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Lesson 1: Understanding 21st Century 2. NARRATIVE POETRY Formal Ballad Informal Literature...

Lesson 1: Understanding 21st Century 2. NARRATIVE POETRY Formal Ballad Informal Literature Metrical Tale LITERATURE Metrical Romance Comes from the word “littera” which means letter. Epic 3. DRAMATIC POETRY deals with ideas, thoughts and emotions of man - Dramatic thus it can be said that is simply the story of man. Monologue Literature in its broadest sense is everything that has Soliloquy ever been written Character Sketch The best way to understand human nature fully and to know a nation completely is to study literature. (Garcia et. al, 1993, p.3) THEORIES of Literature 1. Imitative Theory - Literature is a re-creation or a Why people read literature representation of something in real life. The for information happenings in literature not only seem to for amusement resemble to things in real life, but they also for higher and keener pleasure clarify real life, making us say,” yes people are like for cultural upliftment that, but I hadn’t noticed that before. for discovery of broader dimensions of life 2. Expressive Theory - Literature is an expression of the author’s internal world, the embodiment of HALLMARKS of Literature an emotion. a) Artistry (quality which appeals to our sense of As Lord Gordon Byron said, “If I don’t beauty) write to empty my mind, I go mad.” b) Intellectual Value (A literary work stimulates Literary works are products of the thought, enriches our mental life by making us realize writers’ outpouring of their emotions/ fundamental truths about life and human nature) feelings. c) Suggestiveness (This is the quality associated with 3. Affective Theory - Most readers seek emotional the emotional power of literature, such that it should stimulus from books and they want to identify move us deeply and stir our creative imagination) themselves with the central character. Its main d) Spiritual Value (A good literature elevates the spirit aim is not to induce a temporary emotional state by bringing out moral values which makes us better that will lead to some kind of action. persons) Its main aim is not to induce a e) Permanence (A great work of literature endures – it temporary emotional state that will lead can be read again and again as each reading gives to some kind of action. fresh delight and new insights and open new worlds of meaning and experience.) LITERARY COMPETENCE – the ability to internalize the f) Universality (Great literature is timeless and timely – grammar of literature which would permit a reader to forever relevant in terms of its theme and convert linguistic sequences into literary structures and conditions.) meaning. PROFILE of Literary Competence DIVISION of Literature Level 1: Extremely limited literary competence POETRY PROSE Level 2: Limited literary competence 1. LYRIC POETRY 1. SHORT STORY Level 3: Slightly limited literary competence Simple Lyric 2. NOVEL Level 4: Reasonably broad literary competence Song 3. DRAMA Level 5: Advanced literary competence Sonnets Tragedy Comedy Level 6: Extremely developed literary competence Elegy Ode 4. ESSAY ilovejungkook Extremely Limited Literary Competence can differentiate the literary genres from one Level 1: Experiential Reader - You read for pleasure. another Example: Reading jokes, or memes for entertainment. can use literary notions in order to interpret a Reading is not your hobby; but you do it sometimes to text ‘kill’ time. can produce a personal response to the text Limited Literary Competence Lesson 2: Literary Periods in Philippine Level 2: Identifying Reader - As a reader, you recognize Literature your own experience and thereby find self-affirmation. Example: You enjoy reading and you do it as a hobby. Literary Overview Philippine literature in English is phenomenological Slightly Limited Literary Competence since the inception of English in our culture. Level 3: Reflective Reader - As a reader, you expand Philippine literature is about four hundred years old. your horizons through the ideas you get from your Timelines may not be necessary to the study of readings. literature, but since literature and history are Example: You are a regular reader and the ideas you get inescapably related it has become facilitative to map from reading are retained in your mind. up system which will aid us in delineating certain time boundaries. Reasonably Broad Literary Competence Level 4: Interpretive Reader - You discover deeper PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD (__B.C TO 1564) meanings and aesthetic enjoyment through reading. The longest period in Philippine literary history. Example: You enjoy reading because you appreciate and The literary outputs of the period cannot be called see the beauty and usefulness of what you are reading. substantial because much of it was oral (tales, songs, riddles and proverbs) Advanced Literary Competence o Riddles – gives an enigma or puzzle Level 5: Literate Reader - You immerse yourself in o Proverbs – wise saying or “salawikain” literature, culture and history through