General Education - English Handout PDF

Dr. Carl E. Balita Review Center CBRC Headquarters 2nd Flr., Carmen Building, 881 G. Tolentino St. corner España Blvd., Sampaloc, Manila 1008...

Dr. Carl E. Balita Review Center CBRC Headquarters 2nd Flr., Carmen Building, 881 G. Tolentino St. corner España Blvd., Sampaloc, Manila 1008 Academics and Services Department (ASD) Education – LET GENERAL EDUCATION – ENGLISH HANDOUT I. Nouns a. Classification of Nouns 1. Common vs Proper Common = general citizen, country, teacher terms Proper = specific nouns American, USA, Mr. Carlson 2. Concrete vs Abstract Concrete = perceivable flower, chicken, car Abstract = feelings & love, hate, justice, time concepts 3. Countable vs Uncountable Countable = has plural bike, leaf, car, country form; can be counted Abstract = has no plural freedom, milk, water, rice form; can’t be counted 4. Compound =made with two or more words Open/ Spaced bus stop, tennis shoe Closed/Solid breakfast, blackboard Hyphenated mother-in-law, check-out 5. Collective Nouns = refer to a group of something Examples: army, band, flock, pride, school, fleet ACADEMICS AND SERVICES DEPARTMENT - ASD b. Functions of Nouns Subject = a noun partnered with a Joe eats meatballs. predicate verb There is a dog outside! Object of Preposition = noun that …into the woods. follows a preposition …with the teachers. Direct Object = noun that answers Joe eats meatballs. “whom” or “what” after an action Some men called Joe a hero. verb Indirect Object = noun that Joe gave Jane a bracelet. answers “to whom/what” after an Jane taught kids at school. action verb Subject Complement = renames Jane is a teacher. the subject; comes after a linking Joe is a pleaser. verb Objective Complement = Some men called Joe a hero. renames or describes the direct He considers Jane the best teacher. object. Appositive = renames another Joe, our hero, likes Jane. noun next to it and is set off by a Jane, our teacher, doesn’t like Joe. comma II. Adjectives a. Order of Adjectives ACADEMICS AND SERVICES DEPARTMENT - ASD b. Degrees of Comparison Adjectives change in form when they show comparison. Positive Degree: An adjective is said to be in the positive degree when there is no comparison. Comparative Degree: An adjective is said to be in the comparative degree when it is used to compare two nouns/pronouns. Superlative Degree: An adjective is in superlative degree when it is used to compare more than two nouns/pronouns. We use the article 'the' before the superlative degrees. Positive Comparative Superlative One syllable nice nicer nicest Three+ syllables fantastic more fantastic most fantastic Irregular bad worse worst Adjectives good better best little less least much more most III. Subject-Verb Agreement Subjects and verbs must AGREE with one another in number (singular or plural). Thus, if a subject is singular, its verb must also be singular; if a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural. ACADEMICS AND SERVICES DEPARTMENT - ASD RULES: 1. A phrase or clause between subject and verb does not change the number of the subject. The teacher who handles three subjects looks very tired. 2. Singular indefinite pronoun subjects take singular verbs. (one, anyone, everyone, no one, someone, anybody, everybody, nobody, somebody, another, the other, either, neither, each) Plural indefinite pronoun subjects take plural verbs. PLURAL: several, few, both, many Some indefinite pronouns may be either singular or plural: with uncountable, use singular; with countable, use plural. 3. Compound subjects joined by and are always plural. 4. With compound subjects joined by or/nor, the verb agrees with the subject nearer to it. 5. Inverted Subjects must agree with the verb. 6. Collective Nouns (group, jury, crowd, team, etc.) may be singular or plural, depending on meaning. 7. With one of those ________ who, use a plural verb; With the only one of those ________who, use a singular verb. 8. With every ______ and many a ________, use a singular verb. 9. With the number of _______, use a singular verb; With a number of _______, use a plural verb. IV. Figure of Speech Definition Example Simile compares two unlike things The new teacher is as tall as a and uses the words “like” or giraffe. “as” Metaphor compares two unlike things The new teacher is a giraffe. WITHOUT “like” or “as” ACADEMICS AND SERVICES DEPARTMENT - ASD Hyperbole an exaggeration that is I told you a million times that created to emphasize a point he’s tall! or bring out a sense of humor Personification attribution of human The sky cries. characteristics to non-living objects Apostrophe a speaker directly addresses Death, where is your sting? someone (or something) that is not present or cannot respond in reality. Onomatopoeia names something or an action The wind swooshed loudly. by imitating the sound associated with it Synecdoche uses one part to refer to the He’s rich now and can afford whole, or the whole to refer to expensive wheels. (wheels = the part. cars) Metonymy an object or idea is substituted He promised to remain loyal by something closely to the crown. (crown = associated with it queen/king) V. PRONOUNS 1. PERSONAL – pronouns for people, animals, and objects a. Nominative/ Subjective – functions as subject (he, she, we, they, it, you) b. Objective – functions as object (me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them) c. Possessive – Can be subject or object that shows possession (mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs) 2. INDEFINITE – pronouns for non-specific people, animals, and objects a. Singular – no one, someone, anyone (with one) b. Plural - several, few, both, many 3. REFLEXIVE – pronouns with “self/ selves;” functions as object. Removing them will make the thought incomplete. Example: I love myself. She made herself happy. ACADEMICS AND SERVICES DEPARTMENT - ASD  4. INTENSIVE - pronouns with “self/ selves;” used to intensify thought. Removing them will not make the sentence incomplete. Example: I, myself, did all the household chores. 