Fil Exam 2 PDF

Talasalitaan Salita (Words) Kahulugan (Meaning) Halimbawa (Example) Pagal na pagal Severe fatigue We are very tired from working (Very tired) on the ICT website. (Pagal na...

Talasalitaan Salita (Words) Kahulugan (Meaning) Halimbawa (Example) Pagal na pagal Severe fatigue We are very tired from working (Very tired) on the ICT website. (Pagal na pagal kami dahil sa paggawa ng ICT website. Haha.) Baluti Usually refers to body Mark's armor is ugly; why is it protection, often made of that color? (Ang pangit naman metal yung baluti ni Mark, bat ganyan ang kulay..?) Yabag Sounds caused by My footsteps were loud at night walking/stepping while getting food. (Ang lakas ng aking yabag sa gabi habang kumukuha ng pagkain.) Duda Hesitation/Doubt I doubted my answers in the exam. (Nag-duda ako sa aking mga sagot sa exam.) Tinipon Collected I saved my money for the new iPhone. (Tinipon ko ang aking pera para sa bagong iPhone 16.) Sumalangsang Disobey/Break rules Big brother disobeyed Mama's order because he didn't wash the dishes. (Sumalangsang si kuya sa utos ni Mama.) Walang taros No thought/consideration in His behavior is bad because he actions is inconsiderate. (Ang sama ng kanyang ugali kasi wala siyang taros.) KOHESYONG GRAMATIKAL (Grammatical Cohesion) 1. Definition (Kahulugan): ○ Paggamit ng mga pananda (Markers) upang maiwasan ang pag-uulit ng mga salita sa pahayag. (Use of markers to avoid repeating words in a statement.)  ○ Pamamaraan upang matiyak ang pagkakaugnay-ugnay ng mga pangungusap at ideya sa isang pahayag o talata. (Methods to ensure coherence in sentences and ideas in a statement or paragraph.) 4 KLASE NG KOHESYONG GRAMATIKAL (4 Types of Grammatical Cohesion) 1. Pagpapatungkol (Attribution): ○ Anapora (Anaphora): Using a pronoun to replace the noun at the beginning of a statement. Halimbawa (Example): Katheryn is a talented artist. Therefore, she is famous. (Si Katheryn ay talentadong artista. Kaya naman siya ay sikat.) ○ Katapora (Cataphora): Using a pronoun to replace the noun at the end of a statement. Halimbawa (Example): He has many talents. He is also good at drawing and writing. That's Adie. (Siya ay maraming talento. Siya ay magaling ding gumuhit at magsulat. Iyan si Adie.) 2. Elipsis (Ellipsis): ○ Cutting or removing words to shorten the statement. Halimbawa (Example): Sav bought 2 buldak, and Karine bought 3. (Bumili si Sav ng 2 buldak at 3 naman kay Karine.) 3. Pagpapalit (Replacement): ○ Using a different word as a substitute for a previously used word in the statement. Halimbawa (Example): My mother is loving. She is the light of our home. (Ang aking ina ay mapagmahal. Siya ang ilaw ng aming tahanan.) 4. Pag-uugnay (Connection): ○ Using conjunctions to connect two statements or ideas. Halimbawa (Example): Many were affected by the typhoon Nika; however, it was not felt in Manila. (Marami na naman ang nasalanta ng bagyong Nika, gayumpaman hindi ito ramdam sa Kamaynilaan.) ANG HATOL NG KUNEHO (The Judgment of the Rabbit) MAHALAGANG PANGYAYARI (Important Events) 1. Nahulog ang tigre sa hukay, at hindi na siya makalabas. (The tiger fell into a pit and could not get out.) 2. Pagkatapos ng isang araw may dumaan na lalaki na nakita ang tigre, at nagpasya siyang tulungan ang tigre, dahil nangako niya na hindi niya kakainin ang lalaki. (After a day, a man passed by and saw the tiger. He decided to help the tiger because it promised not to eat him.) 3. Kahit nangako man ang tigre, gusto niyang kainin ang lalaki, kaya humingi ng awa ang lalaki dahil tinulungan niya ito lumabas sa hukay. (Even though the tiger made a promise, it wanted to eat the man. The man begged for mercy because he helped the tiger out of the pit.) 4. Tinanong nila ang baka, ang puno, at ang kuneho kung dapat kainin ng tigre ang lalaki. Sumang-ayon ang baka at puno na dapat niyang kainin siya dahil masama ang pakikitungo ng mga tao sa kanila. (They asked the cow, the tree, and the rabbit whether the tiger should eat the man. The cow and tree agreed because humans treated them poorly.) 