juan Vucetich 9\. Francis Galton 10\. Edward Richard Henry 11\. Arthur Conan Henry 12\. Calvin H. Goddard 13\. Hans Gross 14\. Robert Heindl 15\. Edmond Locard 16\. Rudolph Reiss 17\. Harry Soderman 18\. August Vollmer 19\. Paul L. Kirk **UNIT3.THE CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR AND THE CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION** A. The Investigator Who conduct investigation? Investigators may be grouped in three ways: a\. Fictitious investigator b\. Government Investigator- Examples of this category of investigators are the police investigators (CIDG Officers c\. Private Detectives **Goals of Criminal Investigation** The goal of criminal investigation would seem to solve cases, to discover "whodunit" In reality, the goals of criminal investigation is not quite so simple. To hold offenders to account for their acts, criminal investigation has several important goals. The goals of Criminal investigation are to - Determine why the crime has been committed - Legally obtain information and evidence to identify the responsible person. - Arrest suspect. - Recover stolen property Present the best possible case to the prosecutor **The Five Functions of Criminal Investigators** Criminal Investigation as process 1. Identification of evidence 2. Collection of evidence 3. Preservation of evidence 4. Evaluation/processing of Evidences 5. Presentation of evidences in the Criminal Case **Basic Functions of Investigators** According to Prof. Bassillo g. Cael and Atty. Juan L. Agas B (2000), the numerous functions among others performed by investigators include: 1. Providing emergency assistance 2. Securing the crime scene 3. Photographing, videotaping and sketching 4. Taking notes and writing reports 5. Searching, obtaining and processing physical evidences 6. Obtaining information from witnesses and suspects. 7. Indentifying suspects 8. Conducting surveillances, stake out and undercover assignment, and 9. Testifying in court **Phases of Criminal Investigation** Investigation concerning a criminal case generally progress in three stages, usually describe as: - Preliminary investigation- a.k.a Initial Investigation - Follow-up Investigation- a.k.a continuing or In-depth Investigation - Concluding Investigatio- a.k.a Final Investigation **1. Preliminary investigation** The first officer who responds is in charge until relieved by another officer. The same basic procedures are followed regardless of whether the first officer at the scene is a patrol officer, an investigator or the chief of police. The initial response is usually a patrol officer assigned to the area where crime has occurred. It is important to arrive at the crime scene rapidly because - the suspect may still be at the scene - Injured person may need emergency care - witnesses may still be at the scene - A dying person may have a confession or other pertinent information to give. - Weather condition may change or destroy the evidence - Someone may attempt to alter the crime scene. The responding officers proceed to the scene as quickly as safety allows. After all the emergency matters have been handled and the crime scene has been secured, the actual preliminary investigation can now begin. These include several steps whose order depends on the specific crime and types of evidence and witnesses available. **Responsibilities during Preliminary investigation** - Questioning victims, witnesses and suspects - Conducting a neighborhood canvass. - Measuring, photographing, videotaping, and sketching the scene. - Searching for evidence. - Identifying, collecting, examining and processing physical evidence - Recording all the statements and observation 2\. **Continuing/Follow-up Investigation** Preliminary investigations that satisfy all the investigative criteria do not necessarily yield enough information to prosecute a case. Despite thorough preliminary investigation, many cases require a follow-up investigation. A need for follow-up investigation does not necessarily reflect poorly on those who conducted the preliminary investigation. Often, factors exist that are beyond the officer's control. Weather can destroy the evidence before the officers arrive at the scene, witnesses can be uncooperative and evidence may be weak or nonexistent even after a very thorough investigation. The follow-up phase builds on what was learned during the preliminary investigation. This phase can be conducted by the officers who responded to the original call or, most often, be electives or investigators. If investigators take over a case begun by patrol officers, coordination is essential. Investigative leads that may need to be pursued include - Checking the victim's background - Talking to Informants. - Determining who would benefit to the crime and who had sufficient knowledge to plan the crime - Tracing weapons and stolen property - Searching MO, mug shot and fingerprint files. **3. Concluding Investigation** The direct outgrowth of the previous stages - Case suspended - Case successfully concluded or prepared for prosecution **G. Elements of Criminal Investigation As a Process** The elements of criminal Investigation are composed of functions namely: **1. Recognition/ Identification** This activity involves the efforts of identifying data, including physical things that may provide relevant information regarding the criminal case being investigated. The earlier the significant facts are identified, the sooner the case will be solved. Significant things that must be recognized