Grammar Term 1 Final PDF

## N2.2.1 Forms of Possessive Proper Nouns: exceptions - Names of more than one syllable that end in -es (pronounced eez) take an apostrophe but no s in the possessive form. ### Examples - Rameses' pyramid - Archimedes' principle - Ulysses' voyage - Sophocles' Theban Plays - Achilles' shield ## A...

## N2.2.1 Forms of Possessive Proper Nouns: exceptions - Names of more than one syllable that end in -es (pronounced eez) take an apostrophe but no s in the possessive form. ### Examples - Rameses' pyramid - Archimedes' principle - Ulysses' voyage - Sophocles' Theban Plays - Achilles' shield ## AJ3 Forming Adjectives from Nouns - You can form many adjectives from nouns. - Add different suffixes (endings) to create adjectives that describe the same condition that the noun represents. - A thing of beauty can be described as a beautiful thing. ### Examples | adding -ful | adding -ous | |---|---| | beauty - beautiful | danger - dangerous | | peace - peaceful | poison - poisonous | | success - successful | humor - humorous | | disgrace - disgraceful | advantage - advantageous | | duty - dutiful | courage - courageous | | friendly - friendly | | death - deathly | | brother - brotherly | | coward - cowardly | | music - musical | | critic - critical | | profession - professional | | nation - national | ## AJ4 Forming Adjectives with -able and -ible - You can form adjectives from verbs by adding the suffixes (endings) -able and -ible. - These adjectives describe the possibility of the action the verb expresses. - A car that can be repaired is a reparable car. - Notice that the spelling of the root verb can change when it is made into an adjective. ### Examples | ending in -able | ending in -ible | |---|---| | repair - reparable | defend - defensible | | move - movable | digest - digestible | | adapt - adaptable | reverse - reversible | | manage - manageable | convert - convertible | - There are also adjectives that end in -able and -ible that are not formed from modern English verbs. - Some of them are among the most common words in the language. ### Examples | ending in -able | ending in -ible | |---|---| | miserable | possible | | objectionable | flexible | | knowledgeable | terrible | | reasonable | horrible | ## AJ5 Participle Adjectives - You can form adjectives from the present and past participle of a verb. - These adjectives describe the state that the verb expresses. - A man who worries is a worried man. ### Examples: | verb | present participle | past participle | as an adjective | |---|---|---|---| | frighten | frightening | frightened | a frightening movie/ the frightened rabbit | | tire | tiring | tired | The journey was tiring./ Elena was tired. | | excite | exciting | excited | an exciting book/ Jamie was excited. | | grow | growing | grown | a growing feeling/ a grown woman | ## AJ6 Adjectives with Prepositions - Some adjectives work with particular prepositions to form specific expressions, especially of, about, and with. ### Examples - **of:** good of, kind of, stupid of - **about:** happy about, excited about, upset about - **with:** pleased with, bored with, angry with - Some adjectives can take more than one preposition. - For example, you can be angry about something, you can be angry with someone, and you can even be angry at something or someone. - There is a table of adjectives and prepositions in the appendices at the back of the book. ## N5.4.2 Use of the Article with Noncount Nouns - You have already learned about the definite and indefinite article (the and a/an). - Just as with plural nouns, noncount nouns do not take an indefinite article. - They are, by their very nature, indefinite. - To make a noncount noun definite, the definite article can be used. ### Examples - Grass needs cutting regularly throughout the spring and summer months. - (indefinite - all grass) - The grass needs cutting in our backyard. - (definite - the grass in our backyard) ## N5.4.3 Determiners with Noncount Nouns - There are certain determiners that can be used with noncount nouns and others that cannot. ### Possessive determiners (PN1.2) can be used with noncount nouns. - **Use** - this - that - any - some - little - much - **Don't use** - these - those - many - few - several - another - no ## N5.4.4 Count and Noncount Nouns: much and many - Much is used with noncount nouns, while many is used with plural count nouns. ### Examples - **in questions:** - How much time do we have? - How much rice do you want? - How many birds can you see? - How many constellations are there? - **with not:** - We don't have much milk left. - There is not much water in the reservoir. - There aren't many trees here. - I do not know many Canadians. - **with too:** - There's too much salt in this soup. - I spent too much