5. Sinabihan sila ng kuneho na bumalik sa hukay, at sa halip ay niloloko ang tigre na bumalik sa loob nito. Dahil sinabi ng kuneho na nagsimula ang problema ng tumulong ng lalaki ang tigre. (The rabbit suggested they return to the pit and tricked the tiger into going back inside. The rabbit said the problem started when the man helped the tiger.) MGA PAGPAPAHALAGANG POVEDAN (Povedan Values) Commitment (Commitment is shown in how both the tiger and the man were determined to find out who was right or wrong in this situation.) 🗿 HASHNU, ANG MANLILILOK NG BATO (Hashnu, the Stonecutter) MAHALAGANG PANGYAYARI (Important Events) 1. Si Hashnu, isang manglililok ng bato ay sawa na sa kanyang trabaho. Nakikita niya ang isang hari at nagnanais na maging isa. (Hashnu, a stonecutter, grew tired of his job. He saw a king and wished to become one.) 2. Siya ay naging isang hari ngunit napagtanto niya kahit na sa kapangyarihan nito ay sobrang init, hindi na siya magalaw ng maayos (kasi sa mabibigat na sandata). Nais na niyang maging araw. (He became a king but realized that even with power, he felt the heat and was uncomfortable because of the heavy armor. He then wished to become the sun.)  3. Siya ay naging araw ngunit pagkatapos siya ay naging dahilan ng mga problema (pag tuyo ng mga halaman..), nais niyang maging ulap. (He became the sun but caused problems like drying up crops, so he wished to become a cloud.) 4. Siya ay naging ulap, ngunit sabi niya “ayoko na maging ulap” gusto kong maging bundok/bato (dahil hindi sila nabobother sa hangin). Naging bato siya. (He became a cloud but said, “I don’t want to be a cloud anymore.” He wished to be a mountain/rock because they were unaffected by the wind. He became a rock.) 5. Naging bato siya, naging masaya hanggang sa nakakita siya ng mang-uukit/manlililok ng bato, inukit siya ng inukit. Siya ay nagnanais na maging ang kanyang lumang sarili pagkatapos ay nagpapasalamat para sa kanyang simpleng buhay. (As a rock, he was happy until a stonecutter came and chiseled him. He then wished to return to his old self and appreciated his simple life.) 📑 TANKA AT HAIKU (Tanka and Haiku) Elemento ng Tula Haiku Tanka Sukat o pantig sa bawat taludtod 5, 7, 5 5, 7, 5, 7, 7 (Number of syllables per line) Kabuuang bilang ng pantig (Total 17 31 number of syllables) Tugmaan (Rhyme) Wala (None) Wala (None) Uri ng Paksain (Type of Subject) Pagmamahal sa Pagmamahal sa tao kalikasan (Love for nature) (Love for others) 📖 ELEMENTO NG MAIKLING KWENTO/PABULA (Elements of a Short Story/Fable) ELEMENTO NG MAIKLING KWENTO/PABULA 1. Tauhan Filipino: Mahalagang maipakilala ang mga pangunahing tauhan sa simula pa lang ng kuwento. (It is important to introduce the main characters at the beginning of the story.) 2. Tagpuan Filipino: Tumutukoy sa panahon at lugar na pangyayarihan ng kuwento. Mahalagang malikhain ang paglalarawan nito upang mapagana ang imahinasyon ng mambabasa. (Refers to the time and place where the events of the story occur. It is important that its description is creative to engage the reader's imagination.) 