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Quarter 1 periodic exam coverage: PART 1: The Gods, the Creation, and the Earliest Heroes 🔖 Chapter I: The Gods The Titans and the Twelve Great Olympians Chapter III: How the World and Mankind Were Created 🔖 Chapter IV: The Earliest Heroes Europa PART 2: Stories of Love and Adventure Cha...

Quarter 1 periodic exam coverage: PART 1: The Gods, the Creation, and the Earliest Heroes 🔖 Chapter I: The Gods The Titans and the Twelve Great Olympians Chapter III: How the World and Mankind Were Created 🔖 Chapter IV: The Earliest Heroes Europa PART 2: Stories of Love and Adventure Chapter I: Cupid and Psyche 🔖 Chapter II: Eight Brief Tales of Lovers 🔖 Pyramus and Thisbe 🔖 Orpheus and Eurydice 🔖 Pygmalion and Galatea Daphne Chapter III: The Quest of the Golden Fleece 🔖 Chapter IV: Four Great Adventures Daedalus PART 3: The Great Heroes Before the Trojan War Chapter I: Perseus Chapter III: Hercules PART 4: The Heroes of the Trojan War 🔖 Chapter I: The Trojan War 🔖 Prologue: The Judgment of Paris The Trojan War Chapter II: The Fall of Troy Chapter III: The Adventures of Odysseus 🔖 Chapter IV: The Adventures of Aeneas 🔖 Part 1: From Troy to Italy 🔖 Part 2: The Descent Into the Lower World Part 3: The War in Italy PART 1: The Gods, the Creation, and the Earliest Heroes 🔖 Chapter I: The Gods The Titans and the Twelve Great Olympians Introduction to chapter 1: - The Greeks did not believe that the gods created the universe. They believed that it was THE UNIVERSE WHO CREATED THE GODS. - Before the gods, heaven and earth have been formed (The first parents) - Then they had the titans as their children. The titans had the gods as their children (so basically they’re the grandchildren of heaven and earth) TITANS 1. Cronus - In latin means Saturn - Ruled over other Titans. ZEUS WILL DETHRONE HIM. 2. Ocean - Ruled over fresh water on earth 3. Tethys - Ocean’s wife 4. Hyperion - The father of sun, moon, and dawn 5. Mnemosyne (Memory) 6. Themis (Justice) 7. Iapetus - Children: - Atlas - Bore the world on his shoulders - Prometheus - Savior of mankind Coming of Zeus: - The gods ruled over the titans. - Titans were not banished, but they just took a lower place TWELVE GREAT OLYMPIANS - Supreme among the gods - Called “Olympians” because they live in Olympus - ABOUT OLYMPUS It was generally believed to be a mountain “Mt. Olympus” but it’s also believed to be more than that. The entrance to it was a great gate of clouds kept by the seasons.  According to Homer, “No wind ever shakes the untroubled peace of Olympus; no rain ever falls there or snow; but the cloudless firmament stretches around it on all sides and the white glory of sunshine is diffused upon its walls.” 1. Zeus (Jupiter) - Lord of the sky, the rain god, and the cloud gatherer who wielded the thunderbolt. - He is often depicted as a womanizer, with many stories highlighting his numerous affairs with both goddesses and mortal women. Scholars often view him as a complex figure, embodying traits from various gods and cultural influences throughout Greek history. - Has aegis as his breastplate - Animal: eagle - Oracle: Dodona 2. Poseidon (Neptune) - Commonly called “Earth-shaker” - Zeus’s brother - Ruler of the sea - Wife: Amphitrite, granddaughter of Ocean - Animal: Horses and even bulls too - He has a splendid place beneath the sea but is often seen in olympus. - Fact: he gave the first horse to man - Able to control storm and calm - Always carries a trident 3. Hades (Pluto) - Third brother among the olympians - King of the dead BUT NOT DEATH HIMSELF (Death is named Thanatos) - Ruler of the dead and the underworld - Also called pluto, god of wealth of the precious metals hidden in the earth. - Has a far-famed cap (whoever wears it turns invisible) - Not welcome in olympus - Terrible, but not an evil god - Wife: Persephone - He carried her away from the earth and made her “Queen of the Lower World” 4. Hestia (Vesta)  - Zeus’s sister - Goddess of the hearth - She was considered a protector of the home and domestic harmony. - One of the virgin goddesses - Hestia, Athena, Artemis 5. Hera (Juno) - Zeus’s wife and sister - Protector of marriage (married women were her peculiar care) - She punishes many women zeus fell in love with - Hated Paris (a trojan) for saying that Aphrodite's prettier than her. - Daughter: Ilithyia (she helps women during childbirth) - Animals: Cow and Peacock - Favorite city: Argos - Only noble in the story “The Quest of the Golden Fleece” 6. Ares (Mars) - Son of Zeus and Hera (They did not like him) - Bellona, the goddess of war, walks beside him - Has a sister named Eris (means discord) - The god of war - Aphrodite’s in love with him even though she’s married to Hephaestus - The romans liked Mars better than the greeks liked Ares (He was never the mean whining deity of Iliad to them) - Came from thrace (according to the greeks) - Has no city but the greeks said vaguely that he came from THRACE, home of rude people - Animals: Vulture, dogs 7. Athena (Minerva) - Daughter of Zeus ALONE (no mother bore her) - She’s described to be “gray-eyed” - She came out of Zeus’s head FULLY GROWN AND IN FULL ARMOR !!! YES DIVAAAA - Zeus’s favorite child (he trusted her to carry the aegis, his buckler, and even his thunderbolt) - The