money last week. - There are too many cars on the road. - I have too many ideas to fit on this piece of paper. ## N5.4.5 Count and Noncount Nouns: a lot/lots of - People use ```a lot of``` or ```lots of``` in place of much and many except in questions. ### Examples - We don't have a lot of milk left. - There is lots of water in the reservoir. - There's a lot of salt in this soup. - I spent lots of money last week. - There are a lot of trees here. - I know lots of Canadians. - Not a lot of people know that. - I have lots of new ideas. ## V3.2.4 The Present Progressive: specific uses - Use the present progressive to talk about short-term or temporary actions that are happening around the time at which you are speaking. ### Examples - I am reading Moby Dick at the moment. - My sister is staying with us this weekend. - Use the present progressive in a sentence with the present simple to describe regularly occuring or cause-and-effect situations. ### Examples - You always arrive while I am getting ready. - The neighbors always complain when the children are playing in the garden. ## V4.2.2 The Present Perfect as a Question - You can make the present perfect interrogative by putting the helping verb before the subject of the sentence. - Use it to ask questions that relate to things that may have happened in the past. ### Examples - Has Cory eaten all the chips? - Have they found the culprit? - Have you seen the movie The Hobbit? ## V4.2.4 The Present Perfect with already and yet - You can use already and yet in expressions with the present perfect. - Use already to show that something finished at an earlier time. - Use yet to show that something is not finished or to ask whether it has been completed. ### Examples - I have already put the trash out. - The train has not left yet. - Haven't you finished that book yet? - Yet can be used in positive and negative questions, but it can only be used in negative statements. ## V4.2.5 The Present Perfect with for and since - You can use for and since in expressions with the present perfect. - Use for when you are talking about a period of time. - Use since when you are talking about a moment or an event in time. ### Examples - **for** - ages - a long time - several months - six weeks - many days - an hour - **since** - Tuesday - last fall - the election - 2005 - World War Two - three o'clock ## V4.2.6 The Present Perfect: specific uses - You can use the present perfect to talk about an event that happened in the past but which has a continuing impact in the present. ### Examples - I have lost my pen. - The action of losing the pen happened in the past. However, the pen is still lost, and the fact that the pen is lost means that I am unable to write with it now. - I cannot play tennis with you today because I have broken my leg. - The action of breaking the leg happened in the past. However, the leg remains broken, and the fact that the leg is broken means that I am unable to play tennis now. - You can use the present perfect to talk about an event that has happened repeatedly in the past and may very likely happen again. ### Examples - I have seen Grease! several times. - My dad has often brought me presents back from his trips abroad. ## V9 The Infinitive - The infinitive is what the base from of a verb is called. - Infinitives are usually written with the word to in front of them. ### Examples - to see - to think - to be - to have - to do - to seem - to eat - to wear - Infinitives can appear in different places in sentences. ### Examples - To dare is to do. - "To die will be a great adventure." J.M. Barrie, Peter Pan - I want to tell you something. - I tried to answer all the questions. - I have a little brother to look after. - Australia was the first country to make wearing seatbelts in cars compulsory. ## V9.1 The Negative Infinitive - To make an infinitive negative, add not before to. ### Examples | Infinitive | Negative Infinitive | |---|---| | to be | not to be | | to go | not to go | | to believe | not to believe | - "To be, or not to be, that is the question." Hamlet - We decided not to go to the mall today. - I don't know what to believe and what not to believe anymore. - You will sometimes see not written between to and the verb. - When any word is placed between to and the verb, the result is a split infinitive. - In pure grammatical terms, a split infinitive is incorrect. ### Examples - To be, or to not be, that is the question. - We decided to not go to the mall today. ## V9.2 The Infinitive: tense and voice - Just as with other verb forms, the infinitive can be written in different tenses. ### Examples | Simple | Progressive | Perfect | Perfect Progressive | |---|---|---|---| | to have | to be having | to have had | to have been having | | to eat | to be eating | to