Ahfad University for Women Cell Biology and Genetics Lab Manual PDF

Ahfad University for Women Ahfad Centre for Science and Technology Fresh man-year First Year –Semester Two SCHOOL OF MEDICINE CELL Biology and genetics Code: biol 124 Prepared by: Dr. Raiyed Mohammed Awad...

Ahfad University for Women Ahfad Centre for Science and Technology Fresh man-year First Year –Semester Two SCHOOL OF MEDICINE CELL Biology and genetics Code: biol 124 Prepared by: Dr. Raiyed Mohammed Awad 1  LAB NO (5) PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC You can use the light microscope to study slides of different type of cells and organism, but only their external features will be distinguishable. Objectives: The main objective of this practical is to demonstrate the different types of Prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Materials: 1. Fixed slides or pictures of bacteria, protozoan, Metazoan and Fungi. 2. Compound light Microscopes. Method: Examined the fixed slides under microscope and then draw large labelled drawing. After you observe all of them report the differences in cell morphology between them and fill the classification chart. 2  PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC Student name:________________________________________ Group Lab:______ Group Lecture;______ Day:_________________ Date:_________ Time:_______ Name: Name: Name: Name: Name: Name: 3 Name: Name: Name: Name: Name: Name: 4  LAB NO (6) TRANSPORTATION THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE 1- DIFFUSION Diffusion is the process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. This movement, down the concentration gradient, continues until molecules are evenly distributed. Objective: To demonstrate the movement of particles of substances in solution. Material: Ink, beaker or test tube and water. Method: Add one drop of ink to the water in the beaker or test tube. Record your observations. Results: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Explanation: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 5  2-OSMOSIS Osmosis is a special type of diffusion: the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane. Objective: To demonstrate the movement of water according to its different concentrations. Material: Potato tuber, NaCl crystal, Razor blade, water, a Petri dish. Method:  Cut the anterior and the posterior ends of a large potato tuber. Make a small groove on one end of each  Place each tuber in a petri dish as follow: Petri dish without water + tuber with salt in the groove Leave it for one hour. / Record your observations. Results: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ Explanation: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 6  3- PLASMOLYSIS Refer to a situation of the cell shape when it placed in solutions with different solute concentrations comparing to solute concentration in the cell. Objective: To observe the effect of osmosis in cytoplasm under certain treatments. Materials: Allium cepa (onion), Hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions, glass slide, cover slip, and microscope. Method: Examine a transparent sheet of tissue from the lower epidermis of Allium cepa leaf (fresh) after transferring the tissue to a Petri dish containing either Hypotonic, hypertonic or isotonic Solution which left for for 10 minutes. Record your observations. Results: Type of solution Observation (Shape of the cell) Hypotonic solution Isotonic solution Hypertonic solution Explanation: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 7  4-PERMEABILITY OF PLANT TISSUE The plasma membrane is selectively permeable; that is it will allow some substances to pass across it but not others, but some condition may alter this permeability. Objective: To demonstrate the permeability of the cell membrane and effect of Temperature, PH and Narcotic substances on this permeability. I. Effect of heat Materials: Beetroot, distilled water, test tubes and water bath. Method:  Cut a fresh beetroot to small slices and wash them thoroughly  Then in two test tubes add 5 cubes of beet and then add water 1. 5 slices + 5 ml distilled water, leave for 10 minutes. 2. 5 slices + 5ml distilled water, heat for 10 minutes. Shake the tubes well and record your observations. Result: Beet root cube /temperature Colour Observation Test tube + beet root cubes + water at room temperature Test tube + beet root cubes + water heated at water bath Explanation: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 8 II. Effect of PH Material: Beet root, dilute NaOH, dilute HCl, distilled water and test tubes. Method:  Cut a fresh beetroot to small slices and wash under running water to remove the red colour of the Anthocyanin pigments.  Then in three test tubes transfer 5 slices to each 1. 5 slices + 5 ml distilled water 2. 5 slices + 5 ml diluted Na OH 3. 5 slices + 5 ml diluted HCl Leave for minutes and observe the change in colour. Record your observations. Result: Beet root cube /PH Colour Observation Test tube + beet root cube + HCl Test tube + beet root cube + NaOH Explanation: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 9 Effect Narcotic substances (alcohol) Materials: Beet root, distilled water, alcohol, test tubes. Method:  Cut a fresh beet root to small slices and wash 5 slices + 5 ml distilled water, leave for 10 minutes.  In the other tube add 5slices +5 ml of alcohol, leave for 10 minutes Shake the tubes well and record your observations. Results: Beet root cube /Narcotic substances Colour Observation Test tube + beet root cube + water Test tube + beet root cube + Alcohol Explanation: ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________ 10  LAB NO (7) Cell division All cells come from pre-existing cells, and eukaryotic cells must undergo mitosis in order to form new cells. The replication of a cell is part of the overall cell cycle which is composed of interphase and M phase (mitotic phase). M phase, which consists of mitosis and cytokinesis, is the portion of the cell cycle where the cell divides, reproducing itself. Figure. 1. Show mitosis division stages in Allium cepa roots. Objective: To identify stages of mitosis comparing to the provided picture. Materials: Vicia faba roots (broad beans), Acetic Acid, Basic Fuchsine stain, diluted HCl, slides and coverslips, razor, petri dishes and compound light microscope. Method:  Transfer the roots of newly germinated broad beans from acetic acid solution into petri dish and then wash them with water.  Then place them in diluted HCl in other petri dish. Left for 5 minutes.  Then wash them with water and then place single root in slide.  Cut the tip of the root and leave it on the slide and remove the rest.  Add 2 drops of the basic fuchsine stain. Leave it for 5 minutes.  Then gently crush it with forceps and cover it with cover slip.  Observe the stages at different magnification and draw large labelled drawing. 11 Figure.2. shows the anatomy of the root to demonstrate the zone of cell division. 12 13 14 15