Medical Terminology PDF

Mohamed Magdy mainly of 3 standard parts (prefix, root, suffix) Prefixes  appears at the beginning of the medical term, indicating location, direction, quality, quantity, color or type...

Mohamed Magdy mainly of 3 standard parts (prefix, root, suffix) Prefixes  appears at the beginning of the medical term, indicating location, direction, quality, quantity, color or type Prefixes for size Prefix Meaning Example 1- macro-/ megalo- large Macro-molecule 2- micro- small Microscope Prefixes for numbers 1- mono-, uni- One 2- di / bi-, tri-, qua(dr/r/t) two, three, four 3- semi- Half 4- hemi- half (one side) 5- equi- Equal 6- poly- Many Prefixes for level 1- hyper above normal hyperthermic 2-Hypo- Below normal Hypothermic 3- eu-/normo- normal, good Euthermic Prefixes for time or speed 1- post- After 2- re- Again 3- retro- back, backward 4- pro-, pre-, ante- Before 5- neo- new 6- chron- Slow 7- brady- (Cardia) slow 8- tachy- (cardia) Fast Mohamed Magdy Prefixes for function or quality 1- anti-, contra- Against 2- mal- Bad 3- eti- Cause 4- a-, de- Without 5- dys- Not working correctly, painful --------- ---------- Prefixes for direction or position 1- ab- away from 2- ad- Towards 3- supra- above 4- peri-, epi-, circum- Around 5- end(o)- within, inside 6- exo-, ecto- outside, out of 7- auto- self 8- dia- through, completely 9- trans- (osophageal) inter 10- inter- Between 11- con- together 12- sub- Below Prefixes for colors 1- chromo- / color -------- 2- melan- black ----------- chromato- 3- leuko- white leukocyte (cyte is suffix means cell), 4- erythro- red Erythrocyte: Red blood white blood cells helps to fight disease cells 5- cyano- blue 6- chloro- green ------------ other prefixes 1- prostho- addition of artificial part -------- 2- echo- reflected sound ----------- 3- chemo- chemical ---------- 4- electro- electrical -------------  Mohamed Magdy Roots  It is the foundational element of any term & gives the term its essential meaning  Each term contains at least one root  The term begins with root when the prefix is absent  It indicates a body part or system  Sometimes the medical term may contain more than one root, which is called compound word gastro-enter-ology that means study of stomach and intestine Head 1- encephalo Brain electroencephalogram (EEG) 3- ot, aur Ear 3- cephalo head cephalic (-ic suffix means pertaining to) 4- tympan Ear drum 5- ophthalm, ocul Eye ophthalmoscope (suffix: scope ) 6- faci face 7- rhin/o Nose Rhinitis 8- crani skull 9- lingu tongue ---------- 10- odont, dent tooth Labi/o lip Bucc/o Cheek Heart and circulatory 1- Cardi/o Heart Cardiology 2- Vascul/o, angio blood vessel 3- aort aorta ---------- 4- Phleb/o, ven Vein 5- Hemo, sangu blood Hematology, hemoglobin 6- Arterio Artery Bones and muscles 1- brachi/o Arm 2- myo Muscle 3- oste/o Bone 4- dorsum/a Back 5- ped, pod Foot 6- tal Ankle 7- cost Rib 8- scapul Shoulder 9- carp Wrist 10- arth Joint  Mohamed Magdy * Note: osteoarthritis: condition of bone & joint degeneration * Diaphragm: dome shaped osteosarcoma: most common type of bone cancer * Osteomalacia: low vitamin D Digestive system 1- append Appendix 2- cholecyst gall bladder 3- col colon (large intestine) 4- o/esophag/o oesophagus 5- enter (itis) Small intestine (first part: duodenum, 6- ren (al), nephr/o kidney end part: ileum) 7- gastr (otomy) Stomach 8- hepato-(itis) liver 9- peritone membrane lining abdomen and pelvis 10- rect, proct rectum Other common roots 1- neur nerves Neurology 2- pulm lung --------- 3- derm, dermat skin Dermatitis 4- carcin cancer carcinoma (cancerous tumor) 5- chem drug ---------- 6- electr electricity Electrocardiogram 7- therm heat --------- 8- gnos knowledge diagnosis 9- bio life Biology 10- bar, tension pressure ------- 11- echo returned sound ---------- 12- aden/o gland adenoma (tumor of gland) 13- cis to cut Incision 14- glyc sugar Hyperglycemia 15- gyro old age ----------- 16- gynae woman, female gynecology 17- ped child Pediatric 18- onc tumor oncology 19- psych mind psychology, psychiatrist 20- crin secrete (form & give off) Endocrine glands (secrete hormones)  Mohamed Magdy Suffixes  Medical term always ends with the suffix Basic nouns and adjective suffixes 1- -genic Causing carcinogenic 2- -ia, -ism, -sis, -y condition --------- 3- -iatry, iatrics specialty, medical treatment ----------- 4- -ian, -ist specialist ------- 5- -um, -us Structure ------- 6- -logy study of Dermatology 7- -ac, -ar(y), -al, -ic, -ior, -ory, -ous, -tic pertaining to cardiac, neural ------------ --------- ----------------- Tests and procedures 1- -plasty surgical