English Study Guide PDF

ENGLISH MRS. ADA BARAGUER 10.1 ★ Outline ★ Sentence Outline ○ general plan of what your going to ○ uses complete sentences write...

ENGLISH MRS. ADA BARAGUER 10.1 ★ Outline ★ Sentence Outline ○ general plan of what your going to ○ uses complete sentences write ○ advantage: ensures that you are specific about your subject and WHEN IS AN OUTLINE HELPFUL? prevents generalization in your writing for longer assignments with many ideas to organize info, see connections, and identify BASIC STRUCTURE OF AN OUTLINE missing parts to figure out the most coherent way to present ★ Headings ideas ○ main topics are labeled with roman for organizing thoughts in speeches numerals ○ I, II, III, IV, etc. HOW CAN I START? ★ Subheadings ○ supporting ideas are marked with 1. begin by brainstorming all ideas without capital letters worrying about order ○ A, B, C, D, etc. 2. after writing your ideas down, start arranging ★ Ideas them ○ points under the subheadings are 3. brainstorming will help you identify the most labeled with numbers important ideas ○ 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. ★ Sub-Ideas ★ FORMAL OUTLINE ○ additional info under the details is ○ a kind of graphic scheme of the logic marked with lowercase letters of your paper ○ a, b, c, d, etc. TYPES OF FORMAL OUTLINE ORDERING AN OUTLINE ★ Topic Outline ★ General to Specific ○ uses brief phrases ○ start with an introduction that ○ advantage: brevity and parallel presents the general ideas of the structure make the logic of the paper paper and includes a thesis clear statement  ENGLISH MRS. ADA BARAGUER 10.1 ★ Main Sections ○ example: ○ each section should represent a I. CHOOSE DESIRED COLLEGES general idea that supports the thesis II. PREPARE APPLICATION ★ Supporting Information (both headings use verbs in present tense) ○ beneath each heading, provide ★ Coordination specific evidence and supporting ○ heading and subheadings should have details that bolsters the main idea equal significance at their respective levels ○ example: HOW MANY SECTIONS DO I NEED? 1. VISIT AND EVALUATE COLLEGE CAMPUSES include a section for each distinct idea, 2. VISIT AND EVALUATE COLLEGE including a section for the introduction and WEBSITES conclusion A. Note important statistics this generally corresponds to one roman B. Look for interesting classes numeral per paragraph (the headings are equally important, subheadings are specific tasks) ★ REVERSE OUTLINE ★ Subordination ○ used after writing a draft to assess the ○ general info goes in the headings, clarity of the idea development while specific details go in the subheadings HOW TO REVERSE OUTLINE? ○ example: 1. DESCRIBE AN INFLUENTIAL 1. take a copy of your draft PERSON IN YOUR LIFE 2. in the left margin, write the main idea of each A. Favorite HS teacher paragraph B. Grandparent 3. in the right margin, write the evidence in (headings are general, subheadings provide specific each paragraph that supports the main idea examples) ★ Division FOUR MAIN COMPONENTS OF AN OUTLINE ○ each heading must be divided into 2 or more paragraphs ★ Parallelism ○ example: ○ each heading and subheading maintain should maintain a parallel 1. COMPILE RÉSUMÉ structure A. List relevant coursework  ENGLISH MRS. ADA BARAGUER 10.1 B. List work experience impression using the C. List volunteer experience senses (The main heading is divided into specific to persuade or convince components) Order of Importance to rank items by their importance ★ ORDER BENEFITS OF AN OUTLINE ○ the sequence in which you present your ideas make your essay more organized ○ the chosen order should align with the saves time for writers purpose of the writing or research OUTLINE FORMAT METHODS OF ORGANIZING WRITING ★ Chronological Order ★ Spatial Order ★ Order of Importance — always write with a purpose (to inform, to explain, to persuade) ORDER PURPOSE ★ THESIS STATEMENT to explain the history of ○ a short statement (usually one an event or a topic sentence) that summarizes the main Chronological Order to tell a story or relate point or claim of an essay or research an experience paper to explain how to do or ○ it is developed, supported, and make something explained throughout the text with to explain the steps in a examples and evidence process to help readers visualize something as you want Spatial them to see it Order to create a main  ENGLISH MRS. ADA BARAGUER 10.1 ★ Controlling Idea PLACEMENT OF A THESIS STATEMENT ○ your opinion on the topic typically located in the opening paragraphs of ○ ex: Public health departments need your paper, often as the last sentence