3. Paksang-diwa Filipino: Ito ang pangunahing kaisipan ng kuwento. Ito ay ang pangkalahatang karanasang nais ibahagi ng manunulat sa kaniyang mambabasa. (This is the main idea or theme of the story. It represents the general experience the writer wishes to share with the reader.) 4. Suliranin Filipino: Ito ay ang problemang kakaharapin at lulutasin ng pangunahing tauhan ng kuwento. (This is the problem the main character will face and resolve in the story) 5. Tunggalian Filipino: ○ Tao laban sa tao ○ Tao laban sa kalikasan ○ Tao laban sa lipunan ○ Tao laban sa kaniyang sarili ○ English: ○ Man vs. Man ○ Man vs. Nature ○ Man vs. Society ○ Man vs. Himself 6. Kasukdulan Filipino: Pangyayaring kapana-panabik o kaabang-abang sa kuwento. Sa bahaging ito, haharapin ng tauhan ang suliranin. (A thrilling or suspenseful event in the story. In this part, the character faces the problem.) 7. Kakalasan Filipino: Bahagi ng kuwento kung saan malulutas ng tauhan ang suliranin. (The part of the story where the character resolves the problem.) 8. Wakas Filipino: Matutuklasan kung nagtagumpay o nabigo ang tauhan sa kuwento. (The conclusion, where it is revealed whether the character succeeded or failed in the story.) Alibughang Anak 1. Hiningi ng bunsong anak ang kanyang bahagi ng mana mula sa kanyang ama. Matapos ibigay ito, agad niyang inubos ang pera sa isang araw at umalis ng kanilang bahay. (The youngest son asked his father for his share of the inheritance. After receiving it, he quickly spent all the money in one day and left their home.) 2. Lumayo ang bunsong anak at magarbo niyang ginastos ang kanyang yaman sa walang kabuluhang bagay. (The youngest son went far away and lavishly spent his wealth on meaningless things.) 3. Naubos ang kanyang salapi, at siya’y naging isang pulubi nang dumating ang taggutom sa lugar na iyon. Sa sobrang gutom, napilitan siyang kainin ang pagkaing para sa mga baboy. Dahil dito, naisip niya ang kanyang ama at nagpasya siyang bumalik sa kanilang tahanan. (He ran out of money and became a beggar when a famine struck the land. Out of extreme hunger, he was forced to eat the food meant for pigs. Because of this, he thought of his father and decided to return home.) 4. Pagbalik niya sa kanilang bahay, masayang sinalubong siya ng kanyang ama. Nagdaos ng isang engrandeng salu-salo para sa kanyang pagbabalik at binihisan siya ng magagara at bagong damit. (When he returned home, his father welcomed him joyfully. A grand feast was held for his homecoming, and he was dressed in fine, new clothes.) 5. Nagdamdam ang nakatatandang anak dahil siya’y palaging masunurin at nananatili sa piling ng ama, ngunit kailanma’y hindi siya pinasalamatan o nagkaroon ng pagdiriwang para sa kanya. (The eldest son felt upset because he had always been obedient and stayed with his father, yet he was never thanked or celebrated even once.)  MGA PAGPAPAHALAGANG POVEDAN (Povedan Values) Pagmamahal/Love Nakikita ito sa reaksyon ng ama nung bumalik ang kanyang bunsong anak, kahit inubos niya ang kanyang pera. Pinagdiriwang niya ang kanyang pagbalik sa pamamagitan ng; pagpatay ng baka, pagbibigay ng damit, etc. (This is seen in the father's reaction when his youngest child returned, even though he spent all his money. He celebrated his return by killing a calf, giving clothes, etc.) Commitment Makikita ito sa katapatan ng panganay na anak sa ama. Dahil siya ay masunurin. (This is seen in the loyalty of the eldest child to the father because he is obedient.) Responsableng Kalayaan Itinuturo sa atin ng kwentong ito ang halaga ng responsableng