Ergonomics Course Outline PDF

 KINE4310: Ergonomics September 4, 2024 2:30 pm – 4:00 pm AT-2001 (unless noted)  KINE4310: Introduction Professor: Dr. Kathryn Sinden, R.Kin. Office: Sanders Fieldhouse SB 1007 Telephone: 807-343-8010 x8654 sh...

 KINE4310: Ergonomics September 4, 2024 2:30 pm – 4:00 pm AT-2001 (unless noted)  KINE4310: Introduction Professor: Dr. Kathryn Sinden, R.Kin. Office: Sanders Fieldhouse SB 1007 Telephone: 807-343-8010 x8654 she doesn't answer Email: * [email protected] Office Hours: By Appointment 2  KINE4310: Introductions Graduate Assistants: Milena Ljubicic ([email protected]) Shaelyn Beaulne ([email protected]) Office Hours: By Appointment Milena will be the GA who you see in your labs; both of the GAs are available to support your success in the course and have taken Ergonomics before. 3  Today’s Goals Quick Course Overview Components Evaluation Labs Introduction - The “What” and “Why” of Ergonomics Prepare for next class 4  Course Overview: Purpose To introduce study of human movement in both workplaces and domestic environments Introduction to workplace musculoskeletal disorders (causes and prevention) Focus on measurement techniques to evaluate and assess human performance in the workplace Provide awareness of MSK risk assessment tools and application to occupational tasks The approach used in developing ergonomic interventions Identify the role of a kinesiologist in ergonomics 5  Course Overview: Objectives Describe key processes involved in developing ergonomic solutions in response to occupational stakeholder needs problem - D implementation Solution - Analyze occupational musculoskeletal injury risk factors Analyze occupational physical demands 6  Course Overview: Objectives Social/ention impact individuals differently  Develop recommendations based on analysis of - occupational injury risk factors and demands also drawing on mental health side  Develop implementation strategies for recommendations corresponding to assessment of injury risk factors and occupational demands  Design ergonomic proposals in response to occupational stakeholder needs 7  Course Overview: Format Lectures Monday and Wednesday (2:30 – 4:00 pm) Labs Monday (10:30 – 12:30); Tuesday (10:30 -12:30); Thursday (2:30 -4:30) Start September 16, 17 and 19 2024 Reading Material / Resources: Uploaded Supplemental Information (e.g., research articles) Textbook (Kroemer, K., Kroemer, H., & Kroemer-Elber, K. (2001). Ergonomics: How to design for ease and efficiency. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. (Recommended) exams tend to be applied Lecture material but not 00 % LAB material A some multiple chance + 1/F but prolly answer as 8  Course Overview: Evaluation 1. Midterm Examination (20%): October 23, 2024 2. Laboratory Assignments (35%) # Lab Report #1 (Observational Injury Risk Assessments): October 28, 29, 31 2024 (10%) Lab Report #2 (Physical Demands Analysis): November 18, 19, 21 2024 (10%) Elevator Pitch (Desk Ergonomics): November 25, 26, 28, 2024 (15%) 3. Ergonomics Capstone Project – (20%) (i) Ergonomics Scavenger Hunt (September 30, 2024) (5%). (ii) Oral Presentation (November 20th, 2024) (15%) To include a critique of your initial findings and provide new recommendations based on new knowledge and experience 4. Final Written Exam (cumulative) (25%) During Examination Period 9  SCAVENGER HUNT! Today you will break into groups and go on an Ergonomics Scavenger Hunt! You will identify ergonomic challenges, recommend solutions, and start to see how ergonomics impacts day-to-day life. For each of the challenges on the next slide, take a picture with your smartphone, identify the specific impacts on health (consider physical and mental health), and, if possible, make a modification and take a picture after the modification. Make sure you bring a notebook ? herics to jot down ideas or notes. e arm ? nowheady ↑ height not everyone is same.. height things which are made for aug. isn't suitable for areeveryonemomen e dr or doing Once you’ve returned tor class – consider the following: fore sus and & , t they wan dang are 1.) Why do the observed ergonomic challenges exist? they a on ? 2.) What are the potential negative effects of the observed challenge? it for 3.) Identify two possible solutions to each challenge you’ve identified. 10  ~ counter bent over posture SCAVENGER HUNT! j- is -x Short strain on whole spire Challenge 1: Retail Ergonomics + shoulders In anatomical region Find a product display counter that doesn’t consider ergonomics. What solution : might be at risk for injury? Fraisesink - I add step stool for short ppl Challenge 2: Classroom Ergonomics Identify three ergonomic challenges in any classroom: consider chair design, desk set-up, Aless than Solution : lighting lighting, etc. Identify impacts on musculoskeletal health. - - no -add lighting Dslouched Oh -raise desk and/or Chair Gachair : Challenge 3: Public Spaces Ergonomics Q A desk : Find a public student-seating area (indoor or outdoor) and identify ergonomic challenges with the set-up: identify impacts on musculoskeletal health. ackrest short bench Solution : - no Dck 4 - 0 o - hips knees bench Pneck ders - - raise - back rest , - ankles -show - Challenge 4: School Bag Ergonomics Look at your school bags: consider its design & how it might impact musculoskeletal Solution : health. OInatequally distributis - - 2 strap backpack # 11  Next Class! SEPTEMBER 9, 2024 Introduction to Ergonomics: Research to Practice Developing evidence-informed strategies to change injury risk  KINE4310: Introduction to Ergonomics September 9, 2024 2:30 pm – 4:00 pm AT-2001  Today’s Goals Review Step 1 (Scavenger Hunt) of Capstone project Introduction to Ergonomics History, origin and evolution of Ergonomics 2  CAPSTONE PROJECT – Scavenger Hunt labs during MSD Prevention Guideline - might use Familiarize yourself with the MSD Prevention Guideline Watch the video link “Introduction to the MSD Prevention Guideline for Ontario” DONE ! : Complete the Ergonomic Scavenger Hunt Presentation Template and complete 3  CAPSTONE PROJECT – Scavenger Hunt In class activity (complete in your Capstone project group) MSD Prevention Guideline R-recognize A-Assess Familiarize yourself with the MSD Prevention Guideline