your readings. Songs were also very much part of pre-colonial Example: You read a wide variety of reading materials literature and the people’s daily life from different disciplines. Through reading, you become Mimetic dances often accompanied these songs and well-informed. rituals and were the precursor of the drama form. o Igorot Dance - Igorot dances, originating Extremely Developed Literary Competence from the indigenous tribes of the Cordillera Level 6: Intellectual Reader - You nourish your intellect region in the Philippines, have a strong through reading. connection to hunting and the procurement Example: You gain wisdom through reading a wide array of food. Many of these dances mimic the of reading materials. You can analyze, critique and movements and behaviors of animals, evaluate the ideas you get from reading. reflecting the Igorots' close relationship with nature and their reliance on hunting for Characteristics of a Literary Competent Individual: sustenance. can recognize figures of speech In prose, pre-colonial literature had myths, tales, can identify narrative elements fables, legends and fantastic stories. can determine poetic devices o Fun Fact: Andres Bonifacio, a key figure in can deduce specific text features like theme and the Philippine Revolution, had a particular style fondness for the character Bernardo Carpio, can tell something about literary movements a legendary giant in Filipino folklore. can distinguish among literary forms Bonifacio often portrayed Bernardo Carpio in ilovejungkook  theater plays, reflecting his admiration for - Duplo (WAKE/FUNERAL) being a joust in the character's strength and symbolism. verse during wakes on themes of love and The most significant and the longest form of pre- wit, while Karagatan (POETIC colonial poetry was the folk epic (narrative of DIALOGUE/DEBATE) is a more serious and sustained length based on oral tradition, revolving poetic form connected with the vast sea. around supernatural events or heroic deeds, in the - It’s about how a woman should act. form of verse, which is either chanted or sung. Komedya – the most popular drama form Prose – Pagsusulatan ng Dalawang Binibini na si How would you characterize the literary genres during Urbana at Feliza by Modesto de Castro Pre -Colonial Period? - Ang lalong bata'si Feliza' ay nag-aaral sa isang kolehiyo ng mga babae sa Maynila' SPANISH REGIME (1565- 1863) samantalang ang nakatatanda' si Urbana' ay The literary scene during this era was focused on puno ng pangaral sa kaniyang kapatid hinggil religious themes due to the Christianization of the sa kung ano angdapat ugaliin sa iba’t ibang Philippines by the Spaniards. pagkakataon binabanggit niya ang mga tukso - Ferdinand Magellan – March 17, 1521 at panganib salandas ng kabataan at sinasabi - Miguel Lopez de Legazpi – February 13, 1565 kung paano maiilagan ang mga ito - Lead the construction of the wall of Intramuros a) Took on a Religious Character What are the highlights and characteristics of literature Christianization of the Philippines during the second period? Introduced the first printing press Doctrina Christiana – the first published book NATIONALISTIC AND PROPAGANDA PERIOD (1864 (1593) – 1896) - Translation: The Teachings of Christianity The last of the 19th century saw a new breed of - For conversion of the Filipinos to Christianity. writers. - It contains some of the basic prayers such as If the religion was the thematic focus during the the Lord’s Prayer, Hail Mary, and the Salve Spanish Era, a strong feeling of nationalism was the Regina, as well as the Ten Commandments, main agenda of this literary period and the Sacraments of the Holy Church. The period is divided into the Propaganda and the b) Literary Output Revolution (Rizal, Lopez-Jaena and Del Pilar). Catechisms - religious instructions - Propaganda Writers: Confession Manuals – for confession - José Rizal: José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Grammar books – mostly in Spanish Alonso Realonda Dictionaries - mostly in Spanish - Marcelo H. del Pilar: Marcelo Hilario del c) Poems in Spanish and Tagalog were written by Pilar y Gatmaitan “Ladinos” who were well-versed in both languages. - Graciano López Jaena: Graciano López Ladino - indigenous Filipinos who were employed by Jaena y Patiño Spaniards as translators of the priest's and friar's At the close of the 19th century, the revolutionists teachings. took over and there was a shift not only in the Pasyon – the most of popular form of religious language (from Spanish to Tagalog) but in the literature; it refers to a long-time narrative poem audience or readers from the “intelligentia” to the about the passion and death of Christ. masses. Two Popular Narrative Poems: - Propaganda means the dissemination of Awit (Song) – sung or chanted; Florante and information—facts, arguments, rumours, half- Laura – most famous awit truths, or lies—to influence public opinion. Korido – long narrative, 8 syllables/line Deliberateness and a relatively heavy emphasis Other Literary Types: on manipulation distinguish propaganda from Duplo and Karagatan ilovejungkook  