of the aggressive promotional campaigns introduction ★ Sub-Topics (optional) a complex thesis may be broken into two ○ specific areas that support your sentences controlling idea ○ ex: Damages the lungs, increases THESIS STATEMENT FORMULA cancer risk, raises the chance of heart disease — a strong thesis includes three key components: ★ Topic ★ Claim ★ MAIN IDEA ★ “So What?” (why readers should care about ○ what the text is mostly about your point) ○ expressed in complete sentences Topic + Claim because “So What?” ★ SUPPORTING DETAILS “ALTHOUGH” OR “HOWEVER” IN A THESIS ○ supports the main idea STATEMENT these words can be used to introduce a ★ TOPIC counterpoint, which acknowledges an ○ word or phrase that everything in a opposing perspective text refers back to including a counterpoint shows that you understand both sides of an argument while Topic + Main point about the Topic = Main Idea maintaining that your position is still stronger or more valid one ★ IMPLICIT MAIN IDEA ○ when the main idea is not directly stated COMPONENTS OF A THESIS STATEMENT ★ EXPLICIT MAIN IDEA ★ Topic ○ when the main idea is stated by the ○ general subject of the essay author ○ ex: Teenage Smokers  ENGLISH MRS. ADA BARAGUER 10.1 ★ TOPIC SENTENCE ○ essays can be formal (common in ○ the sentence that states the main idea academic essays) or informal (found in journal entries, soc med, or blog posts HOW DO I FIND THE MAIN IDEA? HOW MANY PARAGRAPHS ARE IN AN ESSAY? 1. find the topic 2. read each sentence in the paragraph 3. find a sentence that states the topic and a a typical essay consists of five paragraphs main point about the topic (introduction, 3 body paragraphs, conclusion) there is no set rule about the number of paragraphs in an essay expository/argumentative essays may ★ TECHNICAL DEFINITION require more body paragraphs for thorough ○ describes the meaning of a word explanation based on general references or narrative essays may need fewer paragraphs field-specific sources ○ example: Slay means to kill violently STRUCTURE OF AN ESSAY or in large numbers arrange information from the most simple to ★ OPERATIONAL DEFINITION the most complex ○ explains the meaning of a word based begin body paragraphs with a general on its specific context, especially in statement, followed by more specific details research, describing how the term is provide background information at the applied or measured beginning to give the reader context for the ○ example: Slay refers to performing an thesis statement activity or task in an excellent manner choose topic statements that provide value, more info or evidence to support the thesis ★ ESSAY PARTS OF AN ESSAY ○ a concise piece of nonfiction writing that aims to either inform the reader ★ Introduction about a topic or argue a particular ○ presents the topic perspective ○ provides background info ○ ends with the thesis statement  ENGLISH MRS. ADA BARAGUER 10.1 ★ Body main argument that supports your ○ contains core arguments and analysis thesis ○ presents evidence ★ Provide Supporting Information ○ each paragraph focuses on one main ○ follow the topic sentence with point with a topic sentence supporting details like statistics, key ○ all paragraphs relate to the thesis infos, examples or personal anecdotes ★ Conclusion to strengthen your argument ○ summarizes and ties main points ★ Analyze the Supporting Information together ○ analyze the evidence and link it back ○ shows the importance of your to your main argument argument ★ Create a Smooth Transition ○ end each paragraph with a transition to the next using words like “however” INTRODUCTION OF AN ESSAY “in addition” or “therefore” to maintain flow ★ Construct an Attractive Hook ○ begin with an engaging statement, such as a shocking fact to grab the CONCLUSION OF AN ESSAY reader's attention ★ Provide Background Information ★ Restructure your Thesis Statement ○ offer a brief context or background of ○ instead of restating the thesis your topic to set the stage for the statement, modify it based on what discussion you’ve learned throughout the essay ★ Construct a Well-rounded and to create a strong conclusion Comprehensive Thesis Statement ★ Summarize the Main Points ○ end the introduction with a concise ○ provide a summary of your main thesis statement that outlines the arguments, capturing the importance main argument of your essay of the essay in one well-structured paragraph ★ Create a Lasting Impression BODY PARAGRAPHS OF AN ESSAY ○ end with a powerful takeaway or a statement that leaves a lasting ★ Write a Topic Sentence impression, highlighting the broader ○ each body paragraph should begin implications of your topic with a topic sentence outlining the  ENGLISH MRS. ADA BARAGUER 10.1 TYPES OF ESSAYS CHRONOLOGICAL STRUCTURE GUIDELINES ★ Narrative Essay the chronological/cause-and-effect approach ○ tells a story, often based on personal discusses events in the order they occurred experiences best for essays about a series of events ○ uses storytelling techniques to convey a message or theme ★ Descriptive Essay COMPARE-AND-CONTRAST STRUCTURE GUIDELINES ○ focuses on sensory details to create an immersive experience ★ Alternating Method ○ describes a specific aspect of a story ○ each paragraph compares subjects rather than telling a full narrative based on a specific point of ★ Argumentative Essay comparison ○ aims to persuade the reader to adopt ★ Block Method a stance based on factual evidence ○ covers each subject fully before ○ common on college essays moving on to the next ★ Expository Essay ○ example: write about one subject in ○ explores a topic thoroughly without two paragraphs, then compare it to expressing any personal opinions the second ○ common in school and college exams to assess understanding PROBLEM-METHOD-SOLUTION GUIDELINES ORDER OF INFORMATION GUIDELINES an essay that concerns a specific problem argument flow should move from the simplest (practical or theoretical) may be structured claim to the most complex according to the problem-method-solution background information should appear early approach in the essay present a method or theory to address the everything in the essay should be relevant to problem the thesis use analysis to arrive at a solution or propose make sure every piece of information supports a potential solution the thesis  ENGLISH MRS. ADA BARAGUER 10.1 ○ it can be a stand-alone assignment or PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT part of a larger assignment ★ Unity ○ every sentence in a paragraph should PURPOSE OF A ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY support the main idea presented in the topic sentence provides an overview of the research available ○ irrelevant details weaken the focus on a specific subject and clarity shows the quality and depth of the reading ★ Coherence that you’ve done ○ sentences should flow logically and highlights the range of sources available such relate to each other, creating a clear, as journals. books, websites, and magazine strong argument articles ○ disorganized ideas can confuse the identifies sources that may be valuable for reader other readers or researchers helps in organizing and exploring sources for IMPROVING UNITY AND COHERENCE further research remove sentences that does not support the COMPONENTS OF AN ANNOTATED topic BIBLIOGRAPHY add supporting details that strengthen the main idea ★ Bibliographic Citation rearrange sentences or move them to the ○ the entry begins with a formal citation right paragraph of the source ★ Annotation ○ a short paragraph (100-200 words) follows the citation, summarizing and ★ ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY evaluating the source ○ provides an overview or a brief ○ includes: account of the available research on a — summary of the content specific topic — analysis or evaluation of the ○ it includes a citation for each research source source, followed by an annotation — a — depending on the assignment, you short paragraph that summarizes and may be asked to summarize, evaluates the source  ENGLISH MRS. ADA BARAGUER 10.1 reflect on, critique, evaluate, or ★ OPINION analyze source ○ a subjective belief or interpretation, ○ it is typically arrange alphabetically by not provable the author’s last name ○ they often include biased words (beautiful, exciting, miserable) CONTENTS OF AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY QUESTION TO DETERMINE WHETHER A STATEMENT IS A FACT provide a complete citation for the source indicate the background of the author Can the statement be proved or demonstrated indicate the content or focus of the text to be true? outline the main argument Can the statement be observed in practice or identify the intended audience operation? highlight any research methods used if Can the statement be verified by witnesses, applicable manuscripts, or documents? indicate any conclusions made by the author discuss the reliability of the text — if the answer to any of these questions is no, then highlight any special features like charts or the statement is not a fact. instead, it is an opinion graphs note any usefulness of the text for your LEVELS OF OPINIONS research explain how the text