C-control E-evaluate Search for the RACE and answer the following -going to be on m termwill use it have to What is the RACE Model? informed flow chart RAfE model is table me answer even if diff pol do test evidence How would you use it to develop a solution or Control to the Problem or in solution to gets hurt said problem evaluate Hazard? method the risk before someone + come up a then the recognize to deman of 'Control a What does It process of the “R” represent in RACE identifyinghazards performing preliminary , (Define eliminating in 1-2 sentences)? performing risk assess , implementing controls hazards, further assess , choosing + Identify and describe one hazard identification resource - MSD preliminary risk assessment checklist - work place + health safety Inspection for MSK hazards MSD hazard identification tool-computer workstation - -general MSD nazard identification tool 4  Ergonomic Scavenger Hunt: Challenge and Solution Student Names and Student ID: 5  The Ergonomic Challenge! In this text box include the picture The Challenge: your group took of ANY of the In this text box – provide 1-2 ergonomic challenges OR one statements describing the that you select independently: Ergonomic problem and anatomical region at risk for Ensure that you label the picture. injury as identified in the picture As an example: - Consider impacts on Mental Figure 1: Desk and lighting and Physical health ergonomic challenge 6  The Ergonomic Solution! The Solution: In this text box – provide 1-2 statements, using the MSD Prevention guideline as provided in the course D2L link for this week, describing the Ergonomic solution to the problem. * Consider mental and physical health. Provide 1-2 statements to state how you used the guideline to develop your solution. 7  Contributions If all students contributed equally to this component of the project - you can simply state that. 8  What is Ergonomics? Designing work and equipment to prevent injury and illness - also applies to ADLs , sports efc , - D we are focusing on workplace How do you know that the doorknob isn’t in an ergonomically correct position? What kind of information would you need to know in to decide where to put it? what demographic is using it laug height reach) - , - new often it's used -whether or not itcan be re-clone  What is Ergonomics…..Really? before doesn't have to magnifying nunch blo loops of the loops RACE – RECOGNIZE - ASSESS – CONTROL- EVALUATE Dwe can also introduce New risks when implementing a new control A  What is Ergonomics?  “Ergo” & “ergonomics” marketing buzz words  Ergo everything!! thinking about 'what ergonomics' is and it just being used for sales is  What is Ergonomics?  Become important marketing tool – Gatorade designed new “ergonomic” bottle and increased sales 23% ↳ just the package changed not the - actual substance  What makes a product truly ergonomic? – Not inherent attribute – Must: fit the user, be easy to use, improve comfort, improve performance (e.g. speed, reliability, or accuracy), and improve health and safety  ERGONOMICS IN THE 21ST CENTURY So, we think that the computer is our friend… And the laptop…. And the iphone… of - thinking about size keyboards, fonts , screens  DEFINING ERGONOMICS Science of improving employee performance and well-being in relation to the:  Job task  Equipment  Environment  The approach:  Fit the job to the person  (not vice versa) (ideally….!) usually its harder to change is environ blc It's $$$  Integrative application of kinesiologist (human) and industrial design and engineer work  * WILL BE ON MIDTERMA ERGON = WORK Defining Ergonomics: NOMOS = NATURAL LAW this what she's for when is looking asks for the definition she Ergonomics is an interdisciplinary field involving industrial engineers, work physiologists, occupational health and safety professionals, design engineers and kinesiologists. Ergonomics involves professionals who are concerned with how humans perform at work including: Ability to cope with the work environment. trying out place to ensure work is safe disrupting productivity in Interactions with machinery and tools. Ability to work efficiently and productively in the work environment.  Origin and Evolution of Ergonomics Bernardino Ramazzini is considered a founder of occupational/industrial medicine. Studied occupational diseases and advocated for protective measures for workers Encouraged eventual passage of factory safety and workmen’s compensation laws. In 1700 he wrote the first important book on occupational diseases and industrial hygiene which is remarkably consistent with present knowledge. In January 1950 British researchers met to discuss a name that characterized the type of work they were conducting. “Ergonomics” was formally accepted as the name of the new society (Edholm and Murrell, 1974)  Domains of Ergonomics midterm but it's important to physically apply it might be on There are three primary domains associated with ergonomics: 1. PHYSICAL = The human anatomical, anthropometric, - - physiological and biomechanical sciences as they relate to - work. - 2. COGNITIVE = The mental processes such as perception, - - - memory, reasoning and motor response as they relate to work - - tasks and work systems. 3. ORGANIZATIONAL = Optimizing organizational structures, - policies and processes. of the - A one biggest barries to - - change 4) resources support money , , From the International Ergonomics Association (www.iea.cc)  The Scope of Ergonomics lies in 4 primary areas they Physical Environment overlap the 3 Domains i Physical (e.g. heat, noise, vibration) Work Environment Chemical (e.g. air pollutants) Physical (e.g. lifting objects, moving objects) Biological (e.g. airborne diseases) Skill (e.g. typing at 110 words per minute) Risk (e.g. running on an ice pavement) Technology Time (e.g. deadlines) Product design (e.g. designing product dimensions using anthropometrics, Psychosocial Environment biomechanics data) Social (e.g. working in teams) Hardware Interface design (e.g. designing Not controls and displays to meet user ↓ Cultural (e.g. pace of life is different in expectations) different countries) when encountering (diff > - place that o a Support safety 100 % countries) Software interface design (e.g. designing Lifestyle (e.g. work vs. leisure time, and icons and commands to meet user quality of life issues differ between countries) expectations)  Terminology can also be confusing! Ergonomics is also known as Human Factors. Human Factors / Human Factors Engineers focus on the behavioural aspects of human performance. Ergonomics relates to the quantitative and / or health and safety aspects of humans at work in occupational and non-occupational settings. Regardless of the name, Ergonomics is aimed to fit the task to the person to enhance their performance at work. !!! Mital, A. (1995). Ergonomics, Injury Prevention and Disability Management in Principles and Practice of Disability Management in Industry (pp. 157-174). Why is there a need for Ergonomics? During the industrial revolution, there was a shift in Western culture from agriculture to manufacturing-based industry. This shift was characterized by: 1. Mass Production and consumption 2. Standardization of process and parts 3. Labour specialization 4. Increased use of machines in production 5. Increased use of assembly lines to facilitate standardization Mital, A. (1995). Ergonomics, Injury Prevention and Disability Management in Principles and Practice of Disability Management in Industry (pp. 157-174).  WHY is there a need for Ergonomics? Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) Represent 1 in 3 Lost Time Injuries (Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Annual Survey, 1996) Among all work-related diseases and disorders, the costs associated with MSD are the highest due to the high chronicity rates (in total, by case) MSDs What is an MSD? MSDs are injuries to the musculoskeletal system which can be aggravated by conditions or hazards in the workplace Contact with Objects including both physical and organizational constructs of the work environment. Workplace Violence Ergonomics as a discipline, encompasses approaches that can address these injury risk factors. All Other Transportation Related Falls BUT Work-Related MSDs Can Be Prevented (Cost/Ergonomic Control) 22% Source: Auburn Engineers, Auburn, Al 2% The cost of 14% doing things'/interventions So over So % Of prevention strategies 25% Cost $500 15% 22% $100-$500 $501-$1,000 $1000-2,000 $2,001-$5000 Over $5,000 Less than $100 Itʼs THE ERGONOMISTʼS job to convince the employer with NUMBERS (biomechanical and financial assessment) that an ergonomic intervention is worth it…!  WHAT DO ERGONOMIC INTERVENTIONS TRY TO ADDRESS… Any kind of work limitation that can affect productivity Work that doesnʼt properly consider the normal characteristics of the human body In this course: we focus more on the ANTHROPOMETRICAL (anatomical) and BIOMECHANICAL characteristics of the body that may be affected during work Also, we will spend a little bit of time addressing COGNITIVE and PSYCHOSOCIAL demands that may affect work performance  Benefits of Ergonomic Interventions midterm Amight be on but I didn't hear her Say It A INCREASES DECREASES Quality and quantity of Injury risk production output Mistakes / errors Workplace safety Fatigue and overexertion Productivity Absenteeism Morale shows the organization cares Insurance premiums - Profit / money Workers Compensation claims Medical costs Retraining Mital, A. (1995). Ergonomics, Injury Prevention and Disability Management in Principles and Practice of Disability Management in Industry (pp. 157-174).  GROUP BASED LEARNING SESSION 1: Identifying workplace injury burden In your group, access the WSIB “Health and Safety Statistics” Report and answer the following. i.) What is the WSIB? workplaceSafety+ board insurance ii.) As an Ergonomist or someone interested in improving workplace health, why would you need to know about the WSIB? helps when developing recommendations This Quil solutions + when + giving down how cost comes on the business onerm iii.) What operates is the difference between a Schedule 1 and a Schedule 2 employer? ! be responsible for the full collective bInsuranceprp/Schedule under the accident claims Schedule 1 individually 2: cost of for when it goeso a : - pay private sector public sector iv.) How many employers are covered under Schedule 1? Schedule 2? Schedule 7 319k Schedule : 65S 2: v.) What is the leading Nature of Schedule Injury violent acts for Schedule 1? Schedule 2? 2 : assaults Schedule 1 : ove exertion , , harassment vi) What occupation has the highest number of injuries in Schedule 1? Schedule 2? Schedule 1 assisting occupations : support of health Secondary+elementary school in edu counsellors services Schedule 2 : teachers + What do you see as the primary differences in injury / claim profiles between Schedule 1 and Schedule 2 employers? What are your thoughts on this? How might you use this information as an Ergonomist / Kinesiologist?  Next Class September 11, 2024 Review and further examine the relationship between workplace injuries and ergonomics MSDs 26  If she indicates a reading is required then read them - Karsh KINE4310: Ergonomics Ergonomics The “Who” and “How” of Ergonomics September 11, 2024 2:30 pm – 4:00 pm AT-2001  Today’s Goals The “Who” and “How” of Ergonomics Introduction to Ergonomic Systems 2  WHO is an ERGONOMIST? 4) anyone protected term) can call themselves (not a An Ergonomist is an individual who has: having done things in an ergo setting Gained practical expertise in ergonomics Understands the methods used to apply that knowledge in the design of a product, process and / or environment Applies their knowledge to the analysis, design, test and evaluation of the produces, processes and environments There are 2 levels of ergonomics practice: Professional = Higher level of competency and addresses complex - = problems - Associate = Applies a general knowledge of health / safety - ↳) can be a + Health safety person Dyck, D. (2013). Disability Management: Supporting Disciplines in Disability Management Theory, Strategy and Industry Practice (pp. 403-404). Who Regulates the Field of Ergonomics? Association of Canadian Ergonomists (ACE) International Ergonomics Association (7(t) ✓What are the different membership categories in yeah ACE? full affiliate transitionaldegreestudent retired it , 10 , Li finish A , , degree degree being + interested