PSY101 Fall 2018 Final Review PDF

Final Review Human Development *Terms* - Developmental psychology - Continuous development - Discontinuous development - Longitudinal Study - Cross sectional study - Chronological age - Normative/Developmental age *Stages of physical development* - Prenatal, infancy, early...

Final Review Human Development *Terms* - Developmental psychology - Continuous development - Discontinuous development - Longitudinal Study - Cross sectional study - Chronological age - Normative/Developmental age *Stages of physical development* - Prenatal, infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood - Know key features of these stages (e.g. when is their rapid growth, what reflexes do babies display immediately after birth) - What are tetragons - Perceptual abilities -- how far can a baby see at birth, what does the visual cliff show. - Speech perception -- phoneme recognition at birth and why is it so *Cognitive Development* - Piaget - Schema, assimilation, accommodation - Stage Theory -- sensory-motor, pre-operational, concrete operations, formal operations - Know key aspects of each stage (e.g. object permanence, centration, egocentrism) - Theory of Mind -- How is it related to egocentrism and how is it different - Social cognition -- Lev Vygotsky -- Zone of proximal development *Social Development* - Erik Erikson -- Eight stage model (e.g. Trust vs. Mistrust) - Temperament -- easy, difficult, and slow to warm up child - Love and deprivation -- Harlow Study - Attachment and Attachment Theory - Attachment Theory -- John Bowlby/Mary Ainsworth - Securely attached, insecurely attached, strange situation - Parenting styles -- Authoritative, Authoritarian, Indulgent, Neglecting - Which is preferred and why, how does culture play a part - Identity development - Marcia's 4 stages *Moral Development* - Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning - Six stages - Use of *dilemmas* - Gilligan's response to Kohlberg -- why women are as moral as men **[Personality]** Personality -- The psychological qualities of an individual that influence a variety of characteristic behavior patterns across different situations and over time (is relatively stable) Trait Theory Trait -- Enduring personal quality or attribute that influences behavior across situations. Allport's Trait Approach - Cardinal trait -- traits around which a person centers his or hers whole life. (Dr. King = Self Sacrifice) - Central trait -- major characteristic of a person (honesty or optimism) - Secondary trait -- specific personal feature that helps predict an individual's behavior but less helpful for understanding personality (food or dress preference) Raymond Catell -- Used 16 factors or traits to describe personality Hans Eysenck -- Three broad dimensions of personality - Extraversion - Neuroticism - Psychoticism Five Factor Model (BIG five) -- comprehensive descriptive personality system that maps out the relationships among common traits and theoretical concepts (OCEAN) - Openness - Conscientiousness - Extroversion - Agreeableness - Neuroticism Traits and genetics -- genetic bases for personality Psychodynamic Theory -- theory of personality that shares the assumption that personality is shaped by and behavior is motivated by inner forces (drives) Sigmund Freud -- Father of Psychodynamic theory Libido -- psychic energy that drives individuals towards sensual pleasure of all types, especially sexual ones. Fixation -- state in which person remains attached to objects or activities more appropriate for an earlier stage of psychosexual development Freud's psychosexual stage development - Oral -- ages 0-1, focus is on mouth, major task is weaning off the bottle/breast, fixation is smoking, overeating, etc. - Anal -- ages 2-3, focus on anus, toilet training, fixation is orderliness, obstinacy - Phallic -- ages 4-5, genitals, Oedipus/Electra complex, fixation is vanity, recklessness - Latency -- 6-12, quiet stage, development of defense mechanisms - Genital -- 13-18, mature sexual intimacy Unconscious -- domain of psyche that stores repressed urges and primitive impulses Freud's structures of personality - Id -- storehouse of fundamental drives. Works on the pleasure principle - Ego -- reality based aspect of self. Works on the reality principle - Superego -- Individual's morality. Works on the secondary principle. Ego defense mechanisms -- mental strategies used by ego to defend itself against conflicts - Repression, rationalization, denial Other psychodynamic theorists Carl Jung - Collective unconscious and personality archetypes Alfred Adler - Feelings of inferiority Karen Horney - Women's perspective and "womb envy" **[Psychological Disorder]** Deciding what's abnormal: - Emotional Distress or disability -- does it causes personal distress - Maladaptiveness -- does it hinder or interfere with attaining goals - Unpredictability -- behaves erratic - Unconventional or statistical rarity -- condition rare among population - Observer discomfort -- behavior makes others uncomfortable or feel threatened - Irrationality -- acts and /or talks irrationally or incomprehensibly to others - Violation of moral and ideal standards of society -- behavior goes against social norms - Faulty *Labeling someone as abnormal is difficult because of objectivity -- Need a set standard for