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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of DNA replication?
What is the primary purpose of DNA replication?
Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by DNA replication?
Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by DNA replication?
In meiosis, how do gametes compare to somatic cells in terms of chromosome number?
In meiosis, how do gametes compare to somatic cells in terms of chromosome number?
During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?
During which phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?
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What structure is formed during telophase of mitosis?
What structure is formed during telophase of mitosis?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of life?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of life?
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What is the basic unit of living organisms according to the cell theory?
What is the basic unit of living organisms according to the cell theory?
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What type of biomolecule serves as the main source of fast energy?
What type of biomolecule serves as the main source of fast energy?
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What happens to an enzyme when it becomes denatured?
What happens to an enzyme when it becomes denatured?
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Which cellular structure is primarily responsible for energy production?
Which cellular structure is primarily responsible for energy production?
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Which process requires ATP for transporting substances across the cell membrane?
Which process requires ATP for transporting substances across the cell membrane?
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In which solution is the concentration of solute higher outside the cell than inside it?
In which solution is the concentration of solute higher outside the cell than inside it?
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Which of the following elements is NOT found in carbohydrates?
Which of the following elements is NOT found in carbohydrates?
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What defines the classification of bacteria?
What defines the classification of bacteria?
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Which of the following plant structures are involved in gas exchange?
Which of the following plant structures are involved in gas exchange?
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What is the primary role of the integumentary system in the body?
What is the primary role of the integumentary system in the body?
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Which relationship describes a scenario where one organism benefits while the other is harmed?
Which relationship describes a scenario where one organism benefits while the other is harmed?
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In the energy pyramid, what do primary consumers primarily eat?
In the energy pyramid, what do primary consumers primarily eat?
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What is the primary function of the xylem in vascular plants?
What is the primary function of the xylem in vascular plants?
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What characterizes the lytic cycle of viral reproduction?
What characterizes the lytic cycle of viral reproduction?
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What is meant by 'biodiversity' in an ecological context?
What is meant by 'biodiversity' in an ecological context?
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What is a result of incomplete dominance?
What is a result of incomplete dominance?
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In a dihybrid Punnett square, what ratio of phenotypes is expected from the genetic crosses shown?
In a dihybrid Punnett square, what ratio of phenotypes is expected from the genetic crosses shown?
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What type of mutation occurs when a base is added to a DNA sequence?
What type of mutation occurs when a base is added to a DNA sequence?
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Which of the following describes natural selection?
Which of the following describes natural selection?
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What is the expected ratio of tall plants with pink flowers to those that are short and red from the given results?
What is the expected ratio of tall plants with pink flowers to those that are short and red from the given results?
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Which mutation type involves the loss of a part of a chromosome?
Which mutation type involves the loss of a part of a chromosome?
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Which of the following best defines codominance?
Which of the following best defines codominance?
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What does genetic drift refer to in the context of evolution?
What does genetic drift refer to in the context of evolution?
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Study Notes
Characteristics of Life
- Organization, response to stimuli, reproduction, evolution, homeostasis, metabolism
Cell Theory
- All living things are made of cells
- Cells are the smallest units of living organisms
- All cells come from other cells
Biomolecules
- Monomers are building blocks
- Carbohydrates: monosaccharides, function-fast energy, elements-CHO
- Lipids: fatty acids, long-term energy, cell membrane, elements-CHO
- Proteins: amino acids, muscle energy, act like enzymes, elements-CHON
- Nucleic acids: nucleotides, codes for traits, directs cell activity, elements-CHONP
Enzymes
- Enzymes can break down sugars or other substances
- Enzymes can become denatured if not at the proper temperature or pH
- Enzyme function involves a substrate binding to the active site, forming an enzyme-substrate complex, and releasing the product.
Levels of Organization
- Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere (least to most complex)
Cell Parts
- Nucleus: stores DNA
- Endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth): produces proteins and lipids
- Golgi apparatus: packages proteins
- Mitochondria: energy production
- Cell membrane: helps maintain homeostasis
- Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
- Cytoplasm: fluid inside the cell that suspends the organelles
- Vesicles: transport substances around or out of the cell
Cellular Transport
- Passive: does not require energy (ATP)
- Active: requires ATP energy
- Diffusion: movement from high to low concentration
- Facilitated diffusion: uses protein, not energy, for movement
- Osmosis: diffusion of water
Osmotic Solutions
- Hypertonic: high concentration of solute
- Hypotonic: low concentration of solute
- Isotonic: equal concentration of solute
Energy Production
- Cellular respiration: occurs in mitochondria, C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP energy
- Photosynthesis: occurs in chloroplasts (plants only), 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + sunlight → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
DNA
- Deoxyribonucleic acid
- Double helix shape
- Made up of nucleotides
- Nucleotides composed of sugar (deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base
- Adenine pairs with thymine
- Cytosine pairs with guanine
RNA
- Ribonucleic acid
- Contains no thymine, instead has uracil.
Cell Cycle
- Interphase (90% of cell time): G1 (growth), S (synthesis- DNA replication), G2 (growth, preparation for division)
- Mitosis: somatic cell division (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
- Cytokinesis: cell completely divides
- Meiosis: sex cell (gamete) division (prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, Telophase I) produces 4 haploid cells; these are sperm and egg cells
Mutations
- Frameshift (insertion or deletion): changes reading frame
- Chromosomal (duplication, deletion, inversion, translocation): changes in structure or number of chromosomes
Natural Selection
- Organisms with traits best-suited to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Evolution
- We use phylogenetic trees to trace common ancestors
Genetics
- Genes are sections of chromosomes that code for traits
- Alleles are different forms of a gene
- Genotype is the genetic makeup, Phenotype is the physical trait.
- Gregor Mendel: used pea plants to study heredity
Mendelian Genetics
- Monohybrid cross: looking at inheritance of ONE trait
- Dihybrid cross: looking at inheritance of TWO traits, e.g. tall/short, pink/red heterozygous pea plants
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
- Incomplete dominance
- Codominance
Protein Synthesis
- Transcription: DNA is rewritten into mRNA
- Translation: mRNA is read and amino acids are strung together to create a protein
Succession
- Primary: no soil, e.g. after a volcano eruption
- Secondary: soil left, e.g. after a fire
Biological Classification
- 3 Domains (Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya) and 6 kingdoms, e.g. Animalia, Plantae
- Scientific name = binomial nomenclature
Microorganisms
- Bacteria: unicellular, prokaryotic; some autotrophs or heterotrophs
- Viruses: do not have characteristics of life; need a host to reproduce; lytic cycle or lysogenic cycle
Food Webs/Energy Pyramids
- Producers: autotrophs
- Consumers: heterotrophs
- Primary consumers: herbivores
- Secondary/Tertiary Consumers: carnivores/omnivores
- Apex Consumers: final consumer
- 10% of the energy is transferred up the pyramid, the rest is lost as heat
Body Systems
- Circulatory: blood, transports nutrients
- Digestive: absorbs nutrients
- Endocrine: hormone production,
- Excretory: urine/sweat
- Immune/Lymphatic: defense against pathogens
- Integumentary: hair, skin, nails
- Muscular: movement,
- Nervous: response to stimuli
- Respiratory: gas exchange
- Reproductive: make more humans
- Skeletal: structure
- Homeostasis: the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems
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Description
This quiz covers fundamental concepts in biology, including the characteristics of life, cell theory, and the roles of biomolecules and enzymes. Understand how organisms are organized and how cells function as the building blocks of life. Test your knowledge on the differences between carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, as well as enzyme functionality.