in apart of ACE ✓What is the difference between ACE and IEA? ACE is national and FEA is international - ACE is a member of FEA ✓Can you as a student, be a member of ACE? yes you can ✓Can kinesiologists be ergonomists? Why or why not? Yes b/c also interested we are behavior in human  The HOW of Ergonomics: Micro vs. Macro Ergonomics Micro-ergonomics: Aimed toward determining the immediate interaction between tools, hardware, environment and the job on individual performance and wellbeing. Physical and Cognitive Ergonomics (human-machine interactions) Macro-ergonomics: Extends beyond micro-ergonomics and integrates different systems, tools, individuals and organizations to - improve worker health and wellbeing. ex person hurts back bic of - tool-micro Design of work systems / larger sociotechnical systems then to access benefits -WSIB like WSIB-D macro organization ergonomics (domain ↳i macro is reflected in organization Adapted from Kroemer, Kroemer and Kroemer-Elbert. (2001). Why and How to do Ergonomics in Ergonomics: How to design for ease and efficiency (pp. 603). Karsh et al., 2014  The HOW of Ergonomics: Meso-Ergonomics Micro ess- -building McCrunization Review Karsh et al (2014) the > - interaction between bridge humansa tools between micro-macro they are using > - WSIB is kind of a meso for communication between Develop a definition of Mesoegonomics. How is Meso-Ergonomics different from Micro or Macro ergonomics? e ( micro-i focuses mesoi macro is focuses focuses on on on individuals groups whole or departments organizations or systems As a kinesiologist / ergonomist, why is it important to understand the mighto difference between micro-, macro- and meso-ergonomics? on midterm change the culture organization (macrol and - in an we have John who hurt his back on a chair we put in a new chair (microl ↳ WSIB notices tells macro/organization + Imeso)  What is Participatory Ergonomics (PE)? Participatory ergonomics (PE) is a process used to develop injury prevention strategies in organizational contexts. heavily - ! The PE process relies on workers to actively participate in identifying workplace risk factors that can contribute to injuries including musculoskeletal disorders. “PE is the involvement of people in planning and - controlling their work activities because they have #sufficient knowledge and power to influence both 1processes and outcomes to achieve desirable goals.” – Wilson and Haines, 1997 sometimes the ideas don't get t so workers don't always implemented have blc of cost the POWER to elicit change  What is Participatory Ergonomics (PE)? PE requires employer stakeholders to be The employer stakeholder involved in all phases of the intervention. involvement includes: The stakeholders include: Identification of target areas for Managers / supervisors the intervention Employees Assessment of injury risks Union Developing solutions to mitigate Human resources / health and safety injury risks personnel Maintenance personnel, engineers Developing education programs Individual with experience in ergonomics Implementing strategies developed to mitigate injury risks Comprehensive evaluation center · for eval of new solution  The HOW of Ergonomics: Administrative vs. Engineering Controls more macro more micro Engineering Controls: Administrative Controls: Limit risk by reducing / removing Limit risk by implementing safety hazards through physical workplace policy, procedures and intervention practice to minimize injury risk ✓Isolate workers from hazard ✓Change the WAY people work the task but how often they Reduce loads to reduce capacity Breaks doesn'tdoing - A are change risky task the requirement Adjusting work pace Lifting Aid Additional employee to assist with lift Workspace redesign , Labelling heavy loads ture Object repositioning * force , Post repe https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/hierarchy/default.html  The HOW of Ergonomics: Administrative vs. Engineering Controls HIERARCHY OF CONTROLS List and briefly describe the 5 Hierarchy of controls. O ↳ pplrely on it in time or have Provide an example of each control from the ergonomic challenges the mentality that It does the work for that you have identified in class. them Which do you think is the most effective at reducing MSK risk? Why is the most effective? How would you determine if it was the most effective?  Workplace injuries and Ergonomics * Seeley, P.A. and Marklin, R.W. Business case for implementing two ergonomic interventions. Applied Ergonomics. 2003 question on midterm abt next slides + this article health of workers occupational line Vision: Ergonomics could make a - overall will improve , thereby enhancing their positive impact on the lives of the quality of life + reducing the cost of the employer workers and reducing the severity and incidence of injuries Purpose: To provide a business case for implementing two ergonomic interventions Setting: Line workers in a US electric power company Methods: Retrospective financial review one of the hurdles in selling ergonomics to management is that they see it as high lost , low value. An effective way to sell company is to implement few simple success stories of the opposite ergonomics in a a type value , low cost-high  Workplace Injuries and Ergonomics Seeley, P.A. and Marklin, R.W. Business case for implementing two ergonomic interventions. Applied Ergonomics. 2003 THE PROBLEM 1% of population has strength to make required forearm contraction Peak forearm contractions 90-100% MVC 47 injuries from January 1999 – July 2001 ($478 605) resulted duty in restricted (RD) or lost work days (LWD) Short term, long term and permanent replacement workers Manual compression press and wire cutting tools  Workplace injuries and Ergonomics Fig. 2. A line worker crimping a compression connector with a manual compression press from a bucket (EPRI , 2001). Seeley, P.A. and Marklin, R.W. Business case for implementing two ergonomic interventions. Applied Ergonomics. 2003 THE SOLUTION Fig. 4. A line worker cutting a large diameter wire with a manua cutter (EPRI , 2001). Fig. 3. A compression connector crimped with a battery-operated Compression connector with press (EPRI , 2001). Battery operated wire cutter Fig. 5. A battery-operated wire cutter (EPRI , 2001). 