embodiment of wisdom, reason purity - Temple: Parthenon - One of the three virgin goddesses - Special City: Athens  - Tree: Olive - Animal: Owl 8. Apollo -Son of Zeus and Leto -Born in the little island of Delos -Called “the most greek of all gods” -He is also the god of light and the god of truth -Called “Delian” because he came from Delos -Also called Pythian from his killing of a Python -Can be called “The Lycian” which means wolf-god , and “The sminthian” which means mouse god - He guides men on who to make peace w/ the gods Description of Apollo: ○ He plays the golden lyre in Olympus ○ Lord of the silver bow, the Archer god, far-shooting, the healer ○ Oracle: Delphi ○ Tree: Laurel ○ Animal/s: Dolphin and the crow Art and Beauty: As the god of music and the arts, Apollo encourages creativity and the pursuit of beauty. He teaches the value of artistic expression and the importance of culture. Truth and Prophecy: Apollo is associated with prophecy and the Oracle of Delphi. He teaches the importance of seeking truth and understanding, urging people to look beyond the surface for deeper meanings. Balance and Moderation: Often seen as a symbol of order, Apollo promotes the idea of balance in life, emphasizing the need for moderation in all things, including emotions and desires. Healing and Medicine: As a god of healing, he embodies the principles of health and wellness. Apollo teaches the importance of caring for the body and mind. Rationality and Logic: Apollo represents rational thought and the intellect, encouraging people to think critically and make wise decisions. 9. Aphrodite (Venus) - Goddess of love and beauty - Daughter of Zeus and Dione (ACCORDING TO ILIAD)  - Also said to have sprung from the foam of the sea near Cythera - Wife of Hephaestus, the lame and ugly god of the forge - Tree: Myrtle - Animals: Dove, sparrow, swan 10. Hermes (Mercury) - Child of Zeus and Maia, the daughter of Atlas - Zeus’s messenger - The shrewdest and most cunning among the gods - Also the master thief – he stole Apollo’s herds (Zeus asked him to give it back to Apollo. As an apology, he gave Apollo a lyre made out of tortoise shell) - He’s also the solemn guide of the dead, the divine herald who led the souls down to their last home - He has winged sandals - There were wings on his low-crowned hat - Wings also on his magic wand, Caduceus 11. Artemis (Diana) - Apollo’s twin sister - Goddess of the hunt - Aka. Cynthia from her birthplace Mt. Cynthus in Delos - Daughter of Zeus and Leto - One of the three maiden goddesses of Olympus - Hestia, Athena, and Artemis - The “Protectress of dewy youth” - Animal: Deer - Cypress was sacred to her 12. Hephaestus (Vulcan) - The God of Fire - Believed to be the son of zeus and hera (sometimes just hera alone) - Him along with Athena were the patrons of handicrafts - Protector of the smiths Chapter III: How the World and Mankind Were Created Introduction: Long before the gods appeared, there was Chaos. Then, two children were born: Night and Erebus. There was nothingness. From darkness and from death, LOVE WAS BORN. then LOVE CREATED LIGHT with its companion, radiant day. Then, Earth was created. It just happened – there was no explanation. Then, EARTH (GAEA) BORE HEAVEN (OURANOS). Gaea and Ouranos became parents of Titans, Cyclopes, and Hecatoncheires. Uranus’s relationship with Gaia became strained due to his harsh treatment of their children. To free them, Gaia conspired with her youngest Titan, Cronus, who castrated Uranus with a sickle. This act of rebellion led to the separation of Earth and Sky From the blood of Uranus, after he was castrated by his son Cronus, several significant beings and entities were formed: 1. The Furies - these were female deities of vengeance. They pursued wrongdoers and represented the moral order of justice. 2. The Giants: These were powerful beings often depicted as monstrous and associated with chaos and rebellion against the gods. Cronus became the lord of the universe w/ his sister-queen, Rhea. Cronus later found out that one of his children would be the future ruler of heaven and earth – zeus. So he swallowed his children as soon as they were born. Rhea protected Zeus from being swallowed. There was a terrible war between Zeus and Cronus. Rhea secretly carried Zeus off to Crete. She gave Cronus a great stone wrapped in swaddling clothes (for him to think that that’s Zeus) Zeus released the Hecatoncheires from prison to help him Prometheus also took sides with zeus – made him win It wasn’t the end because Earth gave birth to Typhon (a flaming monster with 100 heads) but since Zeus had thunder and lightning, he was able to strike him down. Aside from Typhon the giants rebelled..but the gods were too strong and Hercules, son of Zeus helped them..the giants were defeated and so the gods ruled. The giants were hurled down to Tartarus (Like a prison??) Since there were no more monsters, the world was ready for mankind. Names of the “villagers” that may be important to take note of: 1. Cimmerians - people who live on the farther bank of the Ocean. The Cimmerians are portrayed as shadowy, mist-covered people. They are frequently associated with darkness and oblivion, sometimes linked to the underworld. 