casual conversation or the free and easy extinguished, yet seemingly still in their exchange of ideas. appointed places in the heavens.” - La Solidaridad was founded in February 15, 1889 Paz Latorena “The Small Key”, - is a short - Graciano Lopez Jaena was the first editor of La story that revolves around a conflict Solidaridad between a husband and wife due to a small - Marcelo H. Del Pilar took over in October 1889. key that unlocks a chest containing - La Liga Filipina was founded on July 3, 1892 mementos of the husband's deceased first Bonifacio, Jacinto, and Mabini were the prominent wife. The story follows Pedro, a farmer, and revolutionary writers. his second wife, Soledad. One day, Soledad - Revolutionary Writers: finds the small key and opens the chest, - Andrés Bonifacio: Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro discovering the belongings of Pedro's first - Emilio Jacinto: Emilio Jacinto y Dizon wife. This discovery leads to feelings of - Apolinario Mabini: Apolinario Mabini y jealousy and insecurity in Soledad. Pedro Maranan finds out what Soledad has done, but rather This period was truly significant because it produced than confront her, he silently forgives her. the a literature that was realistic and truly Filipino. story ends on a poignant note. After Soledad discovers the chest containing the AMERICAN OCCUPATION (1910 – 1930, 1920 – belongings of Pedro's first wife, she becomes 1945) consumed by jealousy and insecurity. She a) Literature in three languages flourished eventually falls ill, burdened by her Spanish, English and Filipino emotions. Pedro, realizing that Soledad has Reading, writing, and speaking looked into the chest, feels a mix of anger b) Maybe divided into two periods. and guilt but does not confront her. Instead, The Period of Apprenticeship he silently forgives her, showing a deep, if understated, understanding of her feelings. Paz Marquez Benitez “Dead Stars”, - is a The story concludes with Pedro continuing to short story about love, illusion, and the care for Soledad, highlighting the passage of time. The protagonist, Alfredo complexities of love and the quiet, unspoken Salazar, is engaged to Esperanza, a woman he ways people navigate emotional wounds has known and loved for years. However, within a marriage. Alfredo becomes infatuated with another "A key so small should not have been heavy. woman, Julia Salas, whom he meets while But it weighed down like a millstone. “ visiting his family’s province. Torn between his commitment to Esperanza and his Jose Garcia Villa “Footnote to Youth” - is feelings for Julia, Alfredo struggles with his a short story that revolves around Dodong, a emotions. young man who rushes into marriage at the As time passes, Alfredo realizes that his age of 17. He marries Teang, and soon they feelings for Julia were not as deep as he have a child, which brings the harsh realities believed; they were like "dead stars," a light of adult responsibilities. As the years pass, from something that has long since Dodong realizes the difficulties of raising a disappeared. In the end, Alfredo marries family, especially as more children are born. Esperanza, but he carries with him a lingering In "Footnote to Youth" by José Garcia Villa, sense of regret and the understanding that the story ends with Dodong, now older and his passion for Julia was just an illusion. The wiser, reflecting on his life. After story explores themes of love, choices, and experiencing the hardships of early marriage the inevitable disillusionment that can come and fatherhood, he sees his own son, Blas, with time. wanting to get married at a young age, just “So, all these years—since when? —he had like he did. Dodong hesitates to stop him, been seeing the light of dead stars, long knowing from his own experience that youth ilovejungkook  is often impulsive and stubborn. In the end, through a rugged road. Despite these Blas decides to marry, and Dodong resigns challenges, Maria shows grace, patience, and himself to the inevitability of his son's choice, an understanding of the rural way of life, realizing that each generation must learn impressing Baldo. from its own mistakes. The story concludes When they finally arrive home, Leon's father with Dodong's silent regret, highlighting the asks Baldo about their journey and Maria's cyclical nature of youthful mistakes and the behavior. Baldo reassures him that Maria challenges of breaking free from them. handled everything well. The story ends with "Youth must triumph... now. Love must the family accepting Maria, highlighting triumph... now. Afterwards... it will be life." themes of love, acceptance, and the Zoilo Galang’s “A Child of Sorrow” - is the blending of different backgrounds and first Filipino novel written in English, cultures. published in 1921. The story follows the love "Men Who Play God" by Amado V. affair between Lucio Soliman, a young, Hernandez is a short story that explores idealistic man, and Rosa Garcia, a beautiful themes of power, morality, and justice. The woman. Their relationship is tested by the narrative follows the character of a wealthy challenges