2.5.1.3. a battery M anual operated cutter vs. press battery-operated cutter. Var- beneficial impact on the occupational health of line ious methods were used to cut wire of size #2 A WG and workers at the utilit y. Feedback from line workers at the larger. Some of the cutting tools used to cut wire were utility showed that some line workers would probably long handled cable sheers (51 cm long and 1.4 kg), not use the battery-operated press as a cutting too  Workplace injuries and Ergonomics Seeley, P.A. and Marklin, R.W. Business case for implementing two ergonomic interventions. Applied Ergonomics. 2003 Hypothesis: Reducing or eliminating risk factors of upper extremity MSD, significant reductions in medical, workers’ compensation, replacement workers and retraining costs would be realized Cost-benefit analysis conducted Cost: Initial cost of providing the battery operated press and battery operated cutter = $300 000.00 (annual costs = $60 000) Estimated Annual Benefit = $184 255 Payback period was estimated to be 4 months (60 000/184 255 *12) $300 000 was requested from operations for the battery operated tools which was supported cost of treating treating them earlier was lower than them later WHAT IS THE TAKE HOME MESSAGE? what the cost of not is doing anything  In-Class Small Group Discussion: Review: Waters., 2010 Based on your review of last class’ reading, “Introduction to Ergonomics for Healthcare Workers” a. Develop a definition for Ergonomics based on this reading. of the fitting place conditions job demands to the capabilities of the working population science matching or work + b. Develop a definition of Workplace Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSD). are disorders of the ligs jants cartilage mm , nn , resulting tendons , , , or performance spine disks from or made worse by exposure to the work environ or of work c. Identify risk factors associated with WMSD according to the NRC and IOM Conceptual MSD Etiological Model. Physical load repetition fatigue , , force , vibration , d. Identify 5 worker characteristics and capabilities that might be considered when developing an ergonomic intervention. anthropometry strength psychophysical capacity tissue tolerance , , mm , max , physiosocial limitations e. What are psychosocial stressors and how are they related to WMSD risk? rapid work place, monotonous work , low job satisfaction , low descision latitude, job stress  REVIEW Activity: Write and Reflect What is your definition of ergonomics? Who are some of the stakeholders? What are the different system levels in ergonomics and how are they related?  KINE4310: Ergonomics Ergonomics: Theory and Musculoskeletal Disorders September 16, 2024 2:30 pm – 3:45 pm AT-2001  Today’s Goals Introduction to etiology of Workplace MSDs MSK Theory (Kumar 2001) Battle of the theories!! 2  What is a work-related Musculoskeletal Disorder (WRMSD)? An MSD that is caused by, or aggravated by, work According to the World Health Organization's definition of work-related disorders (World Health Organization, 1985) how impacts work injury risk A WRMSD is work related when work procedures, equipment, or environment contribute significantly to the cause of the disorder really important for WSIB and the injury actually happened AT work to WRMSDs are multifactorial and may be due to physical, organizational, psychosocial, and - sociological risk factors - There is great variation in the diagnostic criteria for musculoskeletal disorders, ranging from clinical diagnoses based on symptoms and signs for some, to diagnoses based on structural and functional criteria for others. “Disorder" is preferred over "injury” because it better captures the range of phenomena being considered.  What are the primary risk factors associated with WRMSD? Trying target to assessments these in our Physical Factors primary category (~80%) - Force (related to biological tolerance limits) weight (push pull carry) D - , , What they using Rom are Repetition (Movement amplitude, velocity, coordination) show many times new fest ? - netmoing Someone does tesk Posture (Static / alignment; Dynamic / stability) a jointsstackedmoving Stability trisk are ↳ 6 of of MSD Duration / Fatigue long they doing properly = Lhow are it for Vibration – HAVS (Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome – Vascular / neurological / MSK) Extreme temperatures (heat / cold) Hagberg, 1985)  What are the primary risk factors associated with WRMSD? Organizational / psychosocial factors (~20%) - Work Scheduling Lack of job control Low social support Lack of communication Leadership approach (World Health Organization; Hagberg, 1985)  BATTLE OF THE THEORIES! Review “Theories of musculoskeletal injury causation” (Kumar, 2001) (uploaded to the course D2L site) Review all the theories but focus on your assigned theory as you will be “defending” your assigned theory: mSI Multivariate Interaction Theory (Group 1) Psychosocial genetic morphological interactive between is : process an , , + biomechanical factors different joints loaded differently Differential Fatigue Theory (Group 2) + *. Short-term : amt of mm are rate of diff fatigue t fatigue term : joint Kinematics is long ↳ loading optimal design + pattern f for of joint injury Cumulative Load Theory (Group 3) repeatedChanges 1) cumulative fatigue reducing stress-bearing capacity load= may reduce threshold stress = tissues fail Overexertion Theory (Group 4) sys Overexertion will sys components the. or. which exceeds mean excessive tolerance exertion of the limit  * answer all these G's BATTLE OF THE THEORIES! for each theory * In your group, consider the following about your assigned theory: FIRST – team name! Then… overexertin leadstoYA s What are the central tenets of your theory? (main points ? How does your theory explain MSK causation? What does your theory do better than all the theories in terms of describing MSK causation? What are some the things that your theory doesn’t do that well in terms of describing MSK causation? Why is your theory --- the best theory? Multivariate interaction theory What are the central tenets of your theory? Differential fatigue theory precipitation of MSI is an interactive process between