relates to the themes or ★ Informed Opinion concepts in your course ○ developed by gathering and analyzing identify the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence text ★ Expert Opinion share your own view or reaction to the text ○ developed through much training and extensive knowledge in a given field — expert and informed opinions may sound factual ★ FACT but they still are opinions ○ a specific detail that is true based on objective proof BIASED WORDS TO IDENTIFY OPINIONS ★ amazing  ENGLISH MRS. ADA BARAGUER 10.1 ★ awful qualifiers may indicate different degrees of ★ bad doubt with words such as “seems” or “might” ★ beautiful ★ best WORDS THAT QUALIFY IDEAS ★ better ★ disgusting ★ all ★ exciting ★ appear ★ favorite ★ could ★ has/have to ★ frightful ★ believed ★ fun ★ may ★ good ★ must ★ great ★ often ★ greatest ★ to ★ handsome ★ probably ★ horrible ★ seem ★ miserable ★ only ★ more ★ think ★ most ★ always ★ believe ★ smart ★ every ★ stupid ★ it is ★ unbelievable ★ likely ★ very ★ might ★ never NOTE QUALIFIERS TO IDENTIFY OPINIONS ★ ought ★ possibly be on the lookout for words that qualify an ★ probably idea ★ should a qualifier may express an absolute, ★ sometimes unwavering opinion using words like “always” ★ usually and “never” it can also express an opinion in the form of a command like “must”  ENGLISH MRS. ADA BARAGUER 10.1 ★ Probable Lies CLUES TO DIFFERENTIATE FACTS AND OPINIONS ○ statement that appears unlikely or untrue but could potentially be true, Fact: observable, provable with evidence requiring verification before it can be Opinion: may include words like “best” or reported as fact “worst”, indicating personal judgment 3 TYPES OF OPINIONS ★ Verifiable Opinion ★ SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ○ conclusions that can be proven true or ○ studies that should be systematically false over time planned before performing them ★ Expert Opinions ○ based on specialized knowledge and facts but remain opinions unless proven ★ JOURNALISM ★ Personal Opinions ○ derived from the word “journal” ○ influenced by both facts and personal ○ the profession of collecting, writing, beliefs and can be expressed by editing, and distributing news and info anyone through various media like print, broadcast, and online platforms, ★ VALUE JUDGEMENTS focusing on current events and facts ○ personal opinions which are based on without interpretation, to inform the beliefs or values which a person public already has 3 KINDS OF FACTS ★ EVIDENCE ○ something that gives proof or leads to ★ Proven Facts a conclusion ○ facts which are proved and accepted as true by everyone 4 TYPES OF EVIDENCE ★ Probable Facts ○ statements that seems reasonable to ★ Demonstrative Evidence believe but are true ★ Real Evidence ★ Testimonial Evidence  ENGLISH MRS. ADA BARAGUER 10.1 ★ Documentary Evidence WRITING A GOOD COLUMN 3 MAJOR DIVISIONS OF JOURNALISM columns are based on the writer’s opinion, unlike editorials. they feature the writer’s ★ Written byline and their opinion is the story, supported ★ Oral by facts ★ Visual opinion’s must be clear, insightful, convincing, engaging, and entertaining ★ CAMPUS JOURNALISM writing a column is like being a lawyer who ○ a training ground for students who must convince a jury (the readers) that their viewpoint (client) is correct wish to pursue journalism as a career writing a column involves more than just expressing opinions— it requires strong FUNCTION CATEGORIES OF A CAMPUS analytical skills, a wide range of knowledge, PAPER and the ability to argue convincingly ★ Information Function ★ Opinion Function TYPES OF COLUMNS ★ Education Function ★ Watchdog Function ★ Political Commentary ★ Laboratory Function ○ focuses on analyzing and interpreting ★ Documentation Function political events, policies, and issues ★ Entertainment Function ★ Local/Metro Columnist ★ Developmental Function ○ covers topics related to local communities, city issues, and events QUALITIES OF A GOOD JOURNALIST ★ Business, Finance, Economics, Sports ○ discusses trends and developments in ★ Resourceful business, economics, and sports, ★ Critical often giving expert insight ★ Objective ★ Lifestyle/Culture ★ Conscientious ○ explores popular trends, culture, music, fashion, and social fads ★ Humor/Satire  ENGLISH MRS. ADA BARAGUER 10.1 ○ uses humor or satire to address issues ★ Maintain Focus in a light-hearted way, making ○ Stick to one idea or argument. a complex problems more approachable focused message makes a stronger ★ International Affairs/Politics impression on readers ○ focuses on global events, foreign ★ Understand