posed by Rosa's suitor, Oscar and influential man named Don Felipe who, Ramirez, who tries to sabotage their love. due to his position and authority, feels he has Despite their deep affection for each other, the right to control and manipulate others' the obstacles and societal expectations they lives. He is depicted as a god-like figure, face lead to tragedy. wielding his power with little regard for the "There is no happiness where there is no consequences. sacrifice." The story reveals the corrupting influence of The Period of Emergence power and the moral blindness it can Before the war and the Japanese Occupation engender. Don Felipe's actions have Noted short story writers: devastating effects on those around him, as o Manuel E. Arguilla - "How My his sense of superiority leads him to make Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife" ruthless decisions. In the end, his hubris and o Arturo Rotor - "The Wounded Stag" unethical behavior come back to haunt him, o N.V.M. Gonzales - "The Bread of demonstrating the eventual downfall that Salt" often accompanies unchecked power and o Francisco Arcellana - "The Flowers moral corruption. After having manipulated of May" and exploited people throughout his life, he o Bienvenido N. Santos - "The Day the becomes the victim of his own machinations. Dancers Came" In a twist of fate, Don Felipe is betrayed by "How My Brother Leon Brought Home a his own trusted servant, who reveals that Wife" by Manuel Arguilla is a short story Don Felipe’s seemingly unassailable power is that tells the tale of a young man named actually fragile. This betrayal leads to his Baldo who recounts the day his older arrest, and Don Felipe is ultimately convicted brother, Leon, brings his city-bred wife, and sentenced to death. The story ends with Maria, to their rural home for the first time. him being executed by a firing squad, The story is set in the Philippine countryside reflecting the justice that comes to those and is told from Baldo's perspective. who abuse their power and play god with As they travel home, Baldo observes Maria others' lives. The ending serves as a powerful closely, wondering if she will be able to adapt commentary on the moral and ethical to their simple, rural life. The journey is consequences of corrupt and tyrannical symbolic, with various challenges along the behavior way, such as crossing a river and passing Theme: ilovejungkook  o Nationalism and Identity Spanish Tradition o Social Realism American Colonial Tradition o Romanticism and Sentimentalism e) Literary Expressions o Modernism Give responses to the historical and political o Anti-Colonialism forces that have shaped Philippine society since o Filipino Values the Pacific War. JAPANESE OCCUPATION (1942 - 1944) POST-EDSA LITERATURE (1986-present) a) The literary period broke away from the tradition, a) History took another twist. Once more, the Filipino especially among the Tagalog poets. Instead of people regained their independence which they lost writing in the Balagtas tradition (rhetorical, verbose, twenty years ago. figurative), poets wrote in simple language and free b) In the span of four days from Feb. 21-25, 1986, verse. People Power prevailed. Together the people b) There was a bountiful harvest in poetry, fiction, and barricaded the streets petitioning the government in the fields of drama and essay. for changes and reforms. c) Broke away from tradition (war years). c) Creative writing became part of the curricular d) Poets written in simple language and free verse (Ako offerings in college. ang Daigdig by Alejandro Abadilla) d) Writers’ organizations periodically sponsored writing Portray Filipino Life and Culture: Short Story symposia and set up workshops for their members. Flowering of Tagalog Short Poetry e) The National Commission for Culture and the Palanca Awards / National Awards launched Arts was created by law in 1992. - The poem emphasizes the importance of Characteristics of Literature on this Period: personal experience and the subjective nature of marked by adventurousness, a willingness to reality, making it a landmark piece in Filipino gamble on non-traditional projects. literature for its bold and introspective approach. writing using other Philippine languages - The Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for English and Filipino continued to be the major Literature (Palanca Awards) was established in media of literature. 