genetic, morphological, What are the central tenant’s of your theory? psychosocial and bio-mechanical factors short term: due to the disproportionate demands on different mm, it is likely that the different mm Within each of the categories many variables which potentiate and may effect operating a joint may undergo different amounts of fatigue and the rate with which they fatigue may precipitation of a MSI also be different How does your theory explain MSK causation? Long term: the foregoing altered mm kinematics may result in joint kinematics and loading pattern the info above different from the optimum and natural loading pattern according to the geometry and design of the What does your theory do better than all the other theories in terms of describing joint MSK causation? How does your theory explain MSK causation? includes the 20% factors rather then just the 80% of risk factors by proportionally higher prolonged or repeated loading, the connective tissue component will be What are some of the things that your theory doesn’t do that well in terms of called upon to perform at a proportionally higher rate or for a longer time describing MSK causation? The friction blocks and viscosity-elastic elements of the connective tissues may cause proportionate does go into depth or even really mention the 80% of risk factors deformation of these connective tissues, thereby altering the joint stability Why is your theory — the best theory? What does your theory do better than all the theories in terms of describing MSK causation? encompasses the 80% of risk factors included thus covering more than half the risk of an MSI What are some of the things that your theory doesn’t do that well in terms of describing MSK causation? it only talks about repetition and doesn’t count for single reps risk It also doesn’t include the 20% risk factors at all Cumulative load theory Why is your theory — the best theory? What are the central tenants of your theory? repeated load application may also result in cumulative fatigue Such changes may reduce the threshold stress at which the tissues fail How does your theory explain MSK causation? Overexertion theory explain it same way as above What are the central tenants of your theory? What does your theory do better than all the theories int terms of describing MSK causation? means excessive exertion which exceeds the tolerance limit of the system or systems it has studies that use men and women as well as people with pain vs people with no pain in trials components to see how cumulative load affects people How does your theory explain MSK causation? What are some of the things that your theory doesn’t do that well in terms of describing MSK causation? define overexertion as a function of force, duration, posture and motion it only takes into consideration repetitive tasks not one time tasks What does your theory do better than all the theories int terms of describing MSK causation? it includes all the 80% risk factors as a function of the theory What are some of the things that your theory doesn’t do that well in terms of describing MSK causation?- again only includes repetitive motions and not one time reps  BATTLE OF THE THEORIES! Defending your theory! Round 1: Group 1 vs. Group 4 (T1) Group 2 vs. Group 3 (T2) Round 2: Winner T1 vs. Winner T2 (T3) Loser T1 vs. Loser T2 (T4) Round 3 Winner T3 vs Winner T4  TAKE-AWAYS Identifying MSK theory and how it helps us understand MSK causation Consider how that learning informs your practice in kinesiology and ergonomics Developing a rationale argument to support a position  KINE4310: Ergonomics RACE Model and Injury Risk Assessment: REBA September 18, 2024 2:30 pm – 3:45 pm AT2001 Review: What are the primary risk factors associated with WRMSD? Physical Factors primary category (~80%) Force (related to biological tolerance limits) Repetition (Movement amplitude, velocity, coordination) Posture (Static / alignment; Dynamic / stability) Duration / Fatigue Vibration – HAVS (Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome – Vascular / neurological / MSK) Extreme temperatures (heat / cold) (Hagberg, 1985)  What are the primary risk factors associated with WRMSD? Organizational / psychosocial factors (~20%) Work Scheduling Lack of job control Low social support Lack of communication Leadership approach (World Health Organization; Hagberg, 1985)  What can Ergonomists do about WRMSDs? work related musculoskeletal disorders Employers are legally required to identified hazards linked to MSDs and implement strategies to mitigate these exposures. The purpose of an ergonomic intervention is to modify a work - component to reduce exposure to the WMSD risk factor - A risk factor is a variable associated with increasing risk of WMSD Consequently, as an ergonomist you need to understand various factors: Work environment temperature > - Risk factors force posture repition duration mental factors > - , , , , Individuals performing the work morphological factors - Lithings you can't change abt yourself Others? -work culture L regative = injuries/illnesses  What can Ergonomists do about WRMSDs? “RACE” Model ↳D assessment , control , evaluate recognize , CSA Standard ↳ Canadian Standard Association Workplace Ergonomics – A management and implementation standard Guidance for systematic application of ergonomics to the development, management and improvement of work systems using an Ergonomic Process  Utilizing the RACE Model Access the online MSD Prevention Toolbox https://www.msdprevention.com/ Scroll through menu on the left side until you find the “RACE” Model Click on that link What are the key processes involved in preparing recognizing hazards jobs in for an Ergonomic intervention? ↳) reports (on worker discomfort Identify a tool that can be used to assess a work observation root cause use analysis lifting work/posture assessment tool , arm assess Hazard. push/pull/carry , , assess tools , hand work assess tools Identify one “simple risk assessment” and one “full Simple risk assess : what to monitor , who to monitor , when to monitor + what data Most risk assessment” full risk assess : observational or comprehensive assessment methods eliminationremove subs-preplace engineer What is the Hierarchy of Controls? Provide one Disolate system developed by control NIOSH that ranks hazard control Adm change example of each level. a from most effective to least PPE protect How might you evaluate the effectiveness of your -I Least - feedback checklists + worker Sessions control strategy? quick employee use survey feedback reassess the tesk looka injury reports Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: Process for Implementation 1. Document the job title, task and date 2. Observe a sample of workers performing the task. This sample can include experience and non-experienced workers. 