maybe in the form of bloodstain at the crime scene, neighbors accidentally saw a burglary in progress, bank records for drug dealers. **2. Collection** This is the act of gathering those identified data or facts or physical things that are significant to the case under investigation. Collection may be done by scraping the bloodstain found at the crime scene. **3. Evaluation** This is the process of determining the probative value of collected pieces of evidence. Probative Value refers to the evidence or its worth in successfully establishing a proof that a crime has in fact been committed and that the suspects is one who is responsible for it. **5. Prosecution** This function is primarily manifested inside the court. The investigator, with the help of the prosecutor, must be able to present facts in a very simple and convenient manner in order to convince the court and other parties involved in the criminal case about the validity and the truthfulness of the pieces of evidence they are trying to prove or establish and that crime was really committed. **Kinds of Criminal Investigation** Generally speaking there are two kinds of criminal investigation namely: 1. Investigation while the suspect is under detention 2. Investigation while the suspect is "at large" meaning not under arrest and detention as distinguished from fugitive of justice. Criminal investigation is the action taken by the law enforcer after the arrest of the offender or upon the written complaint of the offended party so that the perpetrator may be held accountable for the crime he has committed before the bar of justice. **Modes of the Criminal Investigation** Criminal Investigations are conducted through the use of three different responses namely: reactive response, proactive response and preventive response. 1. **Reactive Response:** addresses crimes that have already occurred. In this case, the investigators typically respond to a crime, collect evidence, locate and Interview witnesses and identify and arrest a suspected perpetrator. 2. **Proactive Response-** anticipates criminal activity. Proactive response differs from the reactive investigation in two major points. a. The investigation is conducted before the crime is committed. b. The suspect is identified before he or she commits the crime 3**. Preventive response:** prevention through deterrence is sometimes achieved by a arresting the criminal and by aggressive prosecution. **TOOLS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION** Objectives: a. Discover the Traces of information of greatest help in the investigation b. Analyze and give solution to the underlying reasons in the difficulties of getting information c. Understand the legalities in the admission of information gathered. A. Four I's of Criminal Investigation There are indispensable tools that can be used by criminal investigators to successfully solve criminal cases. These are as follows: 1. Information 2. Interview 3. Interrogation 4. Instrumentation Depending on the necessity to establish the guilt of the accused during trial, the uses of these tools vary bases actual situation. 1. **Information** It is composed of sets of data or raw facts that were collected and then put together to form a significant idea of something. It is the general term referring to the knowledge acquired by criminal investigators from various sources, which could be in the form of person, place, crime scene, or things (record/files or physical evidences) 2. **Significance of the information in criminal investigation** a.information provide answers for the 5 W's and 1 H b\. Information is vital in planning the operations of investigators 3. **Objectives of information** a\. develop leads- b\. establishes prima facie evidence- enough evidence to prove something by pointing some basic facts c\. establishes corpus delicti- concrete evidence of the crime (body of the crime) d\. establishes identification of the person 4. **Techniques of gathering information** Skillful gathering of and systematic development of information can be done in the following manner a. By observing tact or diplomacy in performing investigative tasks and duties. "Tact" involves the skill or knowing how to use diplomatic words thus avoiding offensive language for the purpose of winning goodwill and confidence of other people. b. Being friendly and diplomatic with other peace officer or law enforcers. c. By not totally relying on memory- making the habit of jotting down notes of every circumstances or incident encountered during the investigation proceeding. d. By keeping records or maintaining a file of potential criminals, suspected criminals actual offenders and informants/informers. e. By being meticulous- learning not to overlook or disregard chance memoranda or haphazard notices. f. By becoming acquainted with many kinds of people from all walks of life. **5. Traces of Information** a. any written documented statement of person who possess relevant knowledge concerning a crime b. it covers any object of recorded date that can be used by investigators in their inquiry concerning a criminal incident **B. Three General Categories of Sources of Information** 1. **Place** The crime scene is usually the focus of criminal investigation in its initial stage since it contains the most, if not all of the vital information needed to solve criminal cases. At the crime scene, evidences composing the corpus delicti can be recovered. It is the place where the investigators base their reconstruction on how the crime was committed. 