Grammar Shots_HOE_Mostafa Gad_Parts of Speech.pdf

Grammar shots Mr. Mostafa A. Gad "Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world."  All Grades Parts of Speech Fundamentals (1) Grammar Family Grammar Fami...

Grammar shots Mr. Mostafa A. Gad "Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world."  All Grades Parts of Speech Fundamentals (1) Grammar Family Grammar Family Grammar Family Grammar Family Grammar Family Grammar Family Grammar Family Grammar Family Grammar Family Grammar Family  Main parts of speech 01 02 03 Verbs Nouns Pronoun Show TIME (Tense) Before and after verbs. Replaces nouns NO sentence without it. ((Don’t come together)) (Subj. / Obj. / Poss. / Reflex.) 05 04 Adverbs Adjectives of Manner / of Degree / … They describe NOUNS. They describe: Proceeded by: Verbs & Adjectives & Adverbs Be/linking verbs Article : The umbrella of the father. The father always takes an umbrella. (The family) Noun : The father and master of the family. (The family) Verb : The mother loves and follows her husband. (The family enjoys) Pronoun : John always replaces and does his father’s work when he is absent. (They enjoy) Adjective : Sara loves to play with her brother and father. She often praises them. (Big family) Adverb : Anna loves her mother and likes to follow her wherever she goes. (Family lives happily) Preposition : The servant serves the father in the house. (In the house) Conjunction: The maid cleans the house and sings “FAN BOYS”. (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So) Interjection : A guest comes in times of happiness and sorrow. (Oh! Wow! Alas!)  ‫‪01‬‬ ‫‪Nouns‬‬ ‫االسم‬ ‫صاحب الجملة‬  Noun Types Proper Common Material Abstrast ‫اسم املادة‬ ‫االسم العلم‬ )‫(المادة الخام‬ ‫اسم شخص أو مكان أو حدث‬ ‫االسم العام‬ ‫االسم اجملرد‬ Glass Ali ‫هو اسم عام لكل نوع‬ Gold ‫(يُشير الى شئ معنوي‬ Mona Iron )‫وليس مادي‬ Egypt Animal Milk bird beauty London Salt Boy courage Mother’s day Water Book death River happiness day love Tree  :‫يمكن تقسيم األسماء الى نوعين‬ Countable Uncountable ‫االمساء املعدودة‬ They can be counted It has two forms: ‫االمساء الغري املعدودة‬ the things that we cannot count with numbers Singular nouns Plural nouns ‫االمساء املفردة‬ ‫االمساء اجلمع‬ Always treated as singular when it comes to subject-verb agreement ✓ Car ✓ Cars ✓ Boy ✓ Boys ✓ Match ✓ Matches ✓ Fish ✓ Fish ✓ Man ✓ Men ✓ ---- ✓ people What comes before NOUNS ? We use a determiner A determiner is a word which is used at the beginning of a noun group to indicate, for example, which thing you are referring to or whether you are referring to one thing or several.  What are Types of Determiners ? Demonstrative Articles Possessive Determiners Determiners (such as ‘my’, ‘your’, ‘his’, ( ‘a’, ‘an’, and ‘the’) (such as ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘her’, ‘its’, ‘our’ and ‘their’) ‘those’ and ‘these’) Quantifiers Numbers Distributive Determiners (such as ‘some’, ‘a few’, (such as ‘every’, ‘each’, ‘many’, ‘a little’, ‘little’, One, two ‘either’, ‘neither’, ‘both’, ‘all’, ‘few’, ‘none’, etc) First, second ‘half’, etc.)  Examples of Determiners – Learn How They Are Used Here are a few examples of determiners to help you learn how exactly they are used in sentences. My house is being renovated. This movie is interesting. I bought some apples and mangoes. She gifted me an autographed copy of my favourite book. Vanessa liked the dress I gave her. Santana and Brittany sang a song together. The poetry Club of Sohaj High School won the International Championship. Rachel offered to make the dessert. A few girls have gone to practise for the Teachers day programme. I need those books I had given you last month. Check Your Understanding of Determiners in English Go through the following sentences and fill in the blanks by choosing the most suitable determiner from the box given below. The, this, a, that, a few, a, some, every, the, any, an 1. There are ___________ students who have not brought their science records. 2. We have ___________ document you asked for. 3. Can you sing ___________ song for me? 4. ___________ comic is really intriguing. 5. Nobody understood anything ___________ teacher taught. 6. I just had ___________ apple and ___________ milk. 7. Do you have ___________ food left? 8. Does Lily have ___________ pet? 9. ___________ story you told me was very moving. 10. Tina forgot to bring ___________ spectacles to work. Check Your Understanding of Determiners in English Now, check out the following section to see if you have filled in the blanks with the correct determiner. The, this, a, that, a few, a, some, every, the, any, an 1. There are a few students who have not brought their science records. 2. We have every document you asked for. 3. Can you sing a song for me? 4. This comic is really intriguing. 5. Nobody understood anything the teacher taught. 6. I just had an apple and some milk. 7. Do you have any food left? 8. Does Lily have a pet? 9. That story you told me was very moving. 