3. Take written notes on the task and associated physical demands. 4. Compare observations and notes with the MSD risk assessment. 5. Prepare conclusions.  If there is an increased risk of workers developing MSDs, use results to begin discussions to develop strategies to mitigate the risk factors.  If the results suggest there is no increased risk of workers developing MSDs review and develop an ongoing evaluation plan  Utilizing the MSD Prevention Toolbox Access the online MSD Prevention Toolbox https://www.msdprevention.com/ What are 4 symptoms associated with MSD? What should workers do if they experience MSD symptoms? (grp1) Describe Hand Arm Vibration syndrome (HAVs) including the anatomical structure affected. (grp1) Identify and describe the general risk assessment procedure for MSD prevention (RACE). (grp2) What are the 10 steps in the Ontario MSD Prevention Guideline. (grp3) What is a workplace hazard? (grp 4) Define and describe 5 controls that can be implemented to eliminate / reduce MSD risk factors. (grp4) Who are stakeholders in MSD prevention? What is a Joint Health and Safety committee? What is their role in injury management? (all)  Observational Assessments of Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSD) Risks Observational assessments are used to: 1. Identify hazards in the workplace 2. Monitor the effects of ergonomics modifications 3. Conduct research not true measurements but still -D provide important information Observational risk assessments provides estimates of - biomechanical loads associated with increasing risk of MSD. Takala et al., 2010  Observational Assessments of Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSD) Risks There are MANY (over 30!) observational risk assessment tools (i.e., RULA, REBA, OWAS, NIOSH, etc….etc….etc…) upper limb Selection of which tool to use is based on some of the following: Objective of the assessment Whether an in-depth assessment is required I don't usually take dynamic postures into account in Characteristics of the work being assessed (i.e., static / dynamic) assessment = the Individuals performing the work Resources available for collecting / analyzing data Takala et al., 2010  Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: REBA = Rapid Entire Body Assessment REBA is a quick postural assessment for whole body activities – static and dynamic of job tasks with high MSD exposure Paper worksheet is used to provide input and scoring and action level output Body Part Assessed: Wrist, shoulder, elbow, neck, forearm, trunk, back, legs, knees Types of jobs to be assessed: Designed specifically for MSD risks in healthcare and other service industries. Applies to any context where the whole body is used, posture is dynamic, static, rapidly changing or animate or inanimate loads are being handled. MSD Hazards Considered: Force, Posture, Repetition, Duration MSD Prevention Toolbox 3(a) – Occupational Health and Safety Council of Ontario  Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: REBA = Rapid Entire Body Assessment Methods: Once the tasks have been observed, the assessor must score the postures / demands. Video and / or pictures are useful to assist with this process. Postures to be analyzed are determined by the following guiding questions: What are the most frequently, repeated postures? Which postures are held for the longest time? Which postures require the most muscular activities? Which postures cause the workers the most discomfort? Which postures are considered extreme / awkward? Atwist - , overhead , end Rom Scores are calculated using the REBA worksheet MSD Prevention Toolbox 3(a) – Occupational Health and Safety Council of Ontario  Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: REBA: Trunk Score O... Lo LI if there can adjust score are other factors included Source: Hignett and McAtamney. 2000. Ergonomics, 31, 201-5. Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: REBA: Neck Score ↑ Source: Hignett and McAtamney. 2000. Ergonomics, 31, 201-5.  Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: REBA: Leg Score % ↳ - - 30 600 - - - posture /lifting Source: Hignett and McAtamney. 2000. Ergonomics, 31, 201-5. Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: REBA: Upper Arms - - Source: Hignett and McAtamney. 2000. Ergonomics, 31, 201-5. Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: REBA: Lower Arms ! Source: Hignett and McAtamney. 2000. Ergonomics, 31, 201-5. Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: REBA: Wrists D Source: Hignett and McAtamney. 2000. Ergonomics, 31, 201-5. Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: REBA: Scoring Source: Hignett and McAtamney. 2000. Ergonomics, 31, 201-5. Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: REBA: Table A and Load 1 Source: Hignett and McAtamney. 2000. Ergonomics, 31, 201-5. Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: REBA: Table B and Coupling 1 Source: Hignett and McAtamney. 2000. Ergonomics, 31, 201-5.  Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: REBA: Table C and Activity Score - x5 + 1 = 6 6 5+ 2 = 10 Source: Hignett and McAtamney. 2000. Ergonomics, 31, 201-5. Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: REBA: Action Levels Source: Hignett and McAtamney. 2000. Ergonomics, 31, 201-5.  