2. **Things** The source of information is usually in the form of record/files or and bank records. Police station has files on fingerprints, modus operandi, blood and Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) types including photographic files (mug files). These records and files are extensively uses as means of identifying and tracing criminals. 3. **Official records** that serve as vital sources of information include the following: a. Criminal Records- Police and NBI b. Court Records c. Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) Records d. Prison Files e. Hospital files f. Bank Records g. Land Transportation Office (LTO) Records h. School Records i. Tele- Communication Files 4. **Persons** Human sources may be the offended party (the victim or his kin), witnesses (bystanders or friends of victims or suspects), and suspects, criminal, informants, and informers. Information is usually obtained by interviewing the offended party or eyewitness **C. Classical system of Gathering Information** There are two classical practices of gathering information that is basically the roots of what the investigators are using today. a. French system- this involves the practice of obtaining information that relies heavily on buying the information. Hence, it advocates the extensive use of informers b. English system- This is the practice of gathering information that has little regard on paid information. It is the system that relies more on the information provide voluntarily or willingly by patriots or civic minded informants **D. Informants and Informers** 1. **Informant** One who voluntarily or willingly provides information to the criminal investigators and even offers to be a witness. There are tie however, when the informant gives the information secretly and surreptitiously request anonymity. 2. **Informer** a\. Informer is an informant in profession, usually a recruited or paid asset of the investigators b\. Informer is distinct from informant as the former gathers information of criminal interest while the latter provides information of non- criminal nature. **E. General Types of Informants** 1. **Anonymous Informant-** includes those anonymous telephone callers or letter writers who give information about suspects. 2. **Rival Elimination Informant-** is usually anonymous as his purpose in providing information is to remove rival person or gang due to competition or other motives such as revenge etc. 3. **False Informant-** reveals information usually of no consequence, his purpose is to appear to be on the side of the law and for the purpose of throwing out the suspicion from himself or from his gang or associates 4. **Frightened informant-** is prodded by fear or self-interest in giving information to the police. He may be one of the of the lesser gang member who runs to the police when his gang mates are about to be involved in dangerous situation, or where the gang he belong is not on the police trail. Motivated by anxiety and self preservation of his well-being. 5. **Self-aggrandizing informant** moves around the centers of criminals, group or syndicate and delights in surprising the police about bits of information. His information may be of value by way of authentication in the intelligence operation. 6. **Mercenary Informant-** has information for sale. He may have been victimized in double-cross or little share in the loot or given a dirty deal and seeks a revenge as well as profit in his disclosure. 7. **Double Crosser-** informant uses his seeming desire to divulge information as an excuse to talk to the police in-order to get more information from them more than he gives. 8. **Women Informant-** is usually female associate of criminals. She gives information because her criminal lover has jilted her. Her motives are either revenge or jealousy. She may be able to give the info but the investigator must be careful because female specie is more deadly than male. 9. **Legitimate Informant-** includes operators of licensed premises who do not want their place of business to become hangout of dangerous criminals. 10. **Confidential Informant-** is a person who provides the police with confidential information concerning a past or a projected crime. he does not want to be identified as the source of the information. Under the law these informants are protected and their identity could not be revealed by the police. **F. Types of Informers** 1. Recruited Informer 2. Dual or multiple Informer 3. Paid Asset 4. Double Crosser 5. Intelligence Broker **G. Methods of Obtaining Information** Information can be obtained or developed by conducting overt or covert operations Overt Operations of gathering information include the following: 1. Interview 2. Patrol and reconnaissance 3. Crime scene search 4. Regular performance of policing activities 5. Custodial interrogation Information can also be acquired through covert operations. Clandestine operations employed to obtain info include the following: 1. Surveillance- physical or technical, fixed or mobile; visual or audio 2. Undercover assignment- roping, penetration or infiltration 3. Entrapment-buy-bust operations 4. Tactical interrogation Surveillance is one of the most important clandestine methods of gathering information. Surveillance serves several purposes such as: 1. obtaining evidences 2. supplying info as basis of issuing arrest or search warrant 3. determining the activities and contacts of the suspected criminals 4. catching criminals inflagrante delicto **H. Interview** It is a simple and friendly questioning of people believe to posses information which are relevant to the investigation of a crime or criminal activities In an interview, the person being questioned is actually ready , willing and able to talk freely thus, providing his testimony on how the criminal incident took place, offering information on his own manner and wordings. **General Kinds of Interview** 1. Cognitive Interview- This is conducted to willing and cooperative witnesses, where they are given the full opportunity to narrate their accounts without intervention, interruption and interference from the interviewer. After the subject finished her narration, the investigator now subjects him to the style of direct examination and cross-examination, to clarify unexplained portions to arrive at a vivid and complete picture of the testimony. 2. Question and Answer in Interview. This interview is practiced by some investigators requires the interviewee to answer the question posed by the investigator. The interviewee is required to answer on what he/she knows about what is being asked. In the case of subjects of low level intelligence, the use of leading questions greatly helps the investigator to obtain the full and desired information (Garcia, 2004). **Golden Rule of Interview** "Never allow the interviewer to conduct nor let anyone to conduct an interview without prior visit to the crime scene". **Types of Interview** a. **Background Interview** This is the kind of interview that is focused only in obtaining data regarding the personal background of the suspect, the simplest type of interview used in the criminal case. b. **Subjective interview** This type of interview questions are designed to acquire the basis and specific dataor facts regarding the criminal case. **Qualities of a Good Interviewer** 1. **Rapport.** It refers to the good relation between the interviewer and the interviewee, which is conducive to a fruitful result. It is winning the confidence of a person being interviewed in order that will tell all the information in his/her possession. The interviewer must be in a respectable civilian attire because, most often and the majority of people, the police uniform is a barrier in establishing a good rapport. To many, uniform is intimidating. 2. **Forceful Personality.** The appearance of the interviewerand other qualities such as skills communication techniques or the force of language are the mainstays of the strength of his character. He/she must be understanding, sympathetic and without showing official arrogance, vulgarity of their expressions and air personality. 3. **Knowledge of Psychology/Psychiatry.** This will help the interviewer in determine the personality and intelligence of the subject; he must go down and up to the level of understanding of his particular subject. 4. **Conversational Tone of Voice.** Investigator's tone of voice must be conversational. not confrontational as in interrogation. It means that interviewer must know how to appropriately use his voice normally, without unusual loudness that may affect the interview process. 5. **Acting Qualities.** He/she must possess the qualities of an actor, salesman and psychologist and now how to use the power of persuasion. This is done to convince the person to disclose what he/she knows about the issue being investigated. 6. **Humility.** He/she must be courteous, sympathetic and humble, ready to ask apologies for the inconvenience of the interview that may give good impression to the person being interviewed (Garcia, 2004). **Reasons why Witnesses Refuse to Testify** 1. **Fear of Reprisal.** Witnesses who lack the courage to face the suspect, his associates or relatives always entertain the fear of reprisal. This is natural especially those who have no means to protect themselves or no influential persons for them to rely on. This is prevalent among generally under privilege sectors of our society. This investigator must remove this fears from the mind of his/her witnesses either by offering protection or by explanation that unless the suspect is not put behind bars, the fear will not disappear. The investigator's power of persuasion plays a vital role. 2. **Great Inconvenience.** On the part of those of hands-to-mouth existence there is real inconvenience, which will deprive them the time to earn their living especially during the ordeal of testifying during the trial. To those unemployed inconvenience is greater thus the investigator must sincerely help them through his/her contact with the business community. 3. **Hatred against the Police.** This hatred may be due to the previous bad experience with the rogue members of the Police organization. The investigator must show the difference between him and the rogue policeman by honest and sincere entertainment of the complaint against the rogue cops. He must explain that these scalawags represent only small percentage of whole organization and the police leadership is addressing the situation properly 4. Because of Bias Witness. The witness maybe an acquaintance, friend, helper or benefactor of the suspect. All of this and any other relationship of witness to the suspect must be explored so than an intelligent approach is properly applied. 5. Avoidance of Publicity. There are witnesses who are shy and they shun publicity that will bring discomfort to their ordinary or obscure way of living. the investigator must hide these witness away from the reporters. 