Field Methods - BPSY 75 PDF

FIELD METHODS- BPSY 75 FIELD METHOD | 1ST SEM | 2024-2025 LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO FIELD METHODS VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY IN PSYCHOLOGY Validity and reliability are two fundamental SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND PSYCHOLOGICAL...

FIELD METHODS- BPSY 75 FIELD METHOD | 1ST SEM | 2024-2025 LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO FIELD METHODS VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY IN PSYCHOLOGY Validity and reliability are two fundamental SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND PSYCHOLOGICAL concepts in psychology and research SCIENCE methodology, and they are crucial for Psychology is often defined as the science assessing the quality and trustworthiness of of human behavior research findings. Research psychologists use scientific TERM DEFINITION methods to understand and explain behavior, while practitioner psychologists, VALIDITY refers to the extent to which a such as clinical, counseling, and study accurately measures or industrial-organizational psychologists, assesses what it intends to use existing research to enhance everyday measure life. The scientific method is a systematic RELIABILITY refers to the consistency, approach used in psychology to investigate stability, and reproducibility of phenomena, acquire new knowledge, or measurement. correct previous knowledge Psychology as a science involves the use of scientific methods to create new knowledge VALIDITY about the causes of behavior. INTERNAL VALIDITY- cannot be explained psychologists use empirical methods to by other factors collect and interpret research data to better EXTERNAL VALIDITY- generalize the understand and solve some of society's findings of a study to other situation most challenging problems. TYPES OF VALIDITY 1. CONTENT VALIDITY- assesses whether a THE RESEARCH PROCESS measurement instrument adequately covers The scientific method involves a structured the full range of the construct it intends to process of formulating hypotheses, measure. designing experiments or research studies, 2. CRITERION VALIDITY- assesses how well a collecting and analyzing data, and drawing measurement instrument correlates with a conclusions based on the evidence gathered. "gold standard" criterion or an established 1. OBSERVATION- First step where researcher measure of the same construct. observe a phenomenon and identify an area 3. CONSTRUCT VALIDITY- evaluates whether of interest a measurement instrument accurately 2. IDENTIFYING RESEARCH GAPS- the role of measures an abstract or theoretical existing literature is pivotal in shaping the construct. research process and is often one of the 4. CONCURRENT VALIDITY- assesses the earliest steps taken by researchers. degree to which a measurement instrument 3. FORMULATE A HYPOTHESIS- make an yields similar results to an existing, educated guess about the relationship well-established measure when between two or more variables. administered simultaneously. 4. DESIGNING THE STUDY- test their RELIABILITY hypotheses. They plan how data will be TYPES OF RELIABILITY collected, what research methods and 1. TEST-RETEST- assesses the consistency of techniques will be used, and how variables scores over time. will be measured and controlled. 2. INTER- RATER- assesses the agreement 5. DATA COLLECTION- collect data through between different raters or observers when various means, such as experiments, using the same measurement instrument. surveys, observations, or interviews. 3. PARALLEL FORMS- also known as 6. ANALYSIS OF DATA- analyzed using alternate forms reliability, evaluates the statistical and analytical techniques. In consistency of scores when two equivalent psychology, this step involves crunching forms of a measurement instrument are numbers and examining patterns to administered to the same group of determine whether the results support or participants. refute the hypothesis. 4. INTERNAL CONSISTENCY- assesses the 7. DRAWING CONCLUSION-If the results extent to which items within measurement support the hypothesis, it suggests that the instrument are correlated with each other. proposed relationship between variables is GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF RESEARCH plausible. If not, it may lead to the DESIGN formulation of new hypotheses or revisions QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH- focuses on the of existing ones systematic collection and analysis of 8. REPORTING AND PEER REVIEW-where numerical data to examine patterns, other experts in the field assess the study's relationships, and cause-and-effect methodology, results, and conclusions for associations. validity and reliability. Peer review ensures QUALITATIVE RESEARCH- process of that research meets rigorous standards. naturalistic inquiry that seeks an in-depth 9. REPLICATION AND FURTHER RESEARCH- understanding of social phenomena within helps ensure the reliability and their natural setting. generalizability of findings. BSP 3-5 FIELD METHODS- BPSY 75 FIELD METHOD | 1ST SEM | 2024-2025 MIXED METHOD RESEARCH- involves the Respect for Autonomy: allowing them to collection and "mixing" or integration of make their own decisions regarding both quantitative and qualitative data in a participation. study. Individuals have the right to make their 3 BASIC DESIGN own decisions regarding participation, and Convergent (converges or merges researchers must honor these choices. quantitative and qualitative data) Beneficence and Non-Maleficence: Ethical Sequential research aims to maximize benefits and Transformative minimize harms Minimization of Harm: Requires LESSON 2- ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN researchers to minimize harm to PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH participants, including both physical and psychological harm. Researchers must take ETHICS steps to prevent harm and provide Ethical principles are the general judgments appropriate support if harm occurs. that serve as the basis for ethical standards Beneficence: Aims to maximize benefits or rules. (Di Mattia, 2008) and minimize harms. Researchers should Ethical principles are fundamental strive to contribute positively to knowledge guidelines that help determine what