FK100 Intro to Comm Science Week 3 2024 PDF

PROGRAM STUDI JURNALISTIK FAKULTAS ILMU KOMUNIKASI UNIVERSITAS MULTIMEDIA NUSANTARA TAHUN AJARAN 2024/2025 FK100 – Intro to Communication Science Week-3 Elements of communication Yearry Panji Setianto, Ph.D Sub Learning Outc...

PROGRAM STUDI JURNALISTIK FAKULTAS ILMU KOMUNIKASI UNIVERSITAS MULTIMEDIA NUSANTARA TAHUN AJARAN 2024/2025 FK100 – Intro to Communication Science Week-3 Elements of communication Yearry Panji Setianto, Ph.D Sub Learning Outcome: Students will be able to explain (C2) elements and principles of communication Topic: Elements and principles of communication Sub-topics: Elements of communication Principles of communication  Assignment Review: what are the elements of communication? elements of communication (DeVito, 2018) source–receiver The compound term source–receiver emphasizes that each person involved in communication is both a source (or speaker) and a receiver (or listener). You send messages when you speak, write, gesture, or smile. You receive messages in listening, reading, smelling, and so on. (DeVito, 2018) encoding-decoding The act of producing messages—for example, speaking or writing— is called encoding. By putting your ideas into sound waves or into a computer program, you’re putting these ideas into a code The act of receiving messages—for example, listening or reading—is called decoding. By translating sound waves or words on a screen into ideas you take them out of code, which is decoding. (DeVito, 2018) messages Communication messages—any signals transmitted from source to receiver—take many forms. You send and receive messages through any one or any combination of sensory organs. Although you may customarily think of messages as being verbal (oral or written), you also communicate nonverbally. (DeVito, 2018) Everything about you communicates The Everlasting In face-to-face communication, the actual message signals (the movements in the air) are evanescent; they fade almost as they’re uttered. Some written messages, especially computer-mediated messages such as those sent via e-mail, are unerasable. (DeVito, 2018) metamessage A metamessage is a message that refers to another message; it is communication about communication. For example, remarks such as “Do you understand what I am trying to tell you?” refer to communication and are therefore metacommunication. Nonverbal behaviour may also be metacommunicational. (DeVito, 2018) feedback Throughout the listening process, a listener gives a speaker feedback—messages sent back to the speaker reacting to what is said. Feedback tells the speaker what effect he or she is having on the listener(s). (DeVito, 2018) feedforward Feedforward is information you provide before sending your primary messages; it reveals something about the messages to come (Richards, 1968). (DeVito, 2018) channel The communication channel is the medium through which the message passes. Communication rarely takes place over only one channel; you may use two, three, or four different channels simultaneously (DeVito, 2018) noise Noise is anything that interferes with your receiving a message. At one extreme, noise may prevent a message from getting from source to receiver. Mostly, noise distorts some portion of the message as it travels from source to receiver (DeVito, 2018) This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC types of noise Physical noise: is interference that is external to both speaker and listener; it interferes with the physical transmission of the signal or message Physiological noise is created by barriers within the sender or receiver such as visual impairments, hearing loss, articulation problems, and memory loss. Psychological noise is mental interference in speaker or listener and includes preconceived ideas, wandering thoughts, biases and prejudices, closed-mindedness, and extreme emotionalism. Semantic noise is created when the speaker and listener have different meaning systems; it includes language or dialectical differences, the use of jargon or overly complex terms, and ambiguous or overly abstract terms whose meanings can be easily misinterpreted. (DeVito, 2018)  All communication takes place in a context that has at least four dimensions: physical context social–psychological context temporal context cultural context (DeVito, 2018) physical context The physical context is the tangible or concrete environment in which communication takes place—the room or hallway or park, for example. This physical context exerts some influence on the content of your messages (what you say) as well as on the form (how you say it). (DeVito, 2018) social–psychological context The social–psychological context focuses on the relationships among the communicators, for example, the status relationships among the participants, the roles and the games that people play, their friendliness or hostility, their cooperativeness or competitiveness. It also includes the formality or informality and the seriousness or humorousness of the situation. (DeVito, 2018) the temporal (or time) context 1. the time of day (for example, for some the morning is not a time for communication; for others, it’s ideal) 2. the time in history in which the communication takes place (for example, messages on racial, sexual, or religious attitudes cannot be fully understood outside of their time in history) 3. how a message fits into the sequence of communication events (for example, the meaning of a compliment would be greatly different depending on whether you said it immediately after your friend paid you a compliment, immediately before you asked your friend for a favor, or during an argument). (DeVito, 2018) the cultural context The cultural context has to do with your (and others’) culture: the beliefs, values, and ways of behaving that are shared by a group of people and passed down from one generation to the next. Cultural factors affect every interaction and influence what you say, how you say it, and how you respond to what others say. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY (DeVito, 2018)  Simultaneous Contexts Arriving late for a scheduled lunch meeting (temporal context) might violate a cultural rule, which might lead to changes in the social–psychological context, perhaps creating tension and unfriendliness, which in turn might lead to changes in the physical context—for example, choosing a less intimate restaurant for your meeting (DeVito, 2018) effects Communication always has some effect on one or more persons involved in the communication act. For every communication act, there is some consequence. (DeVito, 2018)  Cognitive effects are changes in your thinking. When you acquire information from a class lecture, for example, the effect is largely intellectual. Affective effects are changes in your attitudes, values, beliefs, and emotions. Behavioural effects are changes in behaviours (DeVito, 2018) the principles of human communication Communication is purposeful You communicate for a purpose; some motivation leads you to communicate 1. to learn: to acquire knowledge of others, the world, and yourself 2. to relate: to form relationships with others, to interact with others as individuals 3. to help: to assist others by listening, offering solutions 4. to influence: to strengthen or change the attitudes or behaviours of others 5. to play: to enjoy the experience of the moment (DeVito, 2018)  Popular belief and research findings both agree that men and women use communication for different purposes. Generally, men seem to communicate more for information and women more for relationship purposes (Dindia & Canary, 2006; Helgeson, 2009). Gender differences also occur in computer communication. For example, women chat more for relationship reasons; men chat more to play and to relax (Leung, 2001). (DeVito, 2018) communication is transactional (DeVito, 2018) communication is an ever-changing process It’s an ongoing activity; all the elements of communication are in a state of constant change. You’re constantly changing, the people with whom you’re communicating are changing, and your environment is changing. Nothing in communication ever remains static (DeVito, 2018) Each element relates integrally to every other element Each element exists in relation to the others. For example, there can be no source without a receiver. There can be no message without a source. Because of this interdependency, a change in any one element of the process produces changes in the other elements. (DeVito, 2018) Communication is influenced by a multitude of factors The way you act in a communication situation will naturally depend on the immediate context, which in turn is influenced by your history, past experiences, attitudes, cultural beliefs, self-image, future expectations, emotions, and a host of related issues.  Each person Speaker and listener send each other messages at the same time. in an You send messages when you speak but also interaction is when you listen. Even your “refusal to communicate” is itself a both sender communication. and receiver (DeVito, 2018) This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY communication is a package of signals Communication behaviours, whether they involve verbal messages, gestures, or some combination thereof, usually occur in “packages,” … all parts of a message system normally work together to communicate a particular meaning. Contradictory messages may be the result of the desire to communicate two different emotions or feelings. (DeVito, 2018) communication is a process of adjustment In the reality no two persons use identical signal systems, so a process of adjustment is relevant to all forms of communication (DeVito, 2018) communication accommodation theory This theory holds that speakers adjust to, or accommodate to, the speaking style of their listeners in order to gain, for example, social approval and greater communication efficiency (Giles, 2008). When two people have a similar speech rate, they seem to be attracted more to each other than to those with dissimilar rates (Buller, LePoire, Aune, & Eloy, 1992). (DeVito, 2018) Communication Involves Content & Relationship Dimensions Communication messages also refer to the relationships between the parties (Watzlawick, Beavin, & Jackson, 1967). In other words, communication has both content and relationship dimensions. For example, an employer may say to a worker, “See me after the meeting.” (DeVito, 2018) Communication is Ambiguous Ambiguous messages are messages with more than one potential meaning. Sometimes this ambiguity occurs because we use words that can be interpreted differently (DeVito, 2018) Communication is punctuated Communication events are continuous transactions. There is no clear-cut beginning and no clear-cut end. As participants in or observers of the communication act, you segment this continuous stream of communication into smaller pieces. You label some of these pieces causes or stimuli and others effects or responses. (DeVito, 2018) Communication is inevitable, irreversible, and unrepeatable The principle of inevitability means that in any interactional situation communication will occur—it’s inevitable (Watzlawick, Beavin, & Jackson, 1967 Communication is such an irreversible process. Once you say something, once you press the send key on your e-mail, you can’t uncommunicate it. The reason for the unrepeatability of communication is everyone/ everything is constantly changing. So, you can never recapture the exact same situation, frame of mind, or relationship dynamic that defined a previous communication act. (DeVito, 2018)  Class Activity the competence communicator “check whether you consider yourself as a competent communicator” (DeVito, 2018) next week’s assignment 1. Chapter resume on “models of communication“ 2. Reading list is available on RPKPS 3. One-page, handwritten