Fall Final Review PDF

Fall Final Review Scientific Method Be able to identify a control group (both negative and positive) Be able to identify the independent and dependent variables Be able to read graphs with error bars Water Understand how the special properties of water work (ex: cohesion is the hyd...

Fall Final Review Scientific Method Be able to identify a control group (both negative and positive) Be able to identify the independent and dependent variables Be able to read graphs with error bars Water Understand how the special properties of water work (ex: cohesion is the hydrogen bonding of water molecules due to their partial charges created by their polarity) Organic Compounds Know the elements for each of the four major biological macromolecules Understand how condensation reactions and hydrolysis are carried out Proteins Understand the impact of the R variable on the folding of the protein What are the effects of denatured proteins? Nucleic Acids Know which bases pair together and how they pair together Cell Organelles Understand the overall function of the organelles and when they would be used Understand the importance of “folds” - increase SA:V ratio - increase efficiency ○ Something “important” must be happening Understand how the endomembrane system works Understand why scientists believes some organelles are related to prokaryotic cells Understand hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions ○ Similar questions to the potato lab ○ Recognize vocabulary like tugor pressure Cell Membranes Know the characteristics of a phospholipids Understand the orientation and behavior of the phospholipid bilayer Understand why certain materials can or cannot pass through Know the difference between, passive and active transport ○ Know specific examples of each: diffusion, osmosis (aquaporins), facilitated diffusion (ATP Synthase), active transport (Na+/K+ pump, endocytosis, exocytosis) Energy and Enzymes What happens to a chemical reaction if you increase the substrate concentration? ○ Enzyme concentration?  ○ Add a competitive inhibitor? ○ Add a non-competitive inhibitor? Understand the terms catabolic and anabolic Cellular Respiration Know the reactants and products of each step of cellular respiration and where they take place ○ Know the pathway of specific atoms (ex: the oxygen atom enters the mitochondria as oxygen gas but leaves as water H2O - think radioactive isotopes) Know the process of fermentation If given concentration of components of cellular respiration, be able to diagnose what process is not able to function Be able to understand what effect would occur if a process (ex: cyanide) were to alter things? Photosynthesis Know the reactants and products of each step of photosynthesis and where they take place What is the impact on photosynthesis if you increase/decrease certain reactants? Know the pathway of specific atoms (ex: the oxygen atom enters the chloroplast as water H2O but leaves as oxygen gas O2 - think radioactive isotopes) Cell communication Be able to “read” cell communication “maps” ○ Be able to answer questions based on the diagram ○ Review the diagram of the G-protein coupled receptor (the complex one) from the notes Understand how the same signal molecule can lead to different responses Cell Cycle Understand what happens in each phase of the cell cycle What is the purpose of mitosis? Based on the number of cells (or time spent) in a particular phase, what would happen next? Be able to understand what effect would occur if a process (like mutation) were to alter things? (ex: checkpoints in cell cycle regulation) What happens when cells are fused together (review diagram from your notes)? Understand (not memorize) why cdk, cyclin and MPF do (or do not) fluctuate throughout the cell cycle (review diagram from your notes) ○ Be able to understand what effect would occur if a process (like mutation) were to alter one of the molecules mentioned above