repair 2- -ectomy removal of 3- -gram image / record 4- -orrhaphy suture, stitching 5- -otomy cutting into, incision 6- -scopy Viewing (visual examination) 7- -otripsy crushing, destroying 8- -stomy opening -------- ---------------- scope Instrument to view -Pherenia Medical condition ------------- ---------------- Pathology or function 1- -emia blood (condition of) 2- -cyte Cell Nephrectomy 3- -osis Condition or disease 4- -pnea Breathing Hyperpnea 5- -itis inflammation 6- -algia Pain Arthralgia 7- -penia Deficiency 8- -pathy Disease Enteropathy 9- - rrhag(e/ia) excessive flow 10- -oma mass, tumor hepatoma (malignant tumor of liver) 11- -schisis separation, splitting 11- -plegia condition of paralysis Diplegia 13- -lith Stone  Mohamed Magdy Examples for suffix ''-itis'': Term Inflammation of Term Inflammation of Carditis Heart Pneumonitis Lung Colitis Colon Otitis Ear Hepatitis Liver Gastritis Stomach Encephalitis Brain Cystitis Bladder Nephritis Kidney Cholecystitis Gall bladder Examples for suffix ''-ectomy'': Term Removal of Term Removal of Colectomy Colon Nephrectomy Kidney Tonsillectomy Tonsils Gastrectomy Stomach Appendectomy Appendix  Mohamed Magdy Parts of the body  Most of body parts have ordinary names except the following: Common word Anatomical name Common word Anatomical name Stomach Abdomen Armpit Axilla Wrist Carpus Hip Coxa Elbow Cubitus Breast Mamma Buttocks Nates Knee Patella or Knee cap Jaw Mandible Chest Thorax Groin Inguinal region side of the head behind eye Temple Bottom part of feet Sole Periumbilical Navel Symptoms and signs  Symptoms: problems that patient complain of & tell them to the doctor  Signs or findings: What the doctor finds when examining the patient Symptoms Meaning Tiredness. Lethargy, fatigue, lassitude loss of energy Malaise General feeling of being unwell Anorexia loss of appetite Weight gain increase in weight Weight loss Decrease in weight Constipation Hard, infrequent faeces  Mohamed Magdy Words and their opposite: Word Opposite Word Opposite Acute Chronic Opened Closed Back Front Major Minor Dead Alive Reduce Increase Improve Deteriorate Smooth Rough Healthy Ill Benign Malignant Constipation Diarrhea Inhale Exhale Medical practitioners Rota list of people do particular job PRHO pre-registration house officer (newly graduated doctor in the first year after graduation training) ‫طبيب مقيم‬ SHO senior house officer (in the second year of post-graduation training) ‫طبيب بعد التخرج بسنتين‬ GP General practitioner does primary care ‫ممارس عام‬ SPR Specialist registrar ( doctor that complete foundation programme & train for one medical speciality Consultant (fully qualified specialist) Medical or clinical director Responsible for all medical staff  Mohamed Magdy Examples for specialists and specialities: ‫اسماء التخصصات‬ Term The study of Specialist in this study is called Cardiology Heart Cardiologist Endocrinology Endocrine system Endocrinologist Oncology Tumors Oncologist pulmonology Lung Pulmonologist Gastroenterology Digestive system (stomach, intestine) Gastroenterologist Nephrology Kidney Nephrologist otolaryngology Ear, larynx Otolaryngologist Psychiatry Brain condition (psychology) Psychiatrist Neurology Nerves Neurologist Geriatrics Old age Geriatrician pediatrics children, young age Pediatrician Anesthesiology Anesthetization Anesthetist Dermatology Skin Dermatologist Rheumatology Rheumatoid Rheumatologist Traumatology Emergency section Traumatologist Gynecology Women's disease Gynecologist Obstetrics Labor Obstetrician Immunology Immune system Immunologist Ophthalmology Eye Ophthalmologist Pathology Disease Pathologist  Mohamed Magdy - Some important expressions in complaining & describing pain: word, expression Meaning word, expression Meaning bring on cause, induce bring up expectorate, vomit carry on Continue come on commence )‫(بدأ‬ give up Stop put on gain weight turn out happen at the end turn up happen unexpectedly Throbbing ‫ متقطع وشديد‬pulse of headache Boring pain ‫الم وصداع زي الشاكوش‬ Blurry ‫رؤية مشوشة‬ aching pain in muscle or joint ----------- ------------- Tightness Gripping Scalding Boiling stabbing Knife pain Crushing Pressure stinging Biting peptic ulcer in the lining of stomach and first part of small intestine Gastric ulcer Inside stomach itself  Mohamed Magdy Mental illness or mental health N.B: ABUSE is using of something in a harmful way - The most common type of abuse is alcoholism, drug abuse E.G: mental disorder caused by organic brain disease - it could be associated with old age & called senile dementia Affective disorders: Disorder Meaning Disorder