Copy of ACP Final Exam Study Guide 23-24.pdf

Name: __________________________________ Date: _________ Block: _____ ACP Biology ~ Final Exam 2024 Review Questions General Science/Intro to Biology 1. List the 6 characteristics all living things have in common. a. Made of 1 or more cells b. have organized...

Name: __________________________________ Date: _________ Block: _____ ACP Biology ~ Final Exam 2024 Review Questions General Science/Intro to Biology 1. List the 6 characteristics all living things have in common. a. Made of 1 or more cells b. have organized structures c. need energy and nutrients d. sense and respond to change e. growth and development f. contain DNA g. reproduction h. evolution. 2. Differentiate between a prokaryote and a eukaryote. Prokaryote: has no nucleus, unicellular Eukaryote: has nucleus, multicellular 3. Define homeostasis and give an example. Maintain constant internal condition in the body. 4. Explain the levels of complexity in multicellular organisms. (cells, tissues, etc.) Atom: C, H, O, N Molecules: Carbohydrates, Protein, Fats, Nucleic Acid Cells: basic unit of life. Ex. neurons, cells of the nervous system, and muscle cells. Tissue: a group of cells with similar function work together to perform the function. Ex. nervous tissue, muscle tissue Organ: a group of tissues working together to perform a function. Ex. brain. Organ system: A group of organs perform a function together. Ex. nervous system, muscular system. Organism: a living individual working together to perform a specific function. Ex. human 5. List and describe the 3 domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya 6. List the levels of Linnaean taxonomic classification from the most broad to the most specific (Domain→Species) Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species 7. List the six kingdoms and describe their defining characteristics. Bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, animals, plants. 8. Differentiate between a hypothesis and a theory. a. Hypothesis: A testable prediction based on observation that answers a scientific question. “If……then……because……” statement. b. Theory: well proved through evidence, observation, and experimentation. 9. Define, describe and identify the types of variables in a scientific experiment. (independent, dependent and control) Independent: Intentionally changed Dependent: experimental Control: No change Biochemistry/Digestion  1. List the four organic macromolecules and describe them in terms of elemental composition and biological use. Carbohydrates: CHO; monosaccharides; short term energy (simple sugar or monosaccharides) and energy storage (complex sugar or polysaccharides). Lipids: CHO; triglycerides; long term energy storage Proteins: CHON; amino acid; enzyme (speed up chemical reaction), structure, hormone, immunity, transport; includes r-group (different in every protein), carboxyl group (COOH), amino group (NH2) Nucleic Acids: CHONP; nucleotide; DNA (genetic material), RNA, ATP (unit of energy in cell). 2. What is an enzyme and how does it act as a catalyst? Enzymes are catalysts, something that speeds up chemical reactions. They reduce the energy required to start a reaction. Usually end with “ase”. 3. Understand how the shape of a protein designates its function. (Include the 4 levels of protein folding) a. 1. primary structure-sequence of amino acids b. 2. secondary structure- coils and folds in 1 chain. c. 3. tertiary structure- 3D shape due to r-group bonding. d. 4. quaternary structure- multiple polypeptide chains 4. What environmental conditions can change the shape of a protein. A protein’s shape is determined by its function. Denaturation is the change of a protein’s shape due to pH level or temperature. 5. List the main organs of the digestive system and describe the basic function of each. Pharynx; mouth, mechanical and chemical digestion; salivary gland, release enzyme start digesting carbohydrates; esophagus, connect mouth to stomach; liver; gallbladder; large intestine, removes water from indigestible material; stomach, secrete hydrochloric acid and beginning of protein digestion; pancreas, secrete every digestive enzyme into small intestine; small intestine, majority of digestion; rectum, any indigestible food is held; anus, open of waste. 6. Understand how macromolecules are broken down and built up during digestion. (Use hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis) Dehydration- larger molecules form from smaller molecules and lose water. Hydrolysis- break down larger molecules to smaller molecules with addition of water. Cell Structure and Function 1. What are the 3 parts of the Cell Theory? a. All organisms are made of one or more cells. b. A cell is the basic and smallest unit of life. c. All cells come from preexisting cells. 2. Label all the cell structures shown in the diagram and briefly state the function of each. A. Nucleus B. Lysosome C. Golgi apparatus D. Nuclear envelope E. Ribosomes F. Plasma membrane G. Mitochondria H. Chromatin  3. Differentiate between plant and animal cells. Plant cells: cell walls, chloroplast Animal cells: lysosome 4. Describe how to focus a microscope Adjust the coarse adjustment knob then the fine adjustment knob. Scanning, 10x, 40x Membranes & Transport 1. Explain why cells are so small? (S.A/Volume). Larger surface area per volume. 2. Differentiate between passive and active transport. Give examples of each. Active: energy required movement; passive: no energy required movement 3. Explain the process of osmosis? Identify examples of this process in living things. Osmosis is water traveling through a semipermeable membrane. 4. Describe the function of the cell membrane. Phospholipid bilayer’s function is allowing only some material to pass through the membrane. 