kalayaan dahil ipinapakita nito ang mga epekto ng hindi mo iniisip ang iyong kinabukasan. (This story teaches us the value of responsible freedom because it shows the consequences of not thinking about your future.) MAHALAGANG PANGYAYARI (Important Events) 1. Pagiging Sibilisado ni Enkidu Namuhay si Enkidu sa kagubatan kasama ang mga hayop hanggang siya’y natukso ng isang pari ng templo, si Shamhat. Naging tao siya sa kanyang mga kilos at damdamin, at nalaman ang mapang-abusong pamamahala ni Gilgamesh. (Enkidu's Civilization) Enkidu lived in the forest with animals until he was seduced by Shamhat, a temple priestess. He became human in his actions and emotions, and learned about the abusive rule of Gilgamesh. 2. Pagkakaibigan sa Gitna ng Labanan Hinarap ni Enkidu si Gilgamesh upang pigilan ang kanyang pang-aabuso. Naglaban sila nang matindi, ngunit nagtapos ito sa pagkakaroon ng respeto sa isa’t isa, at naging matalik silang magkaibigan. (Friendship Amidst Battle) Enkidu confronted Gilgamesh to stop his abuse. They fought fiercely, but it ended in mutual respect, and they became close friends. 3. Paglalakbay sa Kagubatan ng Cedar Nagpasya sina Gilgamesh at Enkidu na pumunta sa Kagubatan ng Cedar upang patayin si Humbaba, ang halimaw na tagapagbantay ng kagubatan. Sa kabila ng mga babala, nagtagumpay sila, ngunit labis itong ikinagalit ng mga diyos. (Journey to the Cedar Forest) Gilgamesh and Enkidu decided to journey to the Cedar Forest to kill Humbaba, the forest guardian. Despite warnings, they succeeded, but it greatly angered the gods. 4. Ang Toro ng Langit Tinangka ni Ishtar, ang diyosa ng pag-ibig, na akitin si Gilgamesh, ngunit siya’y tinanggihan. Sa galit, ipinadala ni Ishtar ang Toro ng Langit upang sirain ang Uruk. Muling nagtagumpay sina Gilgamesh at Enkidu na talunin ang toro, ngunit mas lalo nitong pinaigting ang galit ng mga diyos. (The Bull of Heaven) Ishtar, the goddess of love, tried to seduce Gilgamesh, but he rejected her. In anger, Ishtar sent the Bull of Heaven to destroy Uruk. Gilgamesh and Enkidu defeated the bull, but this only intensified the gods' anger. 5. Kamatayan ni Enkidu Bilang parusa sa kanilang ginawa, hinatulan ng mga diyos si Enkidu na mamatay. Ang kanyang kamatayan ay labis na ikinalungkot ni Gilgamesh, na nagdulot ng takot sa kanyang sariling pagkamatay. (The Death of Enkidu) As punishment for their actions, the gods sentenced Enkidu to death. His death deeply saddened Gilgamesh and made him fear his own mortality. 6. Paghahanap ng Walang Hanggang Buhay Upang makatakas sa kamatayan, hinanap ni Gilgamesh si Utnapishtim, ang nag-iisang tao na binigyan ng mga diyos ng imortalidad matapos ang isang malaking baha. Ibinahagi ni Utnapishtim ang kuwento ng baha at ipinaliwanag na ang imortalidad ay hindi para sa mga tao. (Quest for Immortality) To escape death, Gilgamesh sought Utnapishtim, the only man the gods granted immortality after a great flood. Utnapishtim shared the story of the flood and explained that immortality was not meant for humans. 7. Ang Halaman ng Kabataan Sinabi ni Utnapishtim ang tungkol sa isang halaman na maaaring magpabalik ng kabataan. Nakuha ito ni Gilgamesh, ngunit ninakaw ng isang ahas habang siya’y naliligo, nawala ang kanyang pagkakataon sa walang hanggang buhay. (The Plant of Youth) Utnapishtim spoke of a plant that could restore youth. Gilgamesh obtained it, but it was stolen by a serpent while he was bathing, causing him to lose his chance at immortality. 