is right and society while minimizing any negative or wrong in different situations. They are consequences. general judgments that form the basis for Justice: This principle requires that the ethical standards or rules. benefits and burdens of research be They are more permanent, universal, and distributed fairly among all participants. unchanging compared to values, which can Equity and Fairness: Promotes fairness in be subjective and may change over time. participant selection, ensuring that While values can be subjective and may research does not discriminate based on change over time based on personal characteristics such as gender, race, experiences or societal shifts, ethical ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. Ethical principles tend to remain constant. principles often align with legal and Ethical principles and laws both guide regulatory requirements. Researchers who behavior, but they differ in several key adhere to ethical guidelines are more likely ways: to comply with relevant laws, reducing legal Source: Ethical principles are created by society, risks. while laws are created by the government. Integrity: Researchers should conduct their Purpose: The purpose of ethics is to guide people's research honestly, transparently, and behavior and help them decide what is right or responsibly, avoiding any form of deception wrong, while the purpose of the law is to maintain or misconduct. social order and peace in society, and to punish Data Integrity: Maintains the integrity of people who break the law. data collection and reporting. Researchers Scope: The scope of ethics is much wider than the are expected to accurately and honestly scope of law. Ethics are moral principles that report their findings, which helps build govern a person's or group's behavior and may vary trust in the research community. among individuals, cultures, and societies. Researchers who conduct ethically sound Enforcement: Laws are legally enforceable with studies are more likely to gain recognition penalties for violations, such as fines or and respect for their work. imprisonment. On the other hand, ethical Avoidance of Deception: Promotes honesty principles are not legally binding and there are no and transparency in research, minimizing legal penalties for violations. the need for misleading participants. Expression: Laws are expressed and published in Confidentiality: Researchers must ensure writing, while ethical principles are often abstract that individuals' personal information and and unwritten identities are not disclosed without their BULLETED LIST RESEARCH ETHICS Respect for Persons: This principle GUIDELINES IN CONDUCTING ETHICAL emphasizes the need for researchers to PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH BASED ON PAP’S treat all participants as autonomous AND APA’S ETHICS CODE individuals capable of making informed decisions about their participation in the The Psychological Association of the research. Philippines (PAP) has a Code of Ethics for Protection of Participants: Safeguards the Philippine Psychologists. The code was first rights, well-being, and dignity of research adopted in the 1980s for Clinical participants. Without ethical guidelines, Psychologists and has been revised over the researchers might exploit or harm years to be more inclusive and applicable to individuals for the sake of data collection, all psychologists (PAP). which is ethically unacceptable. The PAP Code of Ethics was influenced by Informed Consent: Participants must existing codes from other countries, but it provide voluntary, informed consent before has been contextualized to the realities and engaging in research. constraints within the professional environments that Philippine psychologists work in. The code of ethics for Philippine BSP 3-5 FIELD METHODS- BPSY 75 FIELD METHOD | 1ST SEM | 2024-2025 psychologists and psychometricians was J. Humane Care and Use of Animals in Research: revised in 2022 by the Psychological Animal research is only permissible when Association of the Philippines (PAP). necessary for scientific understanding, and The PAP Code of Ethics presents four ethical humane treatment must be ensured throughout. principles: respect for the dignity of persons and peoples, competent caring for the K. Care for the Environment: Researchers should well-being of persons and peoples, avoid methodologies that negatively impact the integrity, and professional and scientific environment. responsibilities to society. The PAP Code of Ethics also provides L. Reporting Research Results: Results must be general ethical standards and procedures reported clearly and accurately, especially for resolving ethical issues, maintaining concerning vulnerable groups, to prevent competence, respecting human relations, misinterpretation. protecting confidentiality, avoiding false or deceptive statements, teaching and M. Plagiarism: Researchers must not present supervising students, and conducting others' work as their own and should give proper research. credit for contributions. PAP Code of Ethics on Research (2022) N. Duplicate Publication of Data: Researchers X. RESEARCH should not publish previously published data as original, but can republish with proper acknowledgment. A. Rights and Dignity of Participants: Researchers must respect and protect the rights and dignity of O. Sharing Research Data for Verification: participants, ensuring their welfare and cultural Researchers must share data for verification with expectations are honored. appropriate agreements while ensuring B. Informed Consent to Research: Informed P. Reviewers: Those reviewing research consent is essential, requiring clear submissions must respect the confidentiality and communication about the research purpose, proprietary rights of the materials they evaluate, procedures, risks, and participants' rights, upholding ethical standards in the review process. including the right to withdraw. Q. Limitations of the Study: Researchers must acknowledge the limitations of their studies, C. Informed Consent for Recording Voices and including potential biases and the context of their Images: Consent must be obtained before findings, particularly when addressing social recording participants, except in specific cases like policies that may affect communities they