English III Semester 1 Final Exam Study Guide 2024-2025 PDF

[English III 24-25 Semester 1] [Final Exam Study Guide] ***[Rhetorical Appeals]*** **Logos (Logical Appeal): Logos is an appeal to logic and reasoning.** - The speaker must prove his/her claims with evidence and reasoning. - Strong evidence and solid reasoning is difficult to dismiss, so...

[English III 24-25 Semester 1] [Final Exam Study Guide] ***[Rhetorical Appeals]*** **Logos (Logical Appeal): Logos is an appeal to logic and reasoning.** - The speaker must prove his/her claims with evidence and reasoning. - Strong evidence and solid reasoning is difficult to dismiss, so logos is essential to persuasion. How to use it: - Make sure your argument makes logical sense. Avoid logical fallacies (FLAWS IN LOGIC) - Make sure your argument is clear and easily understood. If your audience can't understand it, you can't convince them. - Use facts, statistics, numbers, charts, etc. **Ethos (Ethical Appeal): Ethos is an appeal to the speaker's ethics---his or her character, credibility, and authority on the subject.** - The audience must trust the speaker in order for persuasion to happen. - It's not enough to be credible; the speaker must deliberately demonstrate this credibility and reliability. How to use it: - Show that you are experienced and knowledgeable on the subject. Use your own knowledge when you can but cite others when you can't. - Show the audience that you are a good person. Respect them. Connect to them. - Show that you are professional. Use appropriate language and tone. Dress appropriately, if applicable! **Pathos (Emotional Appeal): Pathos is an appeal to the audience's emotions.** - By evoking emotions, the speaker is more likely to persuade the audience. - Pathos can be very powerful because humans are emotional creatures. - Any emotion: fear, sympathy, love, joy, pity, etc\... - Pathos makes a personal, emotional connection. How to use it: Know your audience and know what emotion or subject will move them in the way you want! Make it personal for the audience. Tug on their heartstrings, or scare them into persuasion! Use descriptive, vivid language and imagery to make it more real. Use examples and stories that will engage the audience and evoke emotions. **[Kairos (Appeal to time)]** Kairos is a rhetorical device that identifies a critical moment to perform an action for maximum effect. Kairos is used to persuade an audience that the argument is relevant to them at that precise moment.  Example: The election is just weeks away, register to vote now! ***[Basic Grammar]*** What is a sentence fragment? A sentence fragment typically lacks a subject, a verb, or both, failing to express a complete idea. For instance, \"After the storm\" is a fragment that can be completed by adding \"the city looked desolate.\" Rules for using commas: - Separating items in a list of three or more. Example: *Julie loves ice cream, books, and kittens.* - Connecting two independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction. Example: *Cleo is a good singer, but she's an even better dancer.* Joining two independent clauses without using a coordinating conjunction, such as or, but, and, or yet, is known as a comma splice. - Setting apart non-restrictive relative clauses. A clause that is nonrestrictive offers extra information about something you have mentioned in a sentence, but that information isn't essential for identifying the thing you're talking about. Nonrestrictive clauses are usually introduced by which or who and should be set off by commas. Example: *Posey's Cafe, which Chester recommended, is a fantastic restaurant.* - Setting apart nonessential appositives: An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that refers to the same thing as another noun in the same sentence. Often, the appositive provides additional information about the noun or helps to distinguish it in some way. If you could remove the appositive without changing the meaning of the sentence, it is said to be nonessential and should be set off with commas. If the appositive is necessary, it's said to be essential and should not be set off with commas. Example: *My partner, Angela, is a wonderful cook.* - Separating quotations and attributive tags. For example, "Christmas is only two weeks away," she said. **What is the difference between a noun and an abstract noun?