6. Family Restriction. Some famous and respected families preserve their reputations by instilling to their members the need of the approval of their elders on matters affecting their families. The investigator must talk to the elders for their approval for a member to testify (Garcia, 2004). **Phases of Interview** 1. **Preparation.** Investigator must interview the fact at the crime scene and information from other sources in order that he/she would be ready for the questioning. A background data of the subject should be available so that he/she could adopt himself/herself to the kind of approach to be employed**.** 2. **Approach.** This is done through investigator's careful selection of kind of approach to use, which may be a single kind, a combination of two or the application of all the techniques**.** 3. **Warming Up.** This is done by preliminary or exploratory questions to clear the atmosphere and promote a conducive place for cordiality, respect and trust for each other. 4. **Cognitive Interview.** This is performed by allowing or already asking now the subject to narrate his/her account without interruption, intervention or interference. It is only after the completion of the uninterrupted narration that the investigator begins the direct and cross-examinations (Garcia, 2004). **Rules in Questioning** 1. One question at a time. Multiple complex and legalistic questions should be avoided. One question at a time is desired. 2. Avoid implied answer. The nod of the head or any other body language as a response to the question should be avoided. The answer must be oral, clear, explicit and responsive to the question. 3. Simplicity of question. A short simple question at a time is required. If the answer needs qualification, then it should be allowed. Avoid legalistic questions such as: who is the murdered; or who are in conspiracy with the subject. 4. Saving Face. Embarrassing question on the subject on matters of exaggeration of honest errors about time, distance and description can be avoided if the investigator will cooperate with the subject "to save his face". The investigator should not fault or ridicule the subject on this matter. 5. Yes and no answer. Do not ask question which could be answered bey yes or no only. It will curtail the complete flow of information and will lead to inaccuracy (Sadili& Pena 1998). **I. Interrogation** It is the vigorous or aggressive questioning of a person suspected of having committed an offense or a person who is reluctant or unwilling to make a full disclosure of information in his possession, which is pertinent to the investigation of a criminal case. Interrogation is one of the most difficult but most interesting phases of criminal investigation. It is a challenging battle wit between the investigator and the suspect. It is a mental combat where the weapon in intelligence and use of the art. Victory depends upon proper and effective use of the art. Witnesses or victims are interviewed and suspects are interrogated (Garcia, 2004). ***Other definitions of Interrogation*** It is a vigorous or confrontational questioning of a suspect about his participation in a crime. It is confrontational in the sense that the investigator places the guilt on the accused. This process is also applied in uncooperative witness/es. It is an art employed in the questioning of suspects for the purpose of eliciting or obtaining facts that usually result to his admission and or confession about the commission of the felony or offenses. It is a formal questioning whereby aggressive and accusatory questions can be asked to the subject. It refers to the questioning of the suspects, culprits, offenders, or perpetrators of a crime. **Goals of Interrogation** a. To find out the truth about the crime b. to obtain an admission or confession of guilt from the suspect c. to gain all facts in order to determine the method of operation or modus operandi and the circumstances of the crime in question d. to collect information that guides investigators to arrive at a logical conclusion **What is the main purpose of interrogation?** The main intention of interrogation is to obtain confession or admission from the suspect and learn relevant information from uncooperative witness. When the accused confessed to the commission of a crime, he/she accepts the fact constituting the offense if the person interposes self defense or other exculpatory grounds, then an acknowledgment is not a confession but admission (Dalilis&Pagnas,2003). **Confession** 1. There is declaration of a person (accused); 2. The accused acknowledge the guilt for the commission of a crime; 3. Guilt is admitted. 1. There is a statement of the person (accused); 2. Person only agreed on facts or circumstances of the crime; 3. There is no acceptable guilt **Kinds of confession** 1. **Extra Judicial Confession.** It is a confession that is made by suspect during custodial investigation or those confessions made outside the court. **Sec 3, Rule 113, Rules of the Court Stated that:** *"Extra judicial confession is not sufficient ground for conviction: An extra judicial confession made by an accused, shall not a sufficient ground for conviction, unless corroborated by evidence of corpusdelicti-body of the crime".* The reason for the above rule is to guard the accused against conviction based upon confession of guilt. It is possible that a person might have confess his/her guilt regarding an offense, which someone has committed and when asked of his/her victim of the nature of injuries inflicted by the person, it does not coincide with the identity or nature of the injuries, receive by the victim. **Types of Extra --Judicial Confession** **a. Voluntary Extra-judicial Confession.