Opposing Viewpoints policies, and international relations ○ anticipate objections and address ★ Personal/Interpretive them with sound reasoning. knowing ○ observes and interprets life, often the opposing side strengthens your focusing on personal experiences or argument events in specific environments like ★ Refer to Facts schools ○ support your argument with credible facts. don't overwhelm readers with data but include enough to make your WHAT MAKES A COLUMN INTERESTING? case convincing ★ Use Analogies a good column must have a broad appeal to attract and engage a wide variety of readers ○ analogies help simplify complex or a good column is written casually and technical topics, making them more relatable and understandable conversationally, like a friendly chat between the writer and the reader ★ Be Critical ○ criticize real people, policies, or events rather than nameless concepts WHAT NOT TO DO IN A COLUMN? and policies ★ Do Reporting don't use big words and long sentences ○ strong columns often involve some avoid making the column too long as it will form of reporting cause readers to lose interest ★ Localize and Personalize don’t patronize readers or talk down to them ○ make your topic relevant by tying it to local events or personal experiences, THINGS TO REMEMBER making it more relatable and memorable ★ Write with Conviction ★ Be Passionate ○ present your opinion confidently. take ○ write with energy and conviction a firm stance on an issue without wavering or sitting on a fence  ENGLISH MRS. ADA BARAGUER 10.1 ○ readers respond to passion and if the ○ keep the start concise— sometimes a topic excites you, it will likely excite few words can be more powerful than them too many ★ Provide a Solution ○ beginning with an anecdote or story ○ don’t just critique issues—offer can draw readers in effectively solutions. ★ The Middle of the Column ○ readers look for insight and answers, ○ this section includes supporting so suggesting a way forward is material for your main argument important ○ address all sides of the issue to present a balanced view ★ Ending with Style TIPS FOR WRITING A COLUMN ○ conclude in a way that leaves the connect with your audience by addressing reader thinking their concerns and interests aim to provoke thought and offer new perspectives on important topics ★ PHOTOJOURNALISM reader responses indicate your column is being read and engaging ○ a form of journalism that uses a good column leaves readers with new photographs to tell a story, often giving priority to images over written knowledge or insights they didn’t have before texts ○ to enhance the reader's WRITING A COLUMN GUIDELINES understanding of a news story through visual representation ★ POV (first, second, or third person) ○ art and science of taking pictures for ○ you can use any point of view publication in newspapers and other ○ maintain consistency throughout— periodicals don’t switch between “I” “you” or “they” in the middle of the column CLASSIFICATION OF PHOTOS ★ Capturing Attention ★ News Photography ○ the opening must grab the reader’s ○ to record the external world as it attention appears  ENGLISH MRS. ADA BARAGUER 10.1 ★ Documentary Photography ★ COMMERCIAL PHOTOGRAPHY ○ used for expressive, interpretative ○ used to encourage and direct purposes consumerism and used in ★ Commercial Photography advertisements and illustrations in ○ used to advertise books, magazines and other publications TYPES OF NEWS PHOTOGRAPHY HOW TO TAKE A GOOD PICTURE ★ Spot ○ refers to breaking news event, ★ Technical Aspect unexpected, rapidly changing, ○ photo is perfect, free from smudges newsworthy event of limited time and is clear for publication ★ General ○ aperture control ○ newsworthy events and subjects that ○ shutter speed are planned, expected or predictable ○ depth of field ★ Sports ★ Editorial Aspect ○ covers the wide range of subjects, ○ composition: arrangement of subjects including team, individual, competitive and personal sports ANGLES OF VIEW ★ Feature ○ photo that is unbound by time ★ High Angle ○ sometimes called “evergreen” ○ not the same as bird’s-eye view angle because it does not fade with season ○ you just need to get a few inches or ★ Picture Story feet above the subject ○ a set of images that work together to ★ Face to Face Angle tell a story or explore a subject ○ done at the subject’s eye level ★ Low Angle ★ DOCUMENTARY PHOTOGRAPHY ○ achieved by getting below the ○ photographs taken to vividly, subject’s eye level and shooting concretely and dramatically record upward events and people for the study of ★ Bug’s-eye View (worm’s-eye