Meaning Affect or mood persistent Emotional state psychomotor agitation excessive movement and thoughts Depression ‫اكتئاب‬ Psychomotor retardation slowing of movement and thoughts Insomnia sleep disturbances suicide recurrent thoughts of death Fatigue loss of energy Neurotic & stress-related disorders: Disorder Meaning Disorder Meaning Obsession persistent idea that interfere person life compulsion obsessive idea forces patient to repeat unnecessary actions e.g: washing hand many times Stress feeling of being unable to cope Anxiety fear of problems panic attack sudden attack of anxiety  Mohamed Magdy Research  divided into 4 main sections: Introduction, Methods, results, discussion Introduction contain background information, information about previous studies & investigations, concern on subject & purpose of research Methods give details of people who were studied, participants in research, steps, statistical analysis Results tells what was found or the findings of the study Discussion contain explanation, importance of study, conclusion in separate section Acknowledgment short section present at the end of most articles to thank people who have helped in research References book and articles which author have used Medical abbreviations Abbreviation Means Abbreviation Means A&E Accident & Emergency OTC Over the counter AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome PM Post mortem ENT Ear, Nose, thorax PMA Progressive muscular atrophy CAT Computerized axial tomography PMT premenstrual tension CHD Coronary heart disease RQ respiratory quotient BMR Basal metabolic rate --------- --------------- D&V Diarrhea & vomiting SAD seasonal affective disorder DOA Dead on arrival SIDS sudden infant death syndrome GP General practitioner STI sexual transmitted infection HAV Hepatitis A virus TB Tuberculosis HIV Human immunodeficiency virus TBI total body irradiation MND Motor neuron disease UV Ultraviolet VDH Valvular disease of the heart WHO World health organization  Mohamed Magdy Two-words expressions: Term Description heart attack - heart has a reduced blood supply because one of the arteries becomes blocked by a blood clot - causing myocardial ischaemia and myocardial infarction General anesthetic A substance given to make someone lose consciousness Bone Marrow Soft tissue in cancellous bone Surgical intervention treatment of disease or other condition by surgery Plastic Surgery Surgery to repair damaged part of the body. Primary tooth Any one of the first twenty teeth which develop in children between about six months and two-and-a-half years of age Brain death nerves in brain stem have died, person can be certified as dead, although the heart may not have stopped beating Bedside manner way in which a doctor behaves towards a patient, especially a patient who is in bed. allergic reaction An effect produced by a substance to which a person has an allergy clinical trials A trial carried out in a medical laboratory on a person or on tissue from a person. Malignant tumors A tumor which is cancerous and can grow again or spread into other parts of the body General practitioner doctor who provides first-line medical care for all types of illness Biological clock rhythm of daily activities and bodily processes such as eating , controlled by hormones Digestive System The set of organs such as the stomach, liver and pancreas Balanced diet A diet that provides all the nutrients needed in the correct proportions.  Mohamed Magdy Symptoms and common illnesses: illness symptoms or Description Influenza (flu) An infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract with fever and muscular aches, cough, terrible cold, which is transmitted by a virus Rubella - common infectious viral disease of children, with mild fever, swollen lymph nodes and a rash. (German measles) - It can cause malformation of an unborn baby if the mother catches disease while pregnant Coryza (common cold) inflammation of the nasal passages, in which someone sneezes and coughs and running nose. Varicella infectious disease of children, caused by a herpes virus, and characterised by fever and red spots , itching (chicken pox virus) Rubeola (measles) infectious disease of children where the body is covered with a red rash. - can weaken the body's resistance to other disease, especially bronchitis and ear infections. Parotitis (Mumps) An infectious disease of children, with fever and swellings in the salivary glands, caused by a paramyxovirus. allergic rhinitis Inflammation in the nose and eyes caused by an allergic reaction to dust mites (Hay fever) Pertussis infectious