Erzählanalyse PDF

# Modell des Erzählens nach Petersen (2016) The narrative system of an epic text is always a fictional construct in which a specific relationship exists between the narrator, the narrated, and the reader. Within the context of a narrative situation - this term is used here as an overarching categor...

# Modell des Erzählens nach Petersen (2016) The narrative system of an epic text is always a fictional construct in which a specific relationship exists between the narrator, the narrated, and the reader. Within the context of a narrative situation - this term is used here as an overarching category - a narrator, whose identity needs to be determined, conveys a fictional content in a specific way. The question of a narrative analysis is then always: Why does this particular form of narrator convey this content in exactly this way? In other words, what function does the specific narrative design achieve? According to Petersen, different categories can be distinguished, one of the central levels is the narrative form. ## Narrative Form The narrative form refers to the question of whether and to what extent the narrator is personalized. While the first-person narrator experiences a personalization, i.e. is also part of the actual plot of the narrative (he or she is a character himself), the he/she narrator does not have a personalization. He can survey the plot, be close to or more distant from the characters, possibly comment on the plot, but he is not part of the actual plot. A he/she narrator remains invisible in this sense and is "only" the executing medium of the narrative. In connection with the narrative form, the narrative behavior always needs to be analyzed, i.e. the question of how the narrator relates to the narrated: auktorial, personal or neutral. The auktorial narrative behavior (*also called omniscient narrator*) gives the narrator the opportunity to have his own perspective. He can intervene in the events, survey the entire plot, and certainly also direct, evaluate, comment and has insight into the inner world of all characters. Thus, the auktorial narrator, e.g. through comments or direct addressing of the reader, enters the consciousness of the reader. In the he/she form, in contrast to a first-person narrator, he does not get a personality, but he is present as a narrative instance. This is often the reason for the analytically flawed equation of the auktorial narrator with the author. The personal narrative behavior, on the other hand, is limited in perspective; that is, the narrator reports from the perspective of one or more characters (*multi-perspective-personal narration*), but remains limited to the perspectives. The narrator only knows what the character knows. In the case of the first-person form, narrator and narrated character are identical. If comments are made by the personal narrator, they are limited to the perspective of the respective narrated character, the personal narrator therefore often has a close proximity to his narrated character (see narrator location and perspective). The neutral narrator stands extremely behind the narrated, does not comment or evaluate and generally remains distant to the narrated. The plot itself comes to the foreground instead of the narrative situation, so the scenic narration, i.e. the strong dialog focus similar to drama, is a typical form of presentation of the neutral narrator. ## Narrative Perspective Closely connected to the narrative behavior is the question of the narrative perspective, which in turn is supplemented by the narrator location. With the narrative perspective, it is about the distance or closeness that the narrator has to the narrated or to the characters. It can be from the outside (mostly the perspective of the neutral narrator) or from the inside (dominant perspective of the personal narration). The auktorial narrator can take both perspectives in constant alternation. In this context, the narrator location refers to the spatial-temporal relationship of the narrator to the narrated. The question is, therefore, whether the narrator reports retrospectively or, for example, as an experiencing "I," is directly part The typical location of the auktorial narrator is the Olympian location, the narrator has the complete overview of all events, previous, simultaneous and subsequent events, and is looking from a bird's eye perspective at all events, while the personal narrator mostly has a clear proximity to the narrated event. ## Narrative Attitude From the interplay of the previous categories results in most cases the narrative attitude. The narrator can take different attitudes towards the narrated, he can be skeptical, rejecting, ironic, affirmative, critical, wavering, pathetic or neutral, etc. For the narrative attitude, it is particularly important to include the previous categories in the analysis in order to arrive at a justified evaluation. ## Narrative Forms Finally, there are the different narrative forms, i.e. the question of who speaks in which narrative situation and in what way. Generally, it is necessary to distinguish between narrator speech and character speech. Narrator speech includes the narrator report and commentary as well as the indirect speech. Character speech includes direct speech, i.e. dialogue, and the inner monologue, which only reflects the inner world of the character. Experiential speech is a special case, in the classic sense, it is narrator speech. However, experiential speech has an extreme proximity to the narrated character, so narrator and character merge seemingly (mostly in the 3rd person singular, indicative preterite), even though the narrator still speaks, the recipient feels that the character would speak himself. The stream of consciousness is then a means of modern narrative, where syntax and coherence are often broken down, and it can be part of both character speech and narrator speech.