5. Differentiate between phagocytosis and pinocytosis Phagocytosis is solid; pinocytosis is liquid 6. What specific proteins move water across the membrane? Aquaporins Cellular Energy 1. What organisms perform cellular respiration? What is the purpose of cellular respiration? All organisms. Purpose is to break down glucose to produce ATP. 2. What is the function of ATP? Energy 3. Which organelle do eukaryotes use for cellular respiration? Mitochondria 4. Identify the reactants, products, and general purposes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Photosynthesis: Reactant-CO2, sunlight; products- O2, sugar; general purposes-create energy with sunlight Cellular respiration: reactant- O2, Sugar (C6H12O6); product-CO2, sunlight. 5. List several organisms that perform photosynthesis. What is the end goal of photosynthesis? Flowers, trees, grass. End goal is to produce energy storage. 6. What organelles do eukaryotes use for photosynthesis? Chloroplast Cellular Reproduction 1. What are the steps in the cell cycle (in order)? G1; S; G2; M; Cytokinesis 2. When in the cell cycle does DNA Replication occur? Interphase 3. In what stage do cells spend most of their time? Interphase 4. What are the steps in Mitosis (in order)? Interphase, growth and preparation; Prophase; Metaphase; Anaphase; Telophase; Cytokinesis.  5. What is a gamete? Use the terms haploid, diploid in your response. Reproductive cells. Gametes are called haploid because they contain half a chromosome. Diploid means a whole chromosome. 6. Differentiate between the purposes and results of Mitosis and Meiosis. Mitosis: result- diploid daughter cells. Purpose- growth and replace worn out cells. Meiosis: result- 4 daughter cells. Purpose- create gametes. 7. Explain what cancer is. Result of uncontrolled cell division 8. What is a karyotype and what does it show us? An image of sets of a person’s chromosome. It is used to see abnormal structure or number of chromosomes. Basic Genetics 1. Who is Gregor Mendel? Known as the father of modern genetics. 2. What are genes? Information passes from generations to generations in cells. 3. What are alleles? Option for genes 4. Determine offspring using a Punnett Square. Diagram used to predict genotypes 5. Differentiate between genotype and phenotype? Genotype is the specific alleles an organism has for a trait; phenotype is the physical expression 6. What determines the sex of an offspring? Chromosomes 7. What is a pedigree used for? Chart of genetic history of a family over several generations. Molecular Genetics (DNA/RNA/Protein Synthesis) 1. Describe the structure of a DNA molecule (building blocks, arrangement, shape) and its basic function in genetic inheritance. Double helix; carries genetic instruction. 2. List the 4 nitrogenous bases of DNA; state the rules of base-pairing; DNA to DNA and DNA to RNA. A and T, C and G. T is U in RNA. 3. State the differences between DNA and the 3 different types of RNA. DNA does not leave the nucleus. 4. Explain the process of protein synthesis. List the steps that occur in each process. Process of making proteins. DNA get transcribed. mRNA copy the message. mRNA goes to a ribosome. mRNA translate to amino acid. 5. Understand how mutations in DNA can lead to disease - or not. When there is a change of 1 letter, a different protein could be made. Evolution 1) Describe Darwin’s theory of evolution. All animals came from a common ancestor. 2) List and describe the various forms of evidence of evolution. Similarity and common ancestors.  3) Differentiate between analogous and homologous structures. Give an example of each. Analogous: anatomically different structure but same function. Homologous: similar structure but different function. 4) Give an example of a vestigial structure. Hind limbs on whales and snakes. 5) Explain coevolution, divergent and convergent evolution. 6) Explain the Biological Species concept. Any organism that can interbreed and fertile offspring Ecology 1. What is ecology? Study of interaction between organisms. 2. Differentiate between the greenhouse effect and global warming. Greenhouse effect is the process by which global warming occurs. 3. Define biotic factors and abiotic factors. Give an example of an abiotic factor. Biotic factors: alive factors of living, like availability of preys and predators. Abiotic factors: unalive factors of living, like availability of oxygen. 4. Define biosphere, biome, ecosystem, population, and community. Biosphere- earth; ecosystem- all the factors in a given area; communities- all the species in a given area; population- all the members of a species in a given area 5. What is a niche? Way of life or role a species plays in the environment. 6. List and define (or give examples of): a. The 3 types of symbiosis – mutualism, commensalism and parasitism. Mutualism- benefits both sides; commensalism- benefits one side and the other side is unaffected; parasitism- benefits one side and negatively affects the other. b. Two organisms involved in an act of predation Lion, eagle c. Two organisms involved in an act of parasitism Wasp, worm 7. What is a trophic level? What determines the trophic-level placement of an organism? Level of consumption. What they eat determines it 8. Use a food web to identify and distinguish producers, consumers, and decomposers. 9. Differentiate between autotrophs and heterotrophs. Autotrophs- make their own food; heterotrophs- eat other food 10. Define herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, and detritivores. Herbivore- eat plants; carnivore- eat animal; omnivore- eat both plants and animals; detritivores- breakdown dead stuff. 11. Explain the transfer of energy through trophic levels. 5 levels is the maximum because it loses energy at every level. 12. Differentiate between a food web and a food chain. Food chain is an outline of what organism eats what organism. Food web is a complete layout of what eats what in the ecosystem. 13. List and define the different types of movement in the Water Cycle. Evaporation- water to steam; condensation- steam to cloud; precipitation- cloud to water. 14. What are the major processes involved in the Carbon/Oxygen Cycle? Plants take carbon dioxide in and produce oxygen; animals take oxygen in and produce carbon dioxide.