FIRST PERIODICAL (S1Q1)-PHIL. GOV. (2).pdf

Part 1: Ancient Filipino and Their Government II. Battle of Mactan (April 27, 1521) ➔ Rajah Sula complained to Magellan that Rajah I. Government Si Lapulapu refused to p...

Part 1: Ancient Filipino and Their Government II. Battle of Mactan (April 27, 1521) ➔ Rajah Sula complained to Magellan that Rajah I. Government Si Lapulapu refused to pay tribute to the King ➔ No central government; no officials of Spain; (decentralized) ➔ Magellan obliged and volunteered to fight ➔ Had barangays which is derived from the word Lapulapu; “balangays” (Austronesian) ➔ Magellan was injured in the leg where ➔ Datu or the Chieftain ruled each barangay; Lapulapu's men rushed and killed him Exercised the three branches of government; III. Legazpi Expedition Assisted by a council of elders called ➔ In 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived to “maginoos” establish a permanent settlement in the Philippine island; first Spanish Governor-General; II. Datu as Legislator ➔ Had a blood compact with Rajah Sikatuna ➔ Datu makes the law; consults the maginoos (chief of Bohol); before announcing the approval of the law ➔ Then a treaty of friendship with Rajah Tupad of which is the job of the “umalohokan” Cebu; Centralized – high official only; First Spanish settlement was established – Decentralized – distributed responsibilities San Miguel III. Datu as Judge ➔ Later renamed Santisismo Nombre de Jesus or ➔ Judge: Datu; Members of Jury: Maginoos; City of the most Holy Name of Jesus; ➔ Social classes: ➔ Juan de Salcedo reported to Legazpi that 1. Datu Class – ruling class Manila was a prosperous Muslim Kingdom; 2. Maharlika – aristocracy ➔ Martin de Goite fortified Manila which was 3. Timagua – common class under Rajah Sulayman (Muslim Chieftain) 4. Alipin – dependent class ➔ In 1571, Legazpi established Manila as the a. Namamahay – owned houses capital b. Sagigilid – ate from their IV. The Philippines Under Spanish Rule: Political master’s pot Changes Part 2: The Philippines Under Spanish Colonial Rule ➔ Government was centralized; power was transmitted from the council of Indies to the I. Magellan Expedition (March 17, 1521) Governor-General; ➔ Expedition for Spain to Moluccas; ➔ Reduccion – plan of Fr. Juan de Plasencia F – Fr. Pedro de Valderama (fleet which required natives to live in the areas near chaplain) the church; A – Antonio Pigafetta (chronicler) Governor-General: D – Duarte de Barbosa (brother-in-law - King’s official representative to the of Magellan) colony; issues superior decrees; E - Enrique of Malacca (interpreter) - President of Audencia which is the highest court in the colony; ➔ He took with him five ships: - Vice royal patron in the Philippines 1. Trinidad; 4. San Antonio; and (can appoint minor officials and 2. Conception; 5. Victoria parish priests); and 3. Santiago; - Commander-in-chief of the arms forces ➔ Encomienderos – empowered to collect taxes, protect and convert native to Catholicism; ➔ Due to abuses perpetrated by encomienderos, ➔ March 16, 1521 – saw the mountains of Samar they were abolished and replaced by a system (Magellan and his crew); of provincial governments; ➔ March 17, 1521 – allowed the sick to rest and Alcadia – provinces headed by Alcalde recuperate in Homonhon islands; Mayor for pacified areas; ➔ March 28, 1521 – reached the Islet Limasawa, Corregimentos – headed by ruled by Rajah Kulambu; Corregidors for unpacified areas; Blood compact; Ayuntamiento – cities headed by two Archipelago of St. Lazarus alcalde; ➔ March 31, 1521 – first Catholic Mass Pueblos – towns that are headed by celebrated in Limasawa; Gobernadorcilla; and ➔ April 8, 1521 – sailed towards the islands of Barangays – retained and headed by a Cebu; Rajah Humabon, his wife, and many Cabeza de Barangay natives became Christians V. The Philippines Under Spanish Rule: Economic ➔ The revolution spread to provinces in Luzon, in Policies which the governor-general placed under ➔ Taxation – started as a tribute of 8 reales martial law the first eight provinces which (about one peso); abolished in 1884 and revolved: personal cedula poll tax based on income was 1. Cavite; 5. Bulacan; instituted for residents 18 years of age and 2. Manila; 6. Pampanga; above 