Biology EOC Review Answer Key PDF

Biology EOC Notes Characteristics of life Organization, Response to stimuli, Reproduction, Evolution, Homeostasis, Metabolism Cell theory 1. All living things are made of cells. 2. Cells are the smallest units of living organisms. 3. All cells come from...

Biology EOC Notes Characteristics of life Organization, Response to stimuli, Reproduction, Evolution, Homeostasis, Metabolism Cell theory 1. All living things are made of cells. 2. Cells are the smallest units of living organisms. 3. All cells come from other cells Biomolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Monomer monosaccharide Fatty acid amino acid nucleotide Function fast energy long term energy muscle energy Codes for traits Function Structure cell membrane Act like enzymes direct cell activity Elements CHO CHO CHON CHONP Enzymes Enzymes can break down sugars or other substances. When an enzyme can no longer function, it has DENATURED. An enzyme can become denatured if not at the proper temperature or pH. ©Biology with Mrs. Brown 1  Prokaryotes Eukaryotes No nucleus Has nucleus No membrane-bound organelles Has membrane-bound organelles Bacteria Protists, Fungi, Animals, Plants Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have DNA, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and a cell membrane. Cell Parts Nucleus- Stores DNA Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth) - Produces proteins and lipids Golgi apparatus- Protein packs Mitochondria- Energy production Cell membrane - helps maintain homeostasis Ribosomes- Site of protein synthesis Cytoplasm - fluid inside the cell that suspends the organelles. Vesicles - They transport substances around or out of the cell. Cellular Transport Passive - Does not require energy (ATP) Active - Requires ATP energy Osmosis - transport of water through the membrane Diffusion - movement from high concentration to low Facilitated diffusion - uses protein, not energy Osmotic Solutions Hypertonic- High concentration of solute Hypotonic- Low concentration of solute Isotonic- Equal concentration of solute ©Biology with Mrs. Brown 2  Energy production Cellular respiration - Occurs in mitochondria (All organisms do CR) Photosynthesis - Occurs in the chloroplast (plants only) DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid *Found in Nucleus and is in the shape of a double helix * Made up of Nucleotides **Each nucleotide is made of a phosphate, a sugar (deoxyribose) and a nitrogen base 4 Nucleotides Adenine pairs with Thymine Cytosine pairs with Guanine DNA replication: makes a new copy of DNA ©Biology with Mrs. Brown 3 Cell Cycle Interphase - Cell spends 90% of its time in this phase. ○ G1 - Growth, development, cell functions ○ S - "synthesis" DNA replication occurs ○ G2 - Growth and preparation for cell division Mitosis- Somatic cells (body cells, skin, liver, etc.) ○ Prophase: chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane disappears ○ Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. ○ Anaphase: chromosomes separate ○ Telophase: two nuclei are formed, preparation for cytokinesis Cytokinesis: the cell completely divides into 2 identical cells Meiosis - Sex cells (gametes; sperm and eggs only!) ○ Gametes are haploid: half of the amount of chromosomes ○ Human gametes have 23 chromosomes. Children inherit 23 from mom, 23 from dad - total of 46 MEIOSIS I Prophase I (Crossover occurs) Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I MEIOSIS II Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II ©Biology with Mrs. Brown 4 Genetics Monohybrid Punnett Squares Dihybrid Punnett square AB Ab aB ab AB AABB AABb AaBB AaBb Ab AABb AAbb AaBb Aabb aB AaBB AaBb aaBB aaBb ab AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb The results show that 9/16 plants will be tall and have pink flowers, 3/16 plants will be tall and have red flowers, 3/16 plants will be short and have pink flowers, and 1/16 plants will be short and have red flowers. ©Biology with Mrs. Brown 5  Non-Mendelian inheritance: does not follow the "rules" Incomplete dominance - Shows a _______ of traits ○ Red Flower + White Flower = Pink Flower CoDominance: _______ traits are shown in the offspring. ○ A black chicken crossed with a white chicken will make a black and white speckled chicken. ○ Blood typing also shows codominance Protein synthesis: making proteins ©Biology with Mrs. Brown 6 Mutations Frameshift: affects how the line is read after mutation Insertion: an extra base is added in a sequence Deletion: a base is removed from a sequence. Chromosomal: changes in the number or structure of a chromosome. Duplication: An extra copy made from part of a chromosome. Deletion: loss of part of a chromosome. Inversion: reverses the direction of part of a chromosome. Translocation: part of one is attached to another chromosome Natural selection Fitness: more suitable for your environment; the organism is less likely to be eaten, so They can pass their genes on to offspring. genetic drift: Genes randomly allow an organism to better adapt to its environment. Evolution ©Biology with Mrs. Brown 7 Classification 3 Domains 6 kingdoms Archaea Archaebacteria bacteria Eubacterias Eukarya Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals Microorganisms Bacteria - Unicellular, prokaryotic, can be autotrophic or heterotrophic. Good: Bacteria in the soil fixes nitrogen for plants to use. Bad: E. Coli is a bacteria that can make you extremely sick. Virus - They do not have characteristics of life. They have DNA/RNA, capsid (protein coat), It needs a host to reproduce. They reproduce by the lytic cycle (short; common cold) or the lysogenic cycle (long; HIV) ©Biology with Mrs. Brown 8 Plants Non vascular: obtain water by osmosis; former Mosses Vascular: water and nutrients transported through the xylem and phloem. Xylem- Carries water Phloem: transports sugars produced by photosynthesis. Stomata: pores in the lower part of the leaf that allow gas exchange. Open and close using guard cells Plant Reproduction - Male - Anther and Filament > make up stamen Female- stigma, style, ovary > constitute pistil Food webs / Energy pyramid Producers - Autotrophs Consumers- Heterotrophs Primary Consumers - Herbivore Secondary consumers - omnivore/carnivore Tertiary consumers - carnivores Apex predator- carnivore/top of the food chain Biodiversity: the variety of species in an area ©Biology with Mrs. Brown 9 Succession Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles ©Biology with Mrs. Brown 10 Ecological Relationships Predator-Prey: one animal eats another for food Competition- Organisms that compete for the same resources. Symbiosis Mutualism- both benefit Commensalism: one benefits, one is neutral Parasitism- One benefits, one is harmed Body Systems **Body systems interact with each other; They do not work in isolation** Homeostasis - the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems. Immune & Integumentary - They both work together to protect the body. The integumentary system is the first barrier against pathogens. If a pathogen makes it into your body, your immune system is triggered, sending white blood cells to attack it. Body Temperature Regulation - When we are too hot, our body sweats and dilates capillaries to release excess heat. When we are too cold, our body shivers and constricts capillaries to generate heat. Digestive & Nervous - The muscles of the digestive system rely on the nervous system to contract the smooth muscles of the intestines to move food through the intestines. ©Biology with Mrs. Brown 11