view) history, science and technology or any ○ works just the way it sounds other matter of human interest  ENGLISH MRS. ADA BARAGUER 10.1 ★ COMPOSITION ★ Simplification ○ the arrangement of visual elements in ○ to have a clear and strong a photo to guide the viewer’s eye to composition the subject ★ Orientation ○ first decision in taking a picture is whether it should be horizontal or TECHNIQUES FOR CONTROL THROUGH CONTRAST vertical ○ the subject should determine the ★ Contrast in Exposure orientation ★ Contrast in Size ★ Framing (Sub-Framing) ★ Contrast in Texture ○ involves using or adding frame ★ Contrast in Color elements to emphasize and lead the ★ Irregular Shapes viewer’s eye towards your subject ★ Irregular Content ★ Color ○ to create stunning photographs and WHY IS COMPOSITION IMPORTANT IN strengthen the message behind your PHOTOGRAPHY? images ★ Contrast ★ acts like the skeleton of an image, holding all ○ works similarly in improving your elements together composition, for monochromatic ★ supports the visual weight of the photo images ★ makes the frame look dynamic ★ Leading Lines and Shapes ★ responsible for telling the narrative of the ○ changes the way your audience views photo your image ○ potentially leading the eyes to where WHAT MAKES A GOOD COMPOSITION? your main subject is ★ Symmetrical Balance ★ every visual element has a precise role and ○ used for creating visual balance in adds something to the story your photos ★ Asymmetrical Balance ○ visually imbalance image can turn out PHOTOGRAPHY COMPOSITION RULES AND TECHNIQUES to be an interesting photo ○ difficult to achieve but it gets better with practice  ENGLISH MRS. ADA BARAGUER 10.1 ★ Unusual Point of View ★ Form ○ bend your knees, get on your belly, ○ giving depth to an image by implying stand on a ladder, hang from the dimensionality through light and ceiling shadow ○ images look so much better if you ★ Texture show them from a pov that is unusual ○ depicting the way a surface may feel ★ The Golden Ratio through shadow and light ○ refers to a spiral, similar in shape to a ★ Tone nautilus shell, overlaid on an image ○ suggesting an overall feeling through ★ Patterns brightness or darkness in an image ○ emphasize them by filling the entire ★ Space frame ○ selectively filling the frame or leaving ★ Watch the Horizon empty areas for impact ○ lowering the horizon line can capture the vastness of a skyline STANDARDS OF A GOOD CAPTION ELEMENTS ★ Accuracy ★ Clarity — the following will help make compositions more ★ Completeness compelling and accessible ★ Good Writing ★ Line KINDS OF CAPTIONS BEING USED IN PH ○ creating a sense of flow for the viewer PRESS CONFERENCES through leading line both literal and implied ★ News Caption ★ Color ★ Photo Essay Caption ○ using a collection of colors or an ★ Creative Caption absence of color to create impact and mood FORMAT OF WRITING NEWS CAPTIONS ★ Shape — (noun) (verb) (direct object) during (proper event ○ highlighting objects in a name) at (proper noun location) in (city) on (day of two-dimensional way such as through the week), (month) (date), (year). (why or how) the use of silhouette  ENGLISH MRS. ADA BARAGUER 10.1 CATEGORIES OF JOURNALISTIC WRITING QUALITIES OF A SPORTS NEWS AND THEIR PATTERNS it answers the 5 W's (what, when, who, where, ★ News why) and 1 H (how) ○ pattern: inverted pyramid/direct style describes the most thrilling and eventful part ★ Feature of the game ○ pattern: human interest, narrative uses more colorful words, adjectives, figures of style speech, local color and longer sentence ★ Editorial uses special vocabulary called sports lingo ○ pattern: opinion on topical issues ★ News Feature ELEMENTS OF SPORTS STORIES ○ pattern: feature writing style with hard-news report ★ Style (lead) ★ Specific Language BASIC PARTS ★ Structure (progress/action) ★ Headline KINDS OF SPORTS NEWS ○ catchy, not too long ★ Lead ★ Advance Sports Stories ○ catchy, twist or other types (1-2 ○ background information on teams or paragraphs) players before the actual game ★ Body ○ may highlight unusual/exciting past ○ smooth flow, 1 idea per paragraph games, records of teams/players, and ★ Conclusion their current physical and mental ○ reflect back on the lead to provide condition closure ★ Follow-Up Story (Post-Mortem Analysis) ○ published/broadcast after the event, analyzing the game in-depth ○ covers new facts, player injuries, ★ SPORTS WRITING development, psychological aspects, ○ has the structure of an action story reactions, news issues, and game ○ has greater freedom of style of writing statistics  ENGLISH MRS. ADA