disease affecting the bronchial tubes, common in children and sometimes very serious. (Whooping cough) - patient coughs very badly , noise when try to breathe Mohamed Magdy illness symptoms or Description Epilepsy - disorder of nervous system in which there are convulsions, loss of consciousness Gangrene - tissues die, decay, as a result of bacterial action, because the blood supply has been lost through injury Cataract A condition where the lens of the eye gradually becomes hard and opaque. Parkinson's disease nervous disorder without a known cause which is a type of Parkinsonism Tuberculosis - infectious disease, commonest form is infection of lungs, causing patients to lose weight, cough blood, have a fever. Cystic fibrosis Hereditary (=Genetic) disease in which there is malfunction of the exocrine glands such as the pancreas Cirrhosis A progressive disease of the liver, often associated with alcoholism Diphtheria. A serious disease of children, first symptoms are a sore throat - A fibrous growth like a membrane forms in throat Cerebral Palsy - disorder of the brain, mainly due to brain damage occurring before birth, or due to lack of oxygen during birth. - lack of muscle co-ordination Gastroenteritis. Inflammation of membrane lining the intestines, stomach, caused by a viral infection, resulting in diarrhea and vomiting.  Mohamed Magdy Instruments and equipments: Instrument Description Wheelchair a chair with wheels in which someone can sit Scalpel a small sharp-pointed knife used in surgery Probe an instrument used to explore inside wound Forceps surgical instrument with handles like a pair of scissors, used for holding Curette a surgical instrument like a long thin spoon, used for scraping the inside of an organ Pipette a thin glass tube used for taking and measuring samples of liquid Tourniquet tight bandage wrapped round a limb to constrict an artery, so reducing the flow of blood and stopping bleeding Hook a surgical instrument with a bent end used for holding structures apart in operation Drain a tube used to remove liquid from the body Gag an instrument placed between the teeth to stop the mouth from closing Catheter a tube passed into the body along one of the passages in the body Bandage a piece of cloth which is wrapped around a wound or an injured limb Sling a triangular bandage attached around the neck, used to support an injured arm and prevent it from moving people Stretcher a folding bed, with handles, on which an injured person can be carried by two Splint a stiff support attached to a limb to prevent a broken bone from moving Stethoscope two earpieces connected to a tube and a metal disc, used to listen to sounds made inside the body Thermometer an instrument for measuring temperature Syringe medical instrument made of a tube with a plunger, forcing contents out through a needle as in an injection Mohamed Magdy Extra notes Term Meaning Term Meaning Infarct An area of dead myocardial tissue Alopecia condition of hair loss Menarche Beginning of menstruation Scoliosis lateral curvature of the spine Rhinorrhea drainage from nose Cushing's syndrome a condition in which the body produces too much cortisol onych- prefix pertaining to fingernail K chemical symbol for potassium Hidradenitis Inflammation of a sweat gland Fe chemical symbol for iron Thoraces plural form of the medical term that Colporrhaphy Repair of the vagina means chest "thoraco-" Hysteropexy surgical fixation of the uterus Mastopexy surgical procedure in which breast is lifted and fixed to the chest wall pyloromyotomy Incision in wall of pylorus which is related Proctosigmoidoscopy Non-sterile procedure in which rectum & to gastrointestinal system sigmoidal colon are examined Arthrocentesis procedure in which synovial fluid is Colonoscopy procedures of colon that is indicated when removed for analysis an abnormal growth is identified on a barium enema X-ray study Orthopedics branches of medicine specializes in the Neurologist specialist in nervous tissue system & its study of the musculoskeletal system related diseases such as encephalitis Endocrinologist Specialist in endocrinal system & its Diabetes mellitus Disease in which blood glucose levels are related diseases such as hypergonadism, above normal & is characterized by prolactinoma, and hirsutism Polydipsia, polyuria, good appetite with weight loss, blurred vision Dysphonia Abnormal voice caused by inflammation Retinoblastoma malignant tumor of the eye that is known of larynx "Laryngitis" to be hereditary Diplococci round bacteria that grow in pairs Accommodation focusing ability of the eye