3. Laguna; 7. Tarlac; and ➔ Forced labor or Polo y Servicio – males from 4. Batangas: 8. Nueva Ecija 16 to 60 years old rendered service to the government for 40 days; VIII. The Philippines Under Spanish Rule: The Supposedly, polista (laborers) will have daily Tejeros Convention and the Naic Military allowance and food ration Agreement ➔ Encomienda – became the source of ➔ The Katipuneros in Cavite were divided into two corruption of officials; factions: ➔ Galleon Trade or Manila-Acapulco Trade – 1. Magdalo Group – headed by products coming from Manila were shipped to Aguinaldo’s cousin, Baldomero Acapulco, Mexico on trade vessels called Aguinaldo; and galleons 2. Magdiwang Group – headed by VI. The Philippines Under Spanish Rule: The Bonifacio’s uncle, Mariano Alvarez Reform Movement and the Katipunan ➔ March 22, 1897 – the Katipuneros decided to ➔ Peaceful campaign for reforms geared towards form a new government; changing the country’s political and social order; Aguinaldo was elected as President and ➔ Aims of propaganda: Bonifacio was elected as Director of the Make the Philippines a province of Spain; Interior; Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards; and Daniel Tirona questioned Bonifacio’s Representation in the Spanish Cortes educational qualifications ➔ La Solidaridad – organ of Propaganda; ➔ As a result, Bonifacio declared the election as Graciano Lopez Jaena, published La void, and on the next day, he and his men Solidaridad; edited by Marcelo H. Del Pilar signed the Acta de Tejeros ➔ Diariong Tagalog – nationalistic newspaper ➔ Bonifacio and his men also signed a new edited by Marcelo H. Del Pilar document known as the Naic Military ➔ La Liga Filipina Agreement stating a new form of government Civic society of Filipino patriots organized by will be established Rizal ➔ AIms of the Organization: IX. The Philippines Under Spanish Rule: The To unite the whole archipelago into one Execution of Bonifacio vigorous and homogenous organization; ➔ Bonifacio was captured and was tried for Mutual protection in every want and treason; necessary; ➔ May 10, 1897 – Bonifacio and his brother Defense against all violence and injustice; Procopio were executed Encouragement of instruction, agriculture and commerce; and X. The Philippines Under Spanish Rule: The Study the application of reforms Biak-na-Bato Republic and the Truce of ➔ KKK – Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang, Biak-na-Bato Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan ➔ Aguinaldo first established a republican Secret society founded on July 7, 1892 government called the Biak-na-Bato Republic, by Andres Bonifacio and a handful of but later entered into an agreement with the trusted friends in the house of Deodayo Spaniards wherein he and his men would go Arellano into exile in Hong Kong in exchange for ➔ Aims of KKK: political, economic, and civic 800,000 pesos VII. The Philippines Under Spanish Rule: The 1896 XI. The Philippines Under Spanish Rule: The Revolution Spanish-American War ➔ August 19, 1896 – Spanish authorities ➔ February 25, 1898 – the bombing of the USS discovered the Katipunan when Tedodoro Maine stationed at Havana Harbor in Cuba; Patino exposed what he knew to Fr. Mariano ➔ April 25, 1898 – the US Congress formally Gil declared war on Spain; and ➔ August 23, 1896 – in the yard of Juan Ramos ➔ May 1, 1898 – American fleet proceeded to (son of Melchora Aquino), the Katipuneros Manila Bay to attack the Spanish fleet tore up their cedulas shouting “Long live the Philippines” (Cry of Pugad Lawin) XII. The Philippines Under Spanish Rule: The II. American Colonial Rule Return of Aguinaldo and the Mock Battle of Manila ➔ After the defeat of the Filipinos, the Philippines ➔ June 12, 1898 – Aguinaldo signed the was administered by the President of the US Proclamation of Philippine Independence in through military Kawit, Cavite; ➔ Mock Battle of Manila – Americans and III. The Military Governor Spaniards entered into a secret agreement and ➔ As the representative of the US President to the staged a battle to make Filipinos believe that it Philippines, the military governor had vast was the Spaniards who surrendered to the authority which included executive, legislative, Americans and judicial