8. Pagbabalik sa Uruk Sa wakas, natanggap ni Gilgamesh na hindi siya makakaiwas sa kamatayan. Bumalik siya sa Uruk at napagtanto na ang kanyang tunay na pamana ay ang kanyang naiwang kaharian at ang kanyang kuwento. (Return to Uruk) Finally, Gilgamesh accepted that he could not escape death. He returned to Uruk and realized that his true legacy was his kingdom and his story. 9. Kamatayan at Alaala Nagtapos ang epiko sa pagkamatay ni Gilgamesh. Ipinahayag ng mga diyos na ang kanyang alaala ay mananatili sa isipan ng mga tao, sumasalamin sa hangaring makamit ang kabuluhan ng buhay.  (Death and Legacy) The epic ends with the death of Gilgamesh. The gods declared that his memory would live on in the minds of people, reflecting his quest for meaning in life. MGA TAUHAN (Characters) Enkidu Shamhat (temple priestess) Humbaba (giant guardian of the forest) Ishtar (goddess of love) Shamash (god of the sun and human law) Aruru (creator of Enkidu) Utnapishtim (on an island, granted immortality by the gods) Ninsun (mother of Gilgamesh) Anu (father of Gilgamesh) Urshanabi (brings Gilgamesh to meet Utnapishtim) Toro ng Langit (Gugalanna) Enlil (father of Ishtar, god of wind) TAGPUAN (Settings) Uruk (ancient civilization ruled by Gilgamesh) Kagubatan ng Cedar (the setting of Gilgamesh and Enkidu's battle) Hardin ng mga Diyos (where Gilgamesh met Siduri during his journey) Isla ng Utnapishtim (where Gilgamesh learned he cannot live forever) GABAY TANONG (Guide Questions) Pagluluksa ni Gilgamesh sa Kamay ni Enkidu Nagluksa siya sa kamatayan ng kanyang kaibigan sa loob ng pitong araw at gabi. Sa huli, ipinagpagpag niya ito ng estatwa sa tulong ng kanyang mga tao bilang alaala. Pinunit niya ang kanyang damit at pinutol ang kanyang buhok. Inikot niya ang katawan ni Enkidu na parang agila. Hindi siya mapakali, parang leon na pinatay ang mga anak. (Gilgamesh's Grief for Enkidu's Death) He mourned the death of his friend for seven days and nights. In the end, he had a statue made with the help of his people as a memorial. He tore his clothes and cut his hair. He walked around Enkidu's body like an eagle. He was restless, like a lion that lost its cubs. Pagkakaibigan ni Gilgamesh at Enkidu Sa kabila ng kanilang unang laban, naging matalik na magkaibigan sina Gilgamesh at Enkidu, na nagbigay sa bawat isa ng lakas upang harapin ang mga hamon ng buhay. (The Friendship of Gilgamesh and Enkidu) Despite their initial fight, Gilgamesh and Enkidu became close friends, giving each other strength to face the challenges of life. MGA PAGPAPAHALAGAHANG POVEDAN DITO (Values Reflected Here) 1. Commitment Nakikita ang commitment ni Gilgamesh sa kanyang paglalakbay upang kunin ang halaman ng kabataan na nasa pusod ng dagat. (Commitment) Gilgamesh's commitment is seen in his journey to obtain the plant of youth at the bottom of the sea. 2. Pagmamahal (Love) Nakikita ito sa bahagi kung saan nagluksa si Gilgamesh sa pagkamatay ng kanyang kaibigan, sa loob ng pitong araw at gabi, at sa huli ay pinagpaalam siya sa pamamagitan ng isang estatwa na ginawa ng kanyang mga tao bilang alaala. (Love) This is seen in the part where Gilgamesh mourned the death of his friend for seven days and nights, and in the end, honored him with a statue made by his people as a memorial. 3. Balanse at Harmony (Balance and Harmony) Nakikita ito sa paggawa ng mga diyos kay Enkidu upang ibalansiya ang kasama ni Gilgamesh sa mundo, na nagpapakita ng pangangailangan ng bawat isa sa ating buhay para sa kaayusan. (Balance and Harmony) This is seen in the creation of Enkidu by the gods to balance Gilgamesh's presence in the world, showing the need for harmony in life.