** The confession is voluntary when the accused speaks of free will and accord, without inducement of any kind, with aull and complete knowledge of the nature and the consequence of the confession. And when speaking is so free from influences affecting the will of the accused, at the time the confession was made that I renders ir admissible in evidence against him. **b.Involuntary Extra-judicial Confession**. This confession obtained through force, threat, intimidation, duress or anything influencing the voluntary act of the confessor(CBSI Editorial Staff 1999). Note: Confessions obtained from the defendant by means of force or intimidation/violence is null and void and cannot be used against hem/her during trial (Doctrine of Poisonous Tree). **Judicial Confession.** This confession is made by the accused in open court. The plea of guilty may be made during arraignment or any stage of the proceedings where the accused changes plea of not guilty to guilty. This is conclusive upon the court and maybe considered to be a mitigating circumstance to criminal liability. A plea of guilty when formally entered on arraignment is sufficient to sustain conviction of any offense, even capital one, without further proof(CBSI Editorial Staff, 1999). **Sec. 2, Rule 129, Rules of Court affirmed that:** "Judicial admission is made by the party in the pleadings, or in the course of the trial or any other proceedings do not require proof and cannot be contradicted unless previously shown to have been made through palpable mistake." 1. **Purposes of conducting interrogation** a\. On the part of the suspect it is to extract confession or admission b\. on the part of the uncooperative or unwilling witness, it is to extract the information he possesses 2. **Requirements of the interrogation room** a\. private b\. simple c\. devoid from ornaments d\. technical aids 3. **Characteristic of an effective interrogator** Many of the emotional and intellectual traits of an investigator are especially valuable in communication with others. Presenting a favorable appearance and personality and establishing rapport are more important than physical attributes. Sometimes, however, it is an advantage to be of the same race or gender as the person being questioned. Under some circumstances it is better not to wear a uniform. Sometimes a suit or jeans are more appropriate. - ***Adaptable and culturally adroit***- your cultural and educational background and experience effect your ability to understand people from all walks of life, to meet them on their own level on varied subjects and to adapt to their own personalities, backgrounds and lifestyles. - ***Self-controlled and patient***- use self control and patience to motivate people to talk. Be understanding yet detached, waiting for responses while patiently leading the conversion and probing for facts. Remain professional, recognizing that some people you interview may feel hostile toward you. - ***Confident and optimistic**-* Do not assume that because the person that you are questioning is a hardened criminal, has an attorney, is belligerent or is better educated than you that no opportunity exist to obtain information. Show that you are in command, that you already know many answers that you want corroborate what you know. If the conversation shifts away from the subject steer the discussion back to the topic - ***Objective**- maintain your perspective on what is sought, avoiding preconceived ideas about the case. Be aware of personal prejudices that can interfere with your questioning. (based on facts rather than feelings)* - ***Sensitive to individual rights-** maintain a balance between rights of others and those of society. Naturally, suspects do not want to give information that conflicts with their self-interest or threatens their freedom. Moreover, many citizens want to stay out of other people businesses. Use reason and patience to overcome resistance to becoming involved.* - ***Knowledge of the elements of the crime**- knows that information that you need to prove the elements of crime you are investigating. Phrase questions to elicit information related to these elements.* **4. Interrogation Techniques** - *The 'open technique*"- Here the interrogator is open and direct in his approach and makes no attempt to conceal the purpose of interrogation. This is best employed when the subject is cooperative. - *The "common interest"-* The interrogator must exert effort to impress the interrogee of the common interest. The officer must look or point out the real advantages the interrogee may get if he/she cooperates. - **Record file (we all know technique)** - **Opposite personality technique-** also know as "Mutt and Jeff", "threat and rescue", "Bad guy-Good-Guy", "Sweet and Sour", Sugar-Vinegar, "Devil-Angel" - **Silent Technique-** this is employed against nervous or the confident type of interrogee. a. Look at the interrogee squarely in the eye with the sarcastic smile ( force him to break eye contact first) b. Interrogee/subject may ask questions but the interrogator must not answer c. Patience is needed d. When the interrogator is ready to break silence, he may do so with a quite and non-challant question that the interrogator is sure being part of the subject. 