2. Hyperboreans - The Hyperboreans are described as living far to the north, in a blissful, eternal spring. They were said to be blessed with long lives and free from war, disease, and strife. Their land is often depicted as idyllic, and they are associated with worshiping Apollo.  3. Ethiopians - This group is often portrayed as living in the far south, in a land characterized by warmth and richness. They are described as a diverse and noble people who enjoyed favor with the gods, often depicted in myths involving divine visits. HOW MANKIND WAS CREATED 1. Prometheus and Epimetheus were assigned by the gods to create mankind. Epimetheus, with a scattered brain, gave all the best gifts to animals until there’s nothing left for men. So, he asked help from Prometheus. - What Prometheus did: - Fashioned them in a nobler shape compared to animals - He lit a torch and brought down fire. - Mankind has flaming fire and therefrom learn many crafts 2. The gods themselves created men - Golden Race: The first race created by the gods. They lived in a time of peace and prosperity, free from toil and suffering. This race eventually became blessed spirits after their death, living in harmony with the gods. - Silver Race: The second race, created as an experiment by the gods. Although they were strong and healthy, they lacked intelligence and wisdom. Their immaturity and inability to honor the gods led to their downfall, and they did not leave behind lasting spirits. - Brass Race: This race was known for its immense strength and love of war. The men of the Brass Race were brutal and violent, and they ultimately destroyed themselves through constant warfare and conflict, leading to their extinction. - Splendid Race of Godlike Heroes: These heroes were the most noble of all the races, known for their great adventures and heroic deeds. They fought in famous battles, such as the Trojan War, and were often honored in myths. After their death, some were granted a special place in the afterlife, living in bliss. - Iron Race: The current age of humanity, which Hesiod viewed as the most flawed. This race is characterized by greed, strife, and moral decay. People in the Iron Age are depicted as struggling with hardship, betrayal, and the constant threat of violence. Throughout the golden age, there were only men and no women. Women were created by Zeus due to his anger at Prometheus for caring so much for men. He not only stole the fire for men, he gave the best part of any animal to them and gave the gods the worst. Pandora (“The gift of all”)  - The “beautiful disaster” zeus has made - The first woman created - From her comes the race of women who are evil to men, with a nature to do evil Another story about Pandora was not because of her wicked nature, but because of her curiosity. The gods presented her with a box that she should not open because they put something harmful inside of it. But since she was curious, she decided to open the box. When she opened it, there was sorrow and mischief for mankind…but THERE WAS ONE GOOD THING INSIDE THE BOX – Hope. 1. The Punishment of Prometheus: After Prometheus stole fire and gifted it to humanity, Zeus punished him by having him bound to a rock where an eagle would eat his liver every day. The liver would regenerate overnight, causing him endless suffering. 2. Zeus’s Interrogation: during his torture, Zeus seeks to learn the identity of the son who would one day dethrone him. Prometheus, known for his cunning and wisdom, refuses to reveal this information, demonstrating his defiance even in the face of extreme punishment. a. This punishment was meant to serve as a warning against defying the gods. Eventually, in some versions of the myth, Prometheus is rescued by Hercules, who kills the eagle and frees him from his chains. 3. There was wickedness in mankind so Zeus flooded the earth (it rained for 9 days, 9 nights) with the help of Poseidon. Only two survived - Deucalion and Pyrrha. - They were saved by building an ark (Promitheus warned them to do so) After the floodwaters recede, Deucalion and Pyrrha find themselves alone on the barren earth. They pray to the goddess Themis for guidance on how to repopulate humanity. Following her advice, they throw stones over their shoulders. The stones thrown by Deucalion become men, while those thrown by Pyrrha become women. This act symbolizes the rebirth of humanity from the earth itself. This created the Stone people. 🔖 Chapter IV: The Earliest Heroes Europa Europa - Daughter of the King of Sidon - She caught the attention of Zeus - She was troubled by a dream - two continents who each tried to possess her. - Asia said that she gave birth to her and therefore owned her - The other one, nameless, declared that Zeus would give the maiden to her. - After the dream, she summoned her companions to visit the blooming meadows near the sea with her.  - Cupid shot one of his arrows to Zeus and that made him madly fall in love with Europa - Zeus then transformed into a beautiful bull. - Europa sat down on his back and Zeus rushed into the seashore - Europa knew it was no ordinary bull – it was most likely a god. - Zeus brought her to Crete, where his mother hid him from Cronus. - In Crete, Europa would bear him glorious sons. - Children: Minos and Rhadamanthus PART 2: Stories of Love and Adventure Chapter I: Cupid and Psyche