Human Development Terms and Stages
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of behavior modification in therapy?

  • To alter cognitive perceptions of reality
  • To promote self-actualization through personal exploration
  • To systematically increase desired behaviors and decrease problematic ones (correct)
  • To reduce anxiety through medication

    • Which technique involves gradually exposing clients to anxiety-inducing situations?

  • Cognitive restructuring
  • Counterconditioning
  • Exposure therapy (correct)
  • Rational-Emotive Therapy

    • What is the primary goal of Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET)?

  • To encourage self-exploration and personal growth
  • To change irrational beliefs that lead to emotional distress (correct)
  • To promote behavioral change through reinforcement
  • To facilitate interpersonal communication skills

    • In cognitive behavioral therapies, what is the main strategy used to change a client's feelings and behaviors?

    <p>Altering the perception of life experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes client-centered therapy?

    <p>A therapy model promoting self-actualization and psychological growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders is classified under Dissociative disorders?

    <p>Dissociative amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is NOT associated with Schizophrenic disorders?

    <p>Excessive social interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality disorder falls under Cluster B of the three clusters?

    <p>Antisocial personality disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is typically diagnosed in early childhood and may affect individuals throughout their life?

    <p>Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is commonly used for individuals receiving treatment in a hospital or institutional setting?

    <p>Patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes biomedical therapy?

    <p>It alters brain functioning through chemical or physical interventions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary misconception about mental illness as suggested in the content?

    <p>It is a rare condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapeutic approach is characterized by exploring unconscious motivations and conflicts?

    <p>Psychoanalysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a criterion for deciding what is considered abnormal?

    <p>Superficial conformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defense mechanism involves justifying behaviors or feelings with rational explanations?

    <p>Rationalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theorist is known for the concept of men experiencing 'womb envy'?

    <p>Karen Horney</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What model emphasizes the role of genetic predisposition and environmental stressors in developing psychological disorders?

    <p>Diathesis-Stress model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks?

    <p>Panic Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of Mood Disorders?

    <p>Dysphoric mood and anhedonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an anxiety disorder?

    <p>Obsessive Compulsive Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic indicates that a behavior may be seen as abnormal due to observer discomfort?

    <p>Causing others to feel threatened</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes continuous development?

    <p>A gradual change that happens over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget's theory?

    <p>Understanding of object permanence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parenting style is characterized by high responsiveness and high demands?

    <p>Authoritative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to substances that can cause birth defects?

    <p>Tetragons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage does a child typically exhibit egocentrism, according to Piaget?

    <p>Pre-operational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Lev Vygotsky's concept of the Zone of Proximal Development emphasize?

    <p>Learning guided by more knowledgeable others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which attachment style is characterized by high levels of anxiety and avoidance?

    <p>Insecure ambivalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key focus of Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning?

    <p>The resolution of moral dilemmas.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a central trait in personality?

    <p>Honesty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is NOT one of the dimensions in Hans Eysenck's model?

    <p>Agreeableness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus during Freud's oral stage of psychosexual development?

    <p>Weaning off the bottle/breast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the state where an individual is stuck in an earlier stage of psychosexual development?

    <p>Fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Freud's structural model of personality, which component operates on the pleasure principle?

    <p>Id</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is included in the Five Factor Model (OCEAN) of personality?

    <p>Openness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the domain of psyche that stores repressed urges and primitive impulses called?

    <p>Unconscious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a secondary trait?

    <p>Dress preference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Human Development Terms

    • Developmental psychology: The study of psychological development throughout the lifespan.
    • Continuous development: Development that occurs gradually and smoothly.
    • Discontinuous development: Development that occurs in distinct stages.
    • Longitudinal study: A research method that tracks the same individuals over a long period.
    • Cross-sectional study: A research method that compares different age groups at the same time.
    • Chronological age: Age measured in years from birth.
    • Normative/Developmental age: A measure of development based on typical age-related milestones.

    Stages of Physical Development

    • Prenatal, infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, late adulthood.
    • Key features of each stage, e.g., rapid growth spurts, reflexes at birth.
    • Examples of key milestones: tetragons, perceptual abilities (visual cliff, birth vision), speech perception.

    Cognitive Development

    • Piaget's theory: Stages of cognitive development (sensory-motor, pre-operational, concrete operations, formal operations).
    • Key concepts within each stage: Schema, assimilation, accommodation, object permanence, egocentrism, conservation.
    • Theory of Mind: Understanding that others have different perspectives. Relationship to egocentrism.
    • Social cognition: Lev Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development.

    Social Development

    • Erik Erikson's eight-stage model: Trust vs. Mistrust, and other stages.

    Temperament

    • Individual differences in behavioral styles, e.g., easy, difficult, slow to warm up.
    • Attachment, Love and Deprivation: Harlow study. John Bowlby/Mary Ainsworth's attachment theory. Parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, neglecting) and their correlation with attachment.

    Moral Development

    • Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning.
    • Six stages.
    • Use of dilemmas.
    • Gilligan's critique of Kohlberg's theory.

    Personality

    • Definition: Psychological qualities affecting behavior across situations.
    • Trait Theory: Allport's trait approach (cardinal, central, and secondary traits). Stable qualities that affect behavior.
    • Hans Eysenck's three dimensions of personality (extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism).
    • Five-Factor Model (Big Five): Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

    Psychodynamic Theory

    • Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory.
    • Libido, psychic energy and sexual urges.
    • Psychosexual developmental stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital).
    • Fixation and associated behaviors.
    • Defense mechanisms (repression, denial, rationalization).
    • Other psychodynamic theorists: Jung (collective unconscious) and Adler (inferiority complex), Horney (female perspectives).

    Psychological Disorders

    • Defining abnormality (emotional distress, maladaptiveness, unpredictability, statistical rarity, observer discomfort, violation of social norms).
    • DSM classification.
    • Anxiety disorders (GAD, panic disorder, phobias, OCD, PTSD).
    • Mood disorders (depression, bipolar disorder).
    • Somatoform disorders (physical symptoms without a physical cause).
    • Dissociative disorders (dissociative identity disorder, dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue).
    • Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
    • Personality disorders (clusters A, B, and C).
    • Childhood disorders (ADHD, autism spectrum disorder, down syndrome).

    Therapies

    • Biomedical therapies (drug therapy, surgery, electroconvulsive therapy).
    • Psychotherapy (e.g., psychoanalytic, humanistic, behavioral, cognitive).
    • Clinical social workers, psychologists, psychiatrists.

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    PSY101 Fall 2018 Final Review PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on key terms and stages in human development. This quiz covers topics from developmental psychology, including both physical and cognitive development milestones across various life stages. Understand the differences between continuous and discontinuous development and the research methods used in the field.

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