10. Tina forgot to bring her spectacles to work. Indefinite ARTICLES The definite ARTICLE Definite Vs. Indefinite ARTICLES  Can we use a noun before a noun? Note that sometimes nouns can be placed before other nouns as a way of identifying a particular type of person or thing. Though they are functioning in a similar way to some adjectives, Nouns used in this way are usually referred to as noun modifiers. * She found the keys in her coat pocket. * It's my first driving lesson.  More Examples * I bought an opener of cans. * I bought a can opener. * I went to a shop for gifts. * I went to a gift shop. * The size of his shoes is 44. * His shoe size is 44. * He is 15 years old. * He is a 15-year-old boy.  ‫‪02‬‬ ‫‪Pronouns‬‬ ‫بديل االسم‬  ‫‪03‬‬ ‫‪Verbs‬‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫أهم ما في الجملة‬ A verb is a word that describes what the subject of a sentence is doing. Verbs can indicate (physical or mental) actions, occurrences, and states of being. Example Jeffrey builds a house. Anita is thinking about horses. True love exists.  Basics 1 10 Gerunds & Infinitives Verb conjugation Subject-verb agreement 2 9 Phrasal verbs Verb conjugation Tense 3 8 Modal verbs Verb conjugation Stative & Verb Mood 4 7 dynamic verbs Verb conjugation Transitive & Voice 5 6 intransitive verbs Every sentence must have at least one verb. At the most basic level, a sentence can consist solely of a single verb in the imperative form (e.g., “Run.”). In this example, the implied subject is “you.”  Verb conjugation Verbs can change form depending on Past (an action has taken place) subject Tense Present (an action is taking place) Future (an action will take place) Subject-Verb Agreement Active : Lucas broke a chair. The tone Mood Voice Passive: A chair was broken and intention (by Lucas). of a sentence Tense Mood The mood of a verb indicates the tone and intention of a sentence. 1. Indicative Function: Express a fact Ex: “Tony likes chocolate.” 2. Imperative Function: Express a command Ex: “Wash the dishes.” or a request 3. Interrogative Function: Ask a question Ex: “Did you do your homework?” 4. Conditional Function: Express a condition Ex: “If you want to borrow that book, you can.” 5. Subjunctive Function: Express a wish, Ex: “If I were rich, I would buy an demand, doubt, or island.” hypothetical situation Voice  Transitive and intransitive verbs It’s all about the object: is a verb that acts on someone or something and therefore 1. Transitive takes a direct object (the thing being acted upon). Examples: Transitive verbs in a sentence  Kelly asks a question.  Toby buys groceries. do not act on someone or something and 2. Intransitive therefore do not take a direct object. an intransitive verb does not take a direct Examples: Intransitive verbs in a sentence object, it can be used along with an  Rita coughed. adverb or adverbial phrase (as can a  Rita coughed loudly. transitive verb).  Rita coughed on me!  Stative and dynamic verbs It’s all about the object: (also called action verbs) describe specific, temporary actions 1. Dynamic verbs or events (e.g., “eat,” “sleep,” “write”). Examples: Dynamic verbs in a sentence  Amy kicks the ball.  Toby is running to school. describe a state of being or perception (e.g., “she is,” “it seems,” 2. Stative verbs “they belong”). They can also be used to describe a mental, emotional, or physical state (e.g., “I believe,” “you hear”). Examples: Stative verbs in a sentence "‫أفعال احلالة "التقريرية‬  Karl believes in himself. ‫ أفعال احلواس واإلدراك‬:‫مثل‬  Karl is believing in himself. ‫واإلمتالك والتواصل‬  Stative and dynamic verbs 2. Stative verbs Remember: Stative verbs are typically used for a state of being that is general or unchanging, so they can’t be used in the progressive (continuous) tense.  He is knowing exactly what needs to be done.  He knows exactly what needs to be done.  This jacket is costing a lot.  This jacket costs a lot.  Stative and dynamic verbs 2. Stative verbs ‫ بعض من األفعال السابقة لها أكثر من معنى‬.‫ أي ال يأتي يف األزمنة املستمرة‬.ing ‫ إذا كان معنى الفعل يدل على "احلالة" فال نستخدم معها‬.‫ أي ميكن أن يأتي مع مجيع األزمنة‬.ing ‫ إذا كان معنى الفعل يدل على "احلركة" فنستخدم معها‬ Example: look ‫يبدو‬ look ‫ينظر‬ think ‫يعتقد‬ think ‫ُيفكر‬ have ‫يمتلك‬ have ‫يتناول‬ see ‫يرى‬ see ‫يزور‬ When you phoned me, I was seeing the dentist. I saw the boy while leaving. Yesterday evening, I was having dinner with Mona. Last year, I had a red car. When you phoned me, I was thinking of my exam results. I thought she was abroad.  Stative and dynamic verbs 2. Stative verbs taste ‫له مذاق‬ taste ‫يتذوق‬ ‫فاعل‬ measure ‫يبلغ قياسه‬ ‫فاعل‬ measure ‫يقيس‬ + smell ‫له رائحة‬.. + smell ‫يشم‬ ‫غري عاقل‬ Feel ‫له ملمس‬.. ‫عاقل‬ Feel ‫يلمس‬/‫يتحسس‬ weigh ‫يبلغ وزنه‬ weigh ‫يوزن‬  I was tasting the food and it tasted delicious. This bag weighs 5kg.  Linking verbs Think of Adjectives A linking verb (also called a copular verb) connects the subject of a sentence with a “subject complement” (i.e., a noun or adjective that describes it). Common linking verbs include the verbs “be,” “seem,” “become,” and “feel.” Examples: Linking verbs in a sentence  Rita is proud.  