diagnosis* Classifying Psychological disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) - Classification manual used in the United States - Uses a categorical system Causes of psychopathology depends on theoretical approach - Biological, psychological, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, sociocultural - Medical model - Sociocultural model - Diathesis-Stress model Anxiety Disorders -- Mental disorders marked by psychological arousal, feelings of tension, and intense apprehension without apparent reason. - Generalized Anxiety Disorder - Panic Disorder - Phobias -- Social phobia, specific phobias, agoraphobia - Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) - Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Mood Disorders -- A mood disturbance such as severe depression or depression alternating with mania - Characteristics include: Dysphoric mood, anhedonia, appetite change, sleep change, motor activity difficulty, feelings of guilt, trouble concentrating, thoughts of suicide or death - Major Depressive Disorder - Bipolar Disorder (I and II) - Manic episode - Aaron Beck Cognitive Triad of Depression -- Negative feelings of view of self, the future, and the world - Gender differences -Females more likely to suffer from depression Somatoform Disorders -- physical illness or complaints that cannot be fully explained by actual medical conditions. - Hypochondriasis - Dissociative disorder - dissociative identity disorder, dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue Schizophrenic Disorders -- Severe form of psychopathology characterized by the breakdown of integrated personality functioning, withdrawal from reality, emotional distortions, and disturbed thought processes. - Disorganized - Catatonic - Paranoid - Undifferentiated - Residual - Delusions -- false or irrational beliefs maintained despite clear evidence to the contrary Personality Disorders -- A chronic, inflexible, maladaptive pattern of perceiving, thinking, and behaving that seriously impairs an individual's ability to function in social or other settings. - Three Clusters --(A) behavior odd or eccentric (B) behavior dramatic or erratic (C) behavior anxious or fearful - Borderline - Anti-social Childhood disorders -- disorders that first appear in early childhood - Can and often do continue to affect the individual throughout life - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) - Autism Spectrum disorder - Down Syndrome Stigma of Mental Illness - Mental illness is often look at as rare and abnormal, something deviant or bad - 46.4 percent of adults in the US will experience some psychiatric disorder in their lifetime, making the prevalence of psychopathology fairly normal. **[Therapies for Psychological Disorders]** Biomedical Therapy -- Treatment that alters brain functioning with chemical or physical interventions such as drug therapy, surgery, or electroconvulsive therapy. Psychotherapy -- group of therapies that focus on changing faulty behaviors, thoughts, perceptions, and emotions that may be associated with specific disorders. Therapists and settings - Clinical social worker - Clinical psychologist (PhD) - Counseling psychologist - Psychiatrist (MD) - Patient -- term typically used for those being treated by a biomedical approach or those individuals being seen in a hospital or institutional setting. - Client -- term typically used by clinicians in private practice who view psychological disorders as problems in living rather than a mental illness. Psychodynamic therapies - Psychoanalysis -- form of psychodynamic therapy developed by Freud, an intensive prolonged technique for exploring unconscious motivations and conflicts in neurotic, anxiety-ridden individuals. Behavioral Therapy - Behavior modification -- systematic use of principles of learning to increase the frequency of desired behaviors and decrease the frequency of problem behaviors - Counterconditioning -- substituting a new response for a maladaptive one - Exposure therapy -- technique that systematically expose clients to situations that cause anxiety; *systematic desensitization*. Cognitive Therapy -- treatment that attempts to change feelings and behaviors by changing the way a client thinks about or perceives significant life experiences. Aaron Beck - Challenge basic assumptions - Evaluate evidence - Reattribute blame - Discuss alternatives Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET) - Albert Ellis - Comprehensive system of personality change based on changing irrational beliefs that cause undesirable, highly charged emotional reactions such as severe anxiety - Explore the "should, oughts, and musts" Cognitive -- Behavioral Therapies -- combine facets of both behavioral and cognitive therapies Humanistic therapies - Client-centered therapy -- emphasizes the healthy psychological growth of the individual based on the assumption that all people share the basic tendency of human nature towards self-actualization. - Couple and family therapy - Community support groups and 12 step programs (Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), Overeaters Anonymous (OA)). Biomedical therapies - Antipsychotics -- works on dopamine - Antidepressants -- works on norepinephrine and serotonin - Antianxiety -- works on GABA and serotonin - Psychosurgery - Electroconvulsive therapy