do not naturalistic observations or when deception is belong to. involved and disclosed during debriefing. D. Research Participation of Clients, Students, and Ethical Considerations of Using Subordinates: Researchers must not coerce Artificial Intelligence (Al) in Research participation from clients or students and should Al is increasingly being used in research provide alternative activities if participation is a writing. Al writing tools use natural requirement. language processing (NLP) algorithms, machine learning, and large language E. Dispensing with Informed Consent for models (LLMs) to generate or improve Research: Informed consent may be waived under written text certain conditions, such as when research poses no These tools are trained to identify patterns risk or involves anonymous data collection. in vast amounts of data. They can be used for interactive learning and feedback, F. Offering Inducements for Research allowing researchers to write manuscripts Participation: Participants may be compensated free of common language and grammatical for their time, but researchers must avoid excessive mistakes. Al can also be used for conducting inducements that could pressure participation. similarity checks in a manuscript against a large body of published literature, helping G. Deception in Research: Deception is only an author avoid accidental and intentional permissible when justified by significant scientific plagiarism. value and when no non-deceptive alternatives are available, with full disclosure during debriefing. When using Al tools in research, there are several implications and potential ethical issues based on H. Debriefing: Participants should be informed the PAP code of ethics: about their contribution to research, the study's Confidentiality: Al tools often require results, and any misconceptions corrected during access to large amounts of data, some of debriefing. which may be sensitive or confidential. It's crucial to ensure that these tools respect I. Observational Research: Researchers must and maintain the confidentiality of this respect the privacy and well-being of individuals in data, in line with the PAP's emphasis on observational studies, ensuring participants expect privacy. to be observed. Informed Consent: The use of Al tools in research may involve collecting and BSP 3-5 FIELD METHODS- BPSY 75 FIELD METHOD | 1ST SEM | 2024-2025 analyzing data from individuals. It's Communicate clearly with people (externally and important to obtain informed consent from internally) about what Al can do and its challenges. these individuals, as stipulated by the PAP It is possible to use Al for the wrong reasons, so code of ethics. organizations need to figure out the right purposes Competence: The PAP code of ethics for using Al and how to stay within predefined emphasizes the importance of competence ethical boundaries. in professional practice. Therefore, researchers using Al tools should have a Guidelines for Ethical Al Use in Research: thorough understanding of these tools and Transparency and Explainability: Ensure their limitations. that Al systems are transparent and Integrity: The PAP code of ethics explainable. Researchers and developers underscores the importance of honesty and should be able to comprehend how Al transparency. When using Al tools in algorithms make decisions and the factors research, it's important to accurately influencing those decisions. represent the capabilities of these tools and Privacy and Security: Prioritize privacy and the validity of their outputs. security when developing and using Al Respect for People's Rights and Dignity: systems. Implement strong data protection The PAP code emphasizes respect for the measures, such as encryption and rights and dignity of individuals. This anonymization, to safeguard personal data. includes ensuring that Al tools do not Fairness and Bias: To avoid biased perpetuate harmful biases or outcomes, train Al systems on diverse and discrimination. representative data sets. Address any biases Social Responsibility: The PAP code that arise during the development process highlights the importance of contributing to proactively. society and human welfare. Researchers Human Control and Oversight: Maintain using Al tools should consider the broader human control and oversight of Al systems societal implications of their work, to prevent harmful biases and including potential benefits and harms. discrimination. Ensure that humans remain responsible for critical decision-making. Researchers can ensure that they use Al ethically Education and Awareness: Educate by following these guidelines: researchers and stakeholders about Al's capabilities and challenges. Clearly Transparency and Explainability: As Al algorithms communicate the ethical boundaries and become more complex and sophisticated, it can be purposes for using Al in research to prevent challenging to understand how they make misuse. decisions. To address these concerns, it is essential to ensure that Al systems are transparent and explainable. This means that developers and users should be able to understand how the algorithms work and the factors that influence their decisions /UNESCO, 9 to 24 November 2021). Privacy and Security: As Al becomes more pervasive in our lives, it has the potential to collect vast amounts of personal data, raising concerns about privacy and security. To address these concerns, it is crucial to prioritize privacy and security in the development and use of Al systems. This means implementing strong data protection measures, such as encryption and anonymization, and regularly testing for vulnerabilities and weaknesses in the system. Fairness and Bias: Al systems can be trained on biased data, which can lead to unfair and discriminatory outcomes. To ensure fairness and avoid bias in Al systems, it is essential to train them on diverse and representative data sets. Additionally, developers should be proactive in identifying and correcting any biases that may arise in the development process. Human Control and Oversight: It is crucial to ensure that Al systems remain under human control and oversight. This includes ensuring that Al tools do not perpetuate harmful biases or discrimination. Education and Awareness: Start with education and awareness about Al. BSP 3-5