The pillow feels soft.  I am a vegetarian.  They seem unimpressed. Full list of Linking Verbs  Modal verbs They are Auxiliary Verbs that provide additional and specific meaning to the main verb of the sentence. Modal verbs are sometimes referred to as Modal Auxiliary Verbs because they help other verbs. comes with both singular & plural subject It “only” takes an infinitive after it. Each modal verb has a function or more  Modal verbs CAN Ability, doubt, astonishment, permission, polite, request Could Past ability, Suggestions, Future possibility Must Obligation, firm necessity, logical, conclusion, probability Will Wish, desire, will, confidence, Prediction in the future Would Wish (wish “to like”), polite request, a habit of the past  Modal verbs Shall Intention, supposition Should Advice = OUGHT TO NEED Necessity = have to Might Future and present possibility May Permission, supposition, with doubt, if not prohibition  Phrasal verbs A phrasal verb is a phrase made up of two or more words that acts as an individual verb. Phrasal verbs typically combine a verb with an adverb or preposition to create a meaning independent of the original words. For example, the verb “kick” and the preposition “off” combine to form the phrasal verb “kick off,” which means “begin.” Examples: Phrasal verbs in a sentence  I’m going to move out next month. Gerunds & Infinitives  ‫‪04‬‬ ‫‪Adjectives‬‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫بنت األسم‬ Comparative Adjectives  What are Comparative Adjectives? Example Comparative adjectives are words used to compare the difference bigger between 2 things. smaller  Making Comparative Words Example To make a comparative word you must change small the adjective to the comparative form. smaller COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES Rules  1 Example With regular one syllable adjectives, we add -er to fast make the comparative form. faster  2 Example With regular one and two syllable adjectives that end happy in y, we remove the y and add -ier to make the comparative form. happier  3 Example With adjectives that end with a single vowel followed big by a single consonant, the consonant is doubled and -er is added. bigger  4 Example With two syllable adjectives that don't end in -y, and all beautiful three syllable adjectives we add more before the adjective. more beautiful COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES Irregular  Irregular Adjectives good better Irregular adjectives bad worse don't follow these rules. far further well better So, you must memorize much more them. many more little less  COMPARATIVE Sentence & Question  1 We use certain verbs before Example the adjective. Be is beautiful Become Get Look …etc. is more beautiful  2 Example We add than before the second partner. She is more beautiful than me. “It doesn’t necessarily Sam is taller than Mark. come directly after the comparative adj. He is a smarter man than Joe.  2 NOTICE She is more beautiful than me. She is more beautiful than I am.  3 Example Look at these examples! She was angry. Now, she is angrier. We didn’t need to add than “there is no Sam is tall, but Mark is taller. second partner”.  Questioning Example In questions: We add or before Who is taller Sam or Mark? the second partner. Modifying comparatives Look at these examples to see how comparisons can be modified. o He's much shorter than his brother. o Good-quality socks are almost as important as your running shoes. o Our hotel room was exactly the same as the photos showed. Showing big differences We can use much, so much, a lot, even or far with comparative adjectives. o Sales in July were a lot higher than sales in June. o He was far less experienced than the other applicant. Showing small differences We can use slightly, a little, a bit, a little bit or not much with comparative adjectives. o The number of registrations has been slightly lower than we expected. o Houses in my city are not much more expensive than flats. We can use almost, nearly, not quite, roughly, more or less or about with as … as and the same as o She's almost as old as I am. o The figures for May are more or less the same as the figures for June. Showing there is NO differences We can use exactly the same as , just as … as with to emphasise that there is no difference.. o My grandma's cakes still taste exactly the same as when I was a child! o A new phone can be just as expensive as a new computer these days.  Irregular Adjectives good best Irregular adjectives bad worst don't follow far furthest the “-est / most” rules. well best So, you must memorize much best them. many best little least  ‫‪05‬‬ ‫‪Adevrb‬‬ ‫احلال (الظرف)‬ ‫مقياس الطريقة والشدة‬  Adverbs Modifies Verbs  Adverbs Modifies Adjectives Other Adverbs Adverbs of Manner  ‫‪06‬‬ ‫‪Prepositions‬‬ ‫حروف اجلر‬ ‫تربط أسمين‬  ‫‪07‬‬ ‫‪Conjunctions‬‬ ‫الروابط‬ ‫وظيفية & زمنية‬  ‫‪07‬‬ ‫‪Interjections‬‬ ‫العبارات االعرتاضية‬ ‫وصف المشاعر!!!‬ ‫إنما العلم بالتعلم‬ Follow us On YouTube Follow us On FaceBook Follow us On TekTok