1950 to commemorate the memory of Don literary themes cover a wide range of subjects Carlos Palanca, Sr. through an endeavor free verse and blank verse gained acceptance that would promote education and culture in the among writers country. regional literature was further developed - The first author to receive a Palanca Award is José Garcia Villa. He won the award in 1951 for Jose F. Lacaba - He is a Filipino poet, journalist, and his poetry collection titled "Poems by screenwriter. He wrote Prometheus Unbound in 1973. He Doveglion." became a political prisoner from 1974 – 1976, during the Martial Law period. He wrote his experiences during the Differentiate the kind of literature during the American Martial Law period in an article entitled “Offhand”. and Japanese occupation. Prometheus - In Greek Mythology, the Titan Prometheus THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (1960-1986) was most famous for his crime against Zeus and Olympus. a) Upheavals in Nation’s History Prometheus broke into Hephaestus’ workshop and stole First Quarter Storm of the Seventies fire, eventually giving it to man. As a punishment, Zeus b) Martial Law Years had him tied to a rock, and an eagle pecked his self- Pete Lacaba healing liver, tormenting him for eternity. Primitivo Mijares c) Assassination of Ninoy Aquino d) A merging of the three traditions Oral Lore – Ethnic Tradition ilovejungkook Lesson 3: Figures of Speech Next week, my boyfriend and I are headed to the altar. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE When I came to visit, my friend offered me a cup. refers to the use of words in a way that deviates from the conventional order and meaning in order to 6. SYNECDOCHE - it is a figure of speech in which a convey a complicated meaning, colorful writing, part of something is used to signify the whole. clarity, or evocative comparison. I am at the peak of my career. Figurative language can be contrasted with literal The United States won three gold medals in track and language, which describes something explicitly field. rather than by reference to something else. 7. HYPERBOLE - it is a figure of speech in which Types of Figurative Language exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect. It is 1. SIMILE - It is a figure of speech that compares not meant to be taken literally but is used to two unlike things and uses the words “like” or create a dramatic or vivid impression. “as” She is more beautiful than the moon and stars. The cat sat in the chair is like a king overlooking his I'm so hungry, I could eat a horse. kingdom. This room is so cold that I’m getting hypothermia. The assistant was as busy as a bee when she was preparing the podium for the presidential address. 8. IRONY - It is a figure of speech where there is a gap or incongruity between what is said and 2. METAPHOR - it is a statement that directly what is actually meant, or between expectations compares two things that are not alike. Unlike and reality. It often involves a twist or reversal of simile, it does not use the words “like” or “as”. meaning that can be humorous, satirical, or Time is money. thought-provoking. The warrior has a heart of stone. The thieves robbed the police station. He is a pilot but, is afraid of heights. 3. PERSONIFICATION - it is the attribution of human characteristics to non-living objects. Using 9. ALLUSION - it is a rhetorical device in which a personification affects the way readers imagine writer or speaker refers to a well-known person, things, and it sparks an interest in the subject. event, place, work of art, or other cultural The car stopped with a groaning complaint. reference to convey a complex idea, evoke a The story jumped off the page. specific emotional response, or add depth and layers of meaning to their work. 4. APOSTROPHE - it is a literary device writers use He was a Good Samaritan yesterday when he helped to address someone or something that is not the lady start her car. physically present. The subject may be dead, You are a Solomon when it comes to making absent, inanimate, or abstract. decisions. Grandma, I know you’ll always be with me. Sally, why do you never answer your phone? 10. ANTITHESIS - it is a rhetorical device or literary Why won’t you turn green!? technique that involves contrasting or juxtaposing two opposing ideas, words, or 5. METONOMY - it is a figure of speech in which phrases in a parallel structure to create a one object or idea takes the place of another balanced and impactful expression. It is often with which it has a close association. As a literary used in speeches, writing, and poetry to device, it is a way of replacing an object or idea emphasize the contrast between two concepts with something related to it instead of stating or to make a point more vividly. what is actually meant. Man proposes, God disposes. Speech is silver but silence is gold. ilovejungkook  11. PARADOX - it is a figure of speech that seems to lead to an illogical contradiction or a situation that contradicts common sense and reasoning. Paradoxical statements contradict themselves while creating a rare sense of depth in language. If I know one thing, it's that I know nothing. Save money by spending it. 12. LITOTES - it is a figure of speech in which understatement is used to emphasize a point or to express a strong, usually ironic, contrast. It involves making an affirmative statement by negating its opposite. She's not bad-looking. I don’t hate it. 13. OXYMORON - it is a figure of speech in which two contradictory or opposing words or ideas are combined to create a new, often paradoxical meaning. I think the professor stated his unbiased opinion regarding the student’s response. The carpenters left the bench completely unfinished. You look awfully pretty in that coat. ilovejungkook ilovejungkook