powers; ➔ One of his duties was to pacify the provinces XIII. The Philippines Under Spanish Rule: The which refused to recognize the authority of US; Dictatorial Government and Revolutionary ➔ Military Governors (MOM): Government 1. Wesley Merrit; ➔ May 24, 1898 – Aguinaldo established a 2. Elwell Otis; and dictatorial government; 3. Arthur MacArthur. ➔ June 23, 1898 – upon the advice of Apolinario Mabini, Aguinaldo changed the form of IV. The Schurman Commission and Taft government to revolutionary; Commission ➔ The Chief of State is now called the President; ➔ The Schurman Commission ➔ It has six departments: Headed by Dr. Jacob Schurman; To investigate conditions in the islands 1. Foreign affairs; 4. Welfare; and make recommendations; 2. War; 5. Justice; and It recommended that the US enforce it 3. Interior; 6. Treasury sovereignty over the entire country XIV. The Philippines Under Spanish Rule: The First ➔ The Taft Commission Philippine Republic and Malolos Constitution Chaired by William Howard Taft; ➔ Malolos Constitution established a government Tasked to establish a civil government intended to be “popular, representative, and (train Filipinos for self-government) responsible;” V. The Civil Government ➔ Government is divided into three branches: ➔ Army Appropriations Act 1. Executive – enforcing laws (President) Contained an amendment that 2. Legislative – making laws (Congress) authorized the US President to establish 3. Judiciary – apply laws (Supreme Court) a civil government in the Philippines; ➔ First Philippine Republic was inaugurated on William Howard Taft – first civil governor; January 23, 1899 with Aguinaldo as its and President Frank Murphy – last civil governor XV. The Philippines Under Spanish Rule: The VI. The Philippine Bill of 1902 Treaty of Paris ➔ July 1, 1902 – the Philippine Bill of 1902 was ➔ December 10, 1898 – the Spanish and enacted by the US Congress; provided for a BIll American peace commissioners signed the of Rights for the Filipinos; Treaty of Paris wherein Spain turned over the ➔ Provided the extension of the US Bill of Rights Philippines to the US for the sum of 20 million to the Filipinos and guaranteed the dollars as payment for the improvements made establishment of an elective Philippine by Spain in the Philippines; Assembly; ➔ US granted the Spain the right to export ➔ Appointed two Filipino resident commissioners commodities to the Philippines for ten years on to represent the country in the US (without the same terms as those of the US voting rights): 1. Pablo Ocampo; and Part 3: The Philippines Under American Colonial Rule 2. Benito Legarda I. The Filipino-American War ➔ Mock Battle of Manila did not want the Spaniards to surrender to the Filipinos but to them; ➔ Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation: US President Mckinley proclaimed the policy in which Filipinos should be trained for self-government VII. The First Philippine Assembly ➔ The Tydings-McDuffie Act ➔ After the conditions under the Philippine Bill of Provided for a 10-year transition period 1902 were achieved; elections were set for the to independence under which the first Philippine Assembly on July 30, 1907; Commonwealth of the Philippines would 59 seats – Partido Nacionalista; be established 16 seats – Partida Progresista; and The remaining seats were won by X. Commonwealth Era and World War II independent candidates ➔ September 17, 1935 – first election under this ➔ Philippine Assembly – lower house of the Constitution: Philippine legislature; President – Manuel Quezon ➔ Philippine Commission – upper house of the Vice President – Sergio Osmeña Philippine legislature; ➔ November 15, 1935 – the Commonwealth ➔ Gabaldon Act – first legislation enacted by the Government was inaugurated; it serves as a Philippine Assembly which allocated one million transitional government preparatory to the pesos for the establishment of barrio schools resumption of the Philippine independence; throughout the Philippines ➔ December 7, 1941 – Japan attacked the American naval bases in Pearl Harbor in VIII. Jones Law Hawaii; ➔ Sponsored by William Atkinson Jones; ➔ December 8, 1941 – US declared war against ➔ Contained a preamble declaring that Japan independence would be granted to the