1. **Question Barrage Technique ( Rapid Fire Questioning)-** *this is intended to confuse the interrogee and put him into a defensive position. The interrogee becomes confused and frustrated. Then he will likely reveal more than he intended. Thus creating opening for further questioning*. 2. ***Emotional Appeal-** this is a technique where the investigator combining his skills of an actor and psychologist addresses the suspect with an emotional appeal to confess. This is applicable to first time offenders who are of the emotional type of characteristics displayed by nervousness.* 3. ***Sympathetic Approach-** the investigator in his preliminary or probing questions must dig dip into the past troubles, plight and unfortunate events in the life of the suspect. An offer of help, kindness, friendliness, may win his cooperation.* 4. ***Friendliness. A friendly approach coupled with a posture of sincerity may introduce the suspect to confess.*** 5. ***Trick and Bluff Technique:*** a. **Pretense of Solid Evidence**- The Investigator bluffs the suspect that even if he/she will not confess, there is enough evidence to send him to jail. If confession is made the investigator will see to it that his prison term will be the range of probation. b. **Weakest Link**. Among the suspect, there must be a careful selection of who among them is the weakest link where the interrogation may begin. By tricks and bluffs this weakest link will be told that his companions had already confessed and that this weakest link had dealt the fatal blow or that he received the lion share of the loot in order to intrigue him. c. **Drama**. The weakest link may be used to fake pain and agony by ordering him to shout, accompanied by banging on the wall to make it appear that a commotion is going on. The other suspect in separate rooms must hear the drama before telling them that their partner had confessed. 6. **Feigning Contact with Family Members**. The suspect could be trick that the investigator had gone to the residence and the family members had supplied facts against the suspect. The suspect's family will be dragged to the investigation if the suspect will not confess. 7. ***Rationalization***- it is the use of reasons which is acceptable to the subject that led to the commission of the crime. Thus it may be said that sometime killing is necessity rather than by purpose of design. Robbery may be a necessity to feed a starving family. The application of this technique depends upon the nature of the crime. 8. ***Line*-up**. The complainant witness or victim is requested to point positively to the suspect in the police line-up. The witnesses' victims or complainant are previously coached about the identity of the suspect. 9. ***Reverse Line***-up. The suspect is placed among the other persons in a line-up and he/she is identified by several complainants and witnesses who will associate the suspect in other several times. This will cause the witness to become desperate and confess only to the case under investigation, to avoid from being charged on false accusations(Garcia,2004) 10. ***Stern Approach***. The investigator displays a stern (demands immediate response) personality towards the suspect by using the following methods. 11. **Mutt and Jeff or Sweet and Sour Method.** The first set of investigator must appear to be rough, mean and dangerous. When they had finished the interrogation, the second investigator intervenes by stopping the first set of investigators. By being sympathetic and understanding he begins his interrogation. If the suspect still refuses to cooperate, then the process is repeated until there is confession. 12. **Removing the Ethnic Barrier.** If the suspect is an"ifugao" (person from Ifugao Province), then preferably, an ifugao investigator is recommended to interrogate him, the same with other ethnic or cultural groups. If the Filipino's way of life that people put trust and confidence to those belong to their clan or tribe. The interrogation must be in a language or dialect of the suspect to get his confidence. This is removing the dialect/language barrier. 13. **Searching for the Soft Spot.** In every man's heart, there is always that softest spot. The heart may be hardened to steal by poverty, destitution, hopelessness, despair, apathy, indifference, injustice hatred or other factors, yet there is always that spot which could be discovered by the investigator through the knowledge of human behavior. The spots may be the youngest child, the wife, the mother and the brother who acted as his father, the grandparents or the best friend. Once discovered there should be a face-to-face meeting with that special person and with that heart of steel will melt to pieces. This technique is not only used during the interrogation but also during crisis management in hostage situations. 14. ***Projection***- it is the process of putting the blame to other persons, not alone to the suspect. The murderer may blame the mastermind for corrupting him with big sums of money, or the mastermind blaming the greediness of the victim or the husband blaming the wife of her infidelity. Or that it is a necessary evil as the victim is planning to kill the suspect. 15. ***Minimization-***the act of minimizing the culpability of the suspect. The investigator convinces the suspect that a confession will reduce the offense and penalty. Thus it could be studied by the investigator if there is a way to downgrade murder to homicide or the introduction of mitigating circumstances with the result of penalty being within the range of probation. **Apparent Signs of Deception** The following unusual situations post by the subject during the interrogation must be observe by the investigator: 1. **Excessive Sweating**. The profuse sweating indicates tension, anxiety, shock or fear. Extreme nervousness is also cause of sweating. 