BREAKOUT GROUP WORK Using the videos uploaded to the course D2L site, complete an assessment of injury risk using the REBA tool Once you have administered the REBA, identify the injury risk associated with this task. Considering the RACE Model, as an ergonomist, what might be your next step? What do you see as limitations of this assessment tool? 15-20 minutes 7 ⑧ 3 I ⑧ S 3 4 O 8 7 2 3 10 O O 10 12 I 13  KINE4310: Ergonomics Injury Risk Assessment: RULA September 23, 2024 2:30 pm – 3:45 pm AT2001  Today’s Goals Review of REBA Introduction to RULA 2 Review: What are the primary risk factors associated with WRMSD? Physical Factors primary category (~80%) Force (related to biological tolerance limits) Repetition (Movement amplitude, velocity, coordination) Posture (Static / alignment; Dynamic / stability) Duration / Fatigue Vibration – HAVS (Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome – Vascular / neurological / MSK) Extreme temperatures (heat / cold) (Hagberg, 1985)  What are the primary risk factors associated with WRMSD? Organizational / psychosocial factors (~20%) Work Scheduling Lack of job control Low social support Lack of communication Leadership approach (World Health Organization; Hagberg, 1985)  Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: REBA = Rapid Entire Body Assessment REBA is a quick postural assessment for whole body activities – static and dynamic of job tasks with high MSD exposure Paper worksheet is used to provide input and scoring and action level output Body Part Assessed: Wrist, shoulder, elbow, neck, forearm, trunk, back, legs, knees Types of jobs to be assessed: Designed specifically for MSD risks in healthcare and other service industries. Applies to any context where the whole body is used, posture is dynamic, static, rapidly changing or animate or inanimate loads are being handled. MSD Hazards Considered: Force, Posture, Repetition, Duration MSD Prevention Toolbox 3(a) – Occupational Health and Safety Council of Ontario  Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: REBA = Rapid Entire Body Assessment which postures in the most a a , job are parts a of ba do risky + which Methods: > different - duty a assessment (REBA or RULA) Once the tasks have been observed, the assessor must score the postures / demands. Video and / or pictures are useful to assist with this process. Postures to be analyzed are determined by the following guiding questions: What are the most frequently, repeated postures? Which postures are held for the longest time? Which postures require the most muscular activities? Which postures cause the workers the most discomfort? Which postures are considered extreme / awkward? Scores are calculated using the REBA worksheet MSD Prevention Toolbox 3(a) – Occupational Health and Safety Council of Ontario Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: REBA: Action Levels ave now you the ↓ graspi n goendles wou can what's the next step after REBA Yload -owell RULA ? > what solutions - - I exist look which body parts have the highest score - D try to eliminate risk Source: Hignett and McAtamney. 2000. Ergonomics, 31, 201-5. Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: REBA: Action Levels Source: Hignett and McAtamney. 2000. Ergonomics, 31, 201-5.  Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: RULA = Rapid Upper Limb Assessment ·REBA is a quick postural assessment provides a quick assessment of ~ upper extremity work demands. Paper worksheet is used to provide input and scoring and action level output Body Part Assessed: Upper Limb (hand, wrist, shoulder, elbow) and Low Back Types of jobs to be assessed: Jobs were the upper limbs are primarily used to perform work tasks. Examples include computer work, retail / cashier positions. MSD Hazards Considered: Force, Posture, Repetition, Duration MSD Prevention Toolbox 3(a) – Occupational Health and Safety Council of Ontario  Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: RULA = Rapid Upper Limb Assessment * we assess a static posture so we have to understand that movement is dynamic So we choose the HIGHEST RISK POSTURE Methods: The worker should be seated or standing to use this assessment. Determine which posture should be assessed; typically the posture that is held the longest are assessed. Identify if the right / left or both sides of the body should be assessed. Score the position of the upper arm (shoulder posture), lower arm (elbow posture) and wrist Use Table A on the RULA worksheet to determine the combined score for right or left upper limb (muscle use, force/load and posture) Use Table B on the RULA worksheet to determine the combined score for the neck, trunk and legs. Use Table C on the RULA worksheet to determine the “Grand” score for the task. Use the action levels to determine level of intervention necessary. MSD Prevention Toolbox 3(a) – Occupational Health and Safety Council of Ontario Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: RULA = Rapid Upper Limb Assessment Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: RULA: Upper Arm Score 3 I · Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: RULA: Lower Arm Score - 2 9 Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: RULA: Wrist / Wrist Twist Score ↑ -. O G 1 2 Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: RULA: Generating Wrist / Arm Score - 4 1 3 8 Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: RULA: Neck, Trunk and Leg Analysis O Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: RULA: Neck Posture Score 2 a Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: RULA: Trunk Posture Score - 4 Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: RULA: Leg Score 1 Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: RULA: Generating Posture Score O 5 1 3 9 Observational Assessments of Injury Risk: RULA: Generating RULA Score ⑧ 7  BREAKOUT GROUP SESSION Using the videos uploaded to the course D2L site, identify a high risk posture during the lift. How did you identify that the posture placed the worker at high risk of injury? Next, complete an assessment of injury risk using the RULA tool. Once you have administered the RULA, identify the injury risk associated with this task. Considering the RACE Model, as an ergonomist, what might be your next steps? What do you see as limitations of this assessment tool? 15-20 minutes  G 4 O 3 0 O O 2 3 I O O 8 O G 2 3 6 IO 8 I I 3 3 7 10  eF change now -9 67 change Li soon what ramped up the score Had * posture - - Dakward - neck posture Heirchary of centrals Show to reduce the load - Hiercharcy of controls - b neck posture - Can't eliminate or sub