Filipino people as soon as stable government could be Part 4: The Philippines Under the Japanese Colonial established; Rule ➔ Executive branch – headed by the I. The Second Republic governor-general with the approval of the US ➔ December 26, 1941 – MacArthur declared President and American Senate; Manila an open city to protect the civilians, ➔ Bicameral Philippine Legislature – upper house withdrawing guns in according with international called Senate and lower house called House of law; Representatives; and ➔ March 11, 1942 – MacArthur proceeded to ➔ Judicial power – exercised by the Supreme Australia, famously telling reporters there, “I Court shall return;” ➔ Provided for a Bill of Rights for the Filipinos ➔ The Japanese created a commission for the which included: purpose of framing a constitution approved by a Freedom of Freedom from Illegal convention; Speech Search ➔ April 10, 1942 – Death March; the Freedom of Freedom to Assembly Filipino-American troops were forced to march the Press for the Redress of from Bataan to San Fernando, Pampanga; Grievances ➔ September 25, 1943 – the National Assembly elected Jose P. Laurel as the President of the IX. Independence Mission Second Republic ➔ Independence Commission First and second independent missions II. The Battle of the Philippine Sea were sent to the US to convince the ➔ June 19, 1944 – the Americans forces moved American Congress that the conditions step by step across the Pacific Ocean and for independence under Jones Law had began the Battle of the Philippine Sea; been fulfilled; however these missions ➔ October 20, 1944 – General MacArthur and failed his allied forces landed in Palo Beach, Leyte; ➔ Os-Rox Mission ➔ July 4, 1945 – MacArthur proclaimed that Led by Osmeña and Roxas; Philippines had been liberated from the Main task is to secure an independence Japanese; law for the Philippines from the US ➔ August 6, 1945 – bombing of Hiroshima Congress ➔ August 9, 1945 – bombing of Nagasaki ➔ Hare-Hawes Cutting Act At the end of a twelve-year Commonwealth period, independence would be granted to the Philippines but reserving military and naval bases for the US Part 5: The Republican Years IV. The 1987 Constitution ➔ March 25, 1986 – Corazon Aquino proclaimed I. The Third Republic a provisional constitution called the “Freedom ➔ October 1945 – American Congress passed Constitution;” the Bell Trade Act; Required to create a Constitutional Granted parity rights to Americans; Commission (ConCom) Americans would be given the right to ➔ To further institute system of check and balance use and exploit the natural resources of in the government, the present charter contains the Philippines on equal footing with the following provisions: Filipinos A single fixed term of six years for the ➔ April 23, 1946 – Manuel A. Roxas was elected President; as President Approval of Congress when the ➔ July 4, 1946 – Philippine Independence was President declares Martial Law; proclaimed Removal from office by impeachment II. The 1971 Constitutional Convention, Declaration and conviction of the President, Vice of Martial Law, and the 1973 Constitution President, members of Supreme Court, ➔ June 1971 – Constitutional Convention started and members of the Constitutional framing a new constitution; Commissions ➔ September 21, 1972 – President Ferdinand E. Marcos Sr. issued Proclamation No. 1081, declaring Martial Law ➔ Marcos orchestrated the adoption of the 1973 Constitution which changed the system of government to a modified parliamentary system; He exercised both executive and legislative powers and introduced amendments to the 1973 Constitution ➔ January 17, 1981 – Marcos lifted Martial Law III. The 1986 Snap Election and the People Power or the EDSA Revolution ➔ August 21, 1983 – assassination of Senator Benigno Aquino; Intensified the clamor of the people for restoration for democracy; Rallies and mass actions challenging Marcos to step down were held by the people across socioeconomic classes ➔ February 7, 1986 – Marcos announced a “snap” presidential election; ➔ February 20, 1986 – Marcos was declared the President-elect; However, Corazon Aquino claimed victory and accused Marcos of massive electoral fraud; ➔ February 25, 1986 – EDSA People Power Revolution