BARAGUER 10.1 ★ Record-Based News ★ Key Player ○ summarizes data from game ○ when specific individuals make a authorities or officials significant impact on the game, their ○ provides an overview of different performance or “heroic deeds” are events, especially in multi-event highlighted as the main angle of the meets, based on records and official story data ★ Analytical Way ★ Coverage Story ○ when the team employs a very ○ on-the-spot report of the game or spectacular strategy or action that event outcome brings them to victory ○ contains details such as: a. Outcome STRUCTURE OF SPORTS NEWS COVERAGE winner, score, any disruptions b. Significance ★ The Lead importance of the outcome ○ summarizes or analyzes the event by c. Highlights giving the significance, the winner, the key moments score, the place and time or date it d. Team Comparison happened strengths and weaknesses of ★ The Body both teams ○ contains the play-by-play account of e. Star Player the game standout performances f. Weather conditions affecting the game SUGGESTED POINTERS FOR SPORTS NEWS g. Audience/Viewers impact on spectators ★ Score or Outcome ★ Significance of the Outcome WAYS OF WRITING THE SPORTS NEWS LEAD ★ Highlights of the Game ★ Comparison of the Teams ★ Key Play ★ Individual Stars ○ when teamwork and coordination ★ Weather Conditions among all members of the winning ★ Crowd and Celebration team is the main reason for victory  ENGLISH MRS. ADA BARAGUER 10.1 ★ COPYREADING (Copyediting) Write effective lead ○ editing/correcting errors made by the Cut or delete irrelevant materials reporter and proofreading the errors Delete "editorializing materials" in a news by the typesetter or printer Make articles conform to editorial policies ○ the art of arranging, correcting, and Guard against libelous statement selecting the quality and type of news Write the headlines and decide its typography Make the copy simple and clear ★ COPYREADER/COPYEDITOR Make a copy to conform to the newspaper ○ the one who edits the copies style sheet Give instruction to the typesetter regarding ★ COPY font type and font size to be used and the ○ material for a newspaper or magazine number of columns and ems article Check slug lines and paging sequences ○ the text as written by the author Indicate corrections by using the copy reading marks QUALITIES OF A GOOD COPYREADER WHAT TO COPYREAD? ★ Good in English and Filipino ★ Observant and Alert at all times Errors in fact ★ Super Reporter Errors in grammar ★ Careful and Patient Errors in structure ★ Accurate and Master of Details Errors in style ★ Has Broad Knowledge Libelous and derogatory statements ★ Master in Copy Reading Symbols Seditious and rebellious matter ★ Gifted with High Degree of Common Sense Opinion, editorializing statements in news Verbal deadwoods, redundancy DUTIES OF A COPYREADER Errors in unity, coherence and emphasis Check facts PROCEDURE IN COPYREADING Check names, addresses, titles, designations, etc. Read the whole article first to determine what Correct errors in grammar, spelling, kind of story it is. punctuation, usage, organization and others Improve news value  ENGLISH MRS. ADA BARAGUER 10.1 Having determined the type of story, read the If the copy could hardly be read because of so article again. This time determine what the many corrections, retype it if time permits to lead paragraph is. facilitate editing and typesetting Take note of errors in fact. Check on the accuracy of the statements and information. ★ HEADLINE Verify when in doubt. ○ the title of the news story Read the story again and mark all paragraph ○ the display window of the newspaper beginnings. Then, correct errors in grammar, ○ serves as a source of info for busy spelling, punctuations, and style using newspaper readers copyreading symbols. Improve the organization of the story. Make FUNCTIONS OF THE HEADLINES sure the lead features the lead fact. Go over the whole story and again. Remove all to give summary of the news unnecessary and irrelevant materials. to present the news for rapid reading Check the length of the story and then to indicate the relative importance of the news prepare the clean copy. by the amount of display Write a very catchy and fitting headline for the to give a leasing appearance to the news story. pages Mark the copy for the printer (size, type, column, width, etc.) Encircle the slug line (short title, name of THINGS TO REMEMBER ABOUT HEADLINE reporter), End page with a paragraph Do not cut it presents the news in a capsule, thus it is paragraph and continue on the next page. telegraphic Write "more" at the