have eaten | to have been eating | | to walk | to be walking | to have walked | to have been walking | - You seem to be having a good time. - We will aim to have eaten before you arrive. - We seem to have been walking for miles. - Notice that the progressive infinitives usually follow a linking verb, such as seem or appear. - Infinitives can be passive. ### Examples | Active | Passive | |---|---| | to ask | to be asked | | to have invited | to have been invited | - I would like to be asked next time. - I am thrilled to have been invited to your wedding. - It is extremely rare to come across an example of a progressive passive infinitive: - to be being asked - to have been being cooked - To make any of these infinitive forms negative, add not before to. ### Examples - We will aim not to have eaten before you arrive. - I am disappointed not to have been invited to your wedding. ## V6.1 The Present Perfect Progressive - Use the present perfect progressive to describe an action that has been going on in the past and may still continue now. ### Examples - It has been snowing for six hours. - Esme has been crying. - We have been debating the meaning of life. ## V6.1.1 The Present Perfect Progressive Negative - To make the present perfect progressive negative, add not between have and been. ### Examples - I have not been keeping a record of what was said. - She hasn't been working here long. ## V6.1.2 The Present Perfect Progressive: recently or lately - The present perfect progressive can be used with recently or lately to describe recent ongoing actions. ### Examples - Matt has been feeling a lot better lately. - We have been studying the works of Voltaire recently. ## V6.2 The Past Perfect Progressive - Use the past perfect progressive to describe an action that had been going on in the past until or when another action occurred. ### Examples - It had been raining nonstop for two days, and Alexa was longing to see the sun again. - We had been waiting for two hours when the bus finally arrived. ## V6.2.1 The Past Perfect Progressive Negative - To make the past perfect progressive negative, add not between had and been. ### Examples - They had not been sailing for more than an hour when the wind picked up and the sea grew rough. - I hadn't been expecting anything, so the gift was a great surprise. ## V6.2.2 The Past Perfect Progressive: specific uses - Use the past perfect progressive to describe actions that had been ongoing up until the event that is the focus of the sentence. - The focus event is described in the past simple. ### Examples - We had been waiting for two hours when the bus finally arrived. - Use the past perfect progressive to describe the cause of something that happened in the past. ### Examples - We were exhausted because we had been walking all day. - The river level was high because it had been raining for several days. ## V7.1 Indicative and Subjunctive - Subjunctive clauses deal with situations that are not actual. - They deal with things that might be, may be, or would be. ### Examples - I ask that you be kind and considerate. - expresses the wish that the person should be kind and considerate - It may yet not happen. - makes the suggestion - it might not be followed - If it were Saturday, we would be out in the park. - talks about what would be happening if it were Saturday, which it is not - Statements that are factual, actual, or highly probable are described as being in the indicative mood. - Most declarative sentences that you read or write in English will be in the indicative mood. ### Examples - I know that you are kind and considerate. - Tom finished work on his first project on Tuesday and started his new one yesterday. - It will rain tomorrow. ## V5.3 The Passive Voice: perfect forms - The perfect tenses can also be used in the passive form. - To make the perfect tenses passive, insert the past participle of be (been) between the form of have and the past participle. ### Examples - That window has been broken for months. - Food had been given to the refugees. - The best bargains will have been snapped up before we get to the sale. ## AV1.5 Adverbs of Degree - An adverb can tell us how far or how much a verb, adjective, or adverb is true. ### Examples - slightly - extremely - totally - really - thoroughly - too - I agree with you totally. - That car is too expensive. - The box was slightly damaged. - I am really extremely angry. ## AV1.6 Focus Adverbs - Focus adverbs draw attention to one part of a sentence. ### Examples - even - only - particularly - especially - Logan helped a lot - he even peeled the potatoes. - Only Carlos came to see me when I was ill. - I was surprised by everyone's musical talent - particularly Mardi's. - I was pleased with all my presents, especially the tablet.