5. DEMONSTRATIVE – pointing pronouns (this, these, that, those) 6. RELATIVE – pronouns that connects clause/phrase to a noun/pronoun Example: I love my friend who always treats me. VI. PREPOSITION 1. In a. Time – Century, Decade, Year, Month, Week, Seasons, Period of Time, Holidays, Parts of the Day b. Place – Country, City, Means of Transport (cannot stand) 2. On a. Time, Days, Dates, Specific Day, Holiday with day b. Place – Streets, Avenues, Surfaces, Means of Transport (Can stand) 3. At a. Time – Hours, Parts of the day, Time, Holidays without day b. Place – Address, Specific Location VII. MODIFIERS  Words, phrases, and clauses used to give additional information 1. Misplaced – modifier is far from the modified word 2. Dangling – modifier that does not modify any word 3. Squinting – modifier that may modify two words VIII. FAULTY PARALLELISM  Mixing of different syntactic structures (not equal structure) 1. When giving a list – “I enjoy reading, writing, and to calculate.” (calculating) ACADEMICS AND SERVICES DEPARTMENT - ASD  2. Comparison – “I like swimming rather than to hike.” (hiking) 3. With Correlative Conjunctions - What you give to one conjunction should have the same structure with its partner. – “You are either for us or you are against us.” (against us) IX. PROSODIC FEATURES OF SPEECH 1. Stress – emphasis to a syllable in a word (could be seen to vowels (sounds) only) that changes the meaning Example: Noun – PREsent, Verb - preSENT 2. Intonation – rise and fall of voice (pitch) a. Rising – Yes/ No Question b. Falling – Statements, Commands, WH-Questions 3. Juncture – temporary stoppage on words and sentences that presents a different idea Example: Better go/ naked people don’t mind. Better go naked/ people don’t mind. X. LITERATURE Classification of Literature A. Prose 1. Fiction – imaginative, not true, fantasy a. Short story – story with one plot b. Novels – long story with many plots, divided into chapters c. Legends – story of origin d. Fables – story with animals 2. Non-Fiction – reality, truth a. Biography – life of a person b. Essay – viewpoint of writer about an issue c. Play – divided into acts, played on stage (may be fiction as well) B. Poetry 1. Narrative – tells a story in poetic form ACADEMICS AND SERVICES DEPARTMENT - ASD  a. Epic – supernatural, adventure of a hero - Gilgamesh – Oldest Epic (Mesopotamia) - Beowulf – England - Illad and Odyssey – Greece (Homer) - Biag Ni Lam-Ang – Ilocos - Hudhud at Alim – Ifugao - Bidasari - Mindanao b. Tale – imaginative narrative (fairy tales) c. Ballad – Narrative song to be sung (single incident) 2. Lyric – emotional and subjective response to experience (meant to be sung before) a. Folk Song – Awiting Bayan b. Sonnet – 14 liner poem about love c. Elegy – poem fo the dead d. Ode – poem to praise someone , noble feelings e. Psalms – worship f. Awit – intended to be sung (guitar/ banduria) 12 syllables g. Korido – intended to be recited (martial beat) 8 syllables 3. Dramatic – tells through a character / first person POV a. Comedy – happy ending (amusing) b. Tragedy – sad ending (struggling) Authors and Their Works A. Philippines 1. Manuel Arguilla – How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife 2. Paz Marquez Benitez – Dead Stars 3. Zoilo Galang – A Child of Sorrow 4. Juan Crisostomo Soto – Ang Sigalot 5. Genoveva Matute Kwento ni Mabuti 6. Amado Hernandez – Isang Dipang Langit 7. Aurelio Tolentino – Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas 8. Severino Reyes – Walang Sugat 9. Lope Ka Santos – Banaag at Sikat 10. Pedro Bukaneg – Biag ni Lam-Ang B. World 1. Homer – Illad and Odyssey ACADEMICS AND SERVICES DEPARTMENT - ASD  2. Kalidasa – Shakuntala 3. Guy de Maupassant – Ball of Fat, The Necklace 4. Publius Vergilius Maru – Aenid 5. William Shakespeare – Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Hamlet 6. Dante Alighieri – Divine Comedy 7. Victor Hugo – Les Miserables 8. Rabindranath Tagore – Gitanjali 9. Antoine De Saint Exupery – The Little Prince 10. Robert Frost – The Road Not Taken 11. Rudyard Kipling – The jungle Book 12. George Orwell – Animal Farm 13. Edgar Allan Poe- The Raven, Annabel Lee 14. Chinua Achebe – Thigs Fall Apart SOURCES: https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/sub-verb.htm https://www.hip-books.com/teachers/writing-about-reading/adjectives/ https://www.worldclasslearning.com/english/adjective-degrees-of- comparison.html https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/other/figurative- language/ https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/nouns/types-of- nouns.html https://webapps.towson.edu/ows/nouns.htm ACADEMICS AND SERVICES DEPARTMENT - ASD