bottom of the page of the it must contain the most important fact of the unfinished story and continue the next sheet. story Do not use the back page of the paper. it must be so well constructed so that it On the second page, instead of numbering as catches the reader's attention page 2, label it "first add" or "add one" followed by the slug. For example, "first add size and length of the headline must be nabbed" or "add one nabbed". proportional to the length of the story and its End the story with number 30 or sharp (#). importance Encircle it. the headline is based on the lead it makes use of special vocabulary  ENGLISH MRS. ADA BARAGUER 10.1 STEPS IN HEADLINE WRITING RULES IN WRITING THE HEADLINE Read the whole story to understand its The headline must have a verb and it must be message. in the present tense Underline the key words from the lead. The first letter of the first word and proper Using these keywords, write a short nouns are generally capitalized telegraphic sentence summary of the news Do not use periods (omit articles, unnecessary auxiliary verbs, Minimize punctuation marks prepositions, details). Don't use the articles a, an, the Divide according to units of thought into the Don't use names unless the person is number of lines required. well-known Substitute simple, effective synonyms to Use the infinitives for future events reduce width within the limits of space Use specific terms instead of generalities allotted. Assertions in a headline should have a source or attribution CHARACTERISTICS OF A HEADLINE Use the shorter word whenever possible They are skeletonized to save space (S-V-O WHAT TO AVOID IN WRITING HEADLINES pattern) They use the present tense, to emphasize ★ Fat head immediacy or timeliness. ○ letters or words are so crowded that They are adjusted to a predetermined there are no more spaces between typographical style of a paper. them Aside from immediacy, an effective headline ★ Thin head conveys to the readers the relative ○ spaces between letters or words are significance and seriousness of the news too wide story. Some tabloids use sensationalized or ★ Label head bastardized kinds of headlines, sometimes ○ incomplete headline, just like a label written in tagalog. of a certain product ○ ex: Christmas Party ★ Wooden head ○ weak headline, devoid of meaning due to the absence of a subject or the lack of a verb  ENGLISH MRS. ADA BARAGUER 10.1 ○ ex: To hold excursion ★ Hanging Indentation ★ Mandatory head ○ gives a command because it begins with a verb ○ ex: Hold dialog with principal ★ Crossline/Barline ★ Screaming head ○ big and bold headline of a short and unimportant story. A sensational head is another kind of screaming headline ★ Flush Right ○ ex: NO CLASS TODAY ★ Hanging preposition ○ the end of the line contains a preposition. The preposition and its object should not be separated. UNIT COUNT IN HEADLINE ★ Coined words All small letters (except j, l, f, t, m, w) 1 unit ○ uncommonly abbreviations or Small letters j, l, f, t ½ unit acronyms ★ Use of passive and negative statements Small letters m and w 1 ½ unit All capital letters (except I, M, W) 1 ½ unit STRUCTURES OF HEADLINES Capital letter I ½ unit Capital letter M and W 2 unit ★ Flush Left All punctuation marks (except —, ?, $, ₱, ½ unit %) —, ?, $, ₱, % signs 1 unit All number figures from 0 - 9 (except 1) 1 unit ★ Drop Line/Step Form Number 1 ½ unit All spaces 1 unit ★ Inverted Pyramid  ENGLISH MRS. ADA BARAGUER 10.1 ★ United in holy matrimony HEADLINE VOCAB SAMPLES ○ married ★ In short supply ○ scarce ★ A large portion ○ many ★ In spite of the fact ○ although REDUNDANT WORDS ★ final conclusion ★ dead corpse ★ fatal murder ★ other alternative ★ new recruit VERBAL DEADWOODS ★ free gifts ★ underprivileged poor ★ Take action on the issue ★ five o'clock pm in the afternoon ○ act ★ For the reason that ○ because ★ Tender his resignation ○ resigned ★ Affixed his signature ○ signed ★ Held a conference ○ met ★ In the event of ○ if/when ★ Make good his escape ○ escaped ★ At this moment in time ○ now  ENGLISH MRS. ADA BARAGUER 10.1 COPY EDITING AND PROOFREADING SYMBOLS RULES FOR PROOFREADING Never proofread your own copy. Read everything in the copy straight through from the beginning to end. Read copy backward to catch spelling errors. Read pages out of order. Have proofreaders initial the copy they check. Have someone read numbers while you check the hardcopy.  ENGLISH MRS. ADA BARAGUER 10.1 Take short breaks so you can concentrate more clearly. List errors you spot over a month. Alter your routine. Make your marks legible and understandable.