2. **Change of facial Color**. Anger is indicated if the face is blushing. It is also the result of extreme nervousness or embarrassment. It is necessary as a sign of deception or guilt. A pale face is a reliable indicator of guilt or deception. 3. **Dry Mouth**. This is a sign of great tension and is reliable symptom of deception. Swallowing, constant movement o the Adam's apple and sweating of the lips are the indicators of dryness of the mouth. 4. **Excessive Breathing.** An effort to control breathing during the critical questioning is an indication of deception. Gasping of breath is the ultimate result of the control in breathing. 5. **Increase of Pulse Beat.** When observed at the side of the neck, the investigator has to discover the increase of pulse beat which is indicative of deception. 6. **Avoidance of Direct Eye Contact.** This may indicate guilt or deception. Misty or teary eyesindicate remorse or repentance (Dalilis&Pagnas, 2003). **Instrumentation** *It is defined as the application of instruments and methods of physical science to detect and investigate crimes, the sum total application of all sciences in crime detection and it is not only confined in the crime laboratory* ***Criminalistics provide ways of solving criminal cases by:*** a. Supplying one or more missing links in a chain of evidence b. Strengthening a week link or links in the chain of evidences c. Checking the accuracy of the statements made by suspects; and materials, witnesses; and d. Providing knowledge to the investigator that assist / guide in rapid clearing **Forensic Science as applied in criminal Investigation** a. **Pathology**- study of diseases b. **Toxicology**-study of poisons c. **Physical anthropology- Study of man and human race** d. **Odontology-** study of teeth e. ***Psychiatry***- study of mind and mental capability f. **Questioned document-** an in-depth look into a document which is being subjected in the case of fraud, forgery etc. g. **Forensic ballistics-** the examination of evidence relating to firearms at crime scene, including the effects and the behavior of the projectiles and explosive devices. h. **Tool marks comparison** - to establish the link between the tool mark and the tool that created it. i. **Serology-** study of blood **Progress Check** **Name:\_\_**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_­­­\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **Date &Time:**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **Subject:** Fundamentals of Investigation & Intelligence **Year &Section: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **1. Identification: This progress check requires you to identify the answer that corresponds to each question. Write the answer on the space provided.** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. **Name:\_\_**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **Date & Time:**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **Subject:** Fundamentals of Investigation & Intelligence **Section: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **2. Matching Type**. Match Column A to Column B. Write the letter of your answer on the space provided before the number. Colum A \_\_\_\_ 1. Flaviano C. Guerero \_\_\_\_ 2. Dr. Alec John Jeffreys \_\_\_\_ 3. Pau Leland Kirk \_\_\_\_ 4. Alphonse Bertillon \_\_\_\_ 5. Thomas Byrnes \_\_\_\_ 6. Eugene Frances Vidocq \_\_\_\_ 7. Sir Robert Peel \_\_\_\_ 8. Jonathan Wild \_\_\_\_ 9. John Fielding \_\_\_\_ 10. Henry Fielding Colum B \_\_\_\_ A. Anthropometry, the first systematic personal identification system \_\_\_\_ B. He introduced Modus Operandi File. \_\_\_\_ C. He introduced idea of setting a thief to catch a thief \_\_\_\_ D. He is London most effective investigator and most famous thief catcher in 1720's \_\_\_\_ E. He is the only Filipino member of FBI \_\_\_\_ F. He is a chemist and forensic scientist who was known for his work blood spatter evidence \_\_\_\_ G. He is the "Blind Beak." \_\_\_\_ H. He organized the London Metropolitan Police, the world's modern organized police force. \_\_\_\_ I. He introduced the first professional London police Force \_\_\_\_ J. He identified Collin Pitchfork as the murderer of the two young girls through DNA **Name:**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **Date&Time:**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **Subject:** **Fundamentals of Investigation & Intelligence** Year &**Section:**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **3.Research Type**. Research on the contributions of the personalities' enumerated on page\_\_\_\_\_\_ of your module. Output should be written on 1 whole yellow paper. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **4.. Essay Type**. Base on your answer on activity no. 3 on choose at least two of the personalities that impressed you the most and explain why. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** **Name:**\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date &Time:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **Subject: Fundamentals of Investigation & Intelligence** Year & Section:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **5. Illustration types.** Make an illustration that explains how the process of criminal investigation is executed. (20 pts)