** A noun is a person place, or thing. Such as a dog, a woman named Ann, or London. However, if you look up words like hope, democracy, marriage, or courage, you will find that these are also considered nouns. That is because these are considered "abstract nouns". Abstract nouns are nouns that represent intangible ideas that you can't perceive with the five main senses. ***[Declaration of Independence]*** Main ideas expressed in The Declaration of Independence: The Declaration of Independence states three basic ideas: (1)** God made all men equal and gave them the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness**; (2) the main business of government is to protect these rights; (3) if a government tries to withhold these rights, the people are free to overthrow it. Why did the colonists want to break away from British rule? - The British increased their regulation and taxation of the colonies. - The British navy attacked American shipping, sailors, and ports. - The American and British armies had already clashed on the battlefield. - Britain interfered with the operation of the legislatures in the various colonies. ***[Vocab:]*** Acquiesce- V. To accept something without protest. Rectitude- N. Morally correct behavior or thinking; righteousness Martial (from Speech in the Virginia Convention)- adj. Of or appropriate to war; warlike ***[Speech in the Virginia Convention]*** Patrick Henry delivered his speech to the Virginia Convention on the eve of the American Revolution, when colonists in the north had already begun resisting the British. One of the fundamental issues with the British that Patrick Henry sites in this speech is whether the colonists will succeed in gaining independence or will continue to be subject to British rule. By the time Patrick Henry delivered this speech, the colonists had already presented their concerns and grievances to the British king. Because of this, Patrick Henry makes the claim that the colonists' have no choice but to fight and that justice is on their side. **"To His Excellency, General Washington"** - Focuses on the American Revolutionary War as the colonies struggled for independence from British Rule - George Washington is portrayed as a hero guiding the colonies toward freedom - George Washington described as having valor (strength of mind and spirit) - George Washington described as being virtuous. - Washington's troops are compared to the night sky and a mighty storm - Meaning of exaulted- placed at a high or powerful level **"Old South Meeting House"** - Congregational church in Boston, Massachusetts built in 1729 - Was a gathering place for colonists to discuss policies leading up to the American Revolution - The poem focuses on its significance in symbolizing the hopes that unify the nation - The meeting house is portrayed as inspiring the people within it ("We draw breath from brick. Ignite the fire in us.") ***[Gothic Literature ]*** - Gothic traditions takes its name from Germanic tribe - Gothic literature began in England - Dark Romanticism- themes of madness, insanity, corruption, good side vs evil nature, outcasts, emphasis on supernatural, **placing ordinary characters in extraordinary, shocking circumstances.** - Gothic literature places great emphasis on the setting - Castles, cemeteries, decay, remote locations, graveyards, dungeons, secret passageways, trap doors, - Gothic influences today can be seen in movies, tv, clothing styles, and music - Southern Gothic Literature - Takes place in the Ameican South - Contain grotesque or fantastic incidents - Characters are typically flawed, damaged, and at times, even delusional. **The Devil and Tom Walker** - Tom and his wife are both very greedy - They value things over each other - His wife attempts to make a deal with the devil - Tom goes looking for her and finds her apron in a tree - He looks for his belongings that his wife took with her when going to deal with the devil. He was more concerned with getting his things than finding his wife. - He considered the loss of his possessions worse than the loss of his wife - Meaning of endeavor- an attempt to achieve a goal - Tom sells his soul to the devil - In exchange for a large fortune - promises to use the money as a usurer - Definition of usurer- a person who lends money at an extremely high rate of interest - Theme of the story- it is impossible to escape the consequences of our choices - Tom was caught unaware and didn't have his bible with him when the devil came to get him - Old Scratch- another name for the devil - The Swamp where Tom meets the Devil - Dark and foreboding - Glooming, tangled, uninviting - Hints at the evil events and corruption to come ***[Poetry]*** I. **[Key beliefs of Transcendentalism]** - Transcendentalism was a uniquely American offshoot of Romanticism - Focused on the importance of a direct relationship with God - Believed that a relationship with nature was essential (it is also through nature that we can directly experience God) - Believed in the "Oversoul"- a cosmic unity between Man, God, and Nature - Conformity is wrong - Society corrupts people - Death is not to be feared. The "Oversoul" returns to nature II. ***[Walt Whitman Poetry]*** - \`A Song of Myself - O Captain! My Captain! - I Hear America Singing III. ***[Emily Dickinson]*** - Fame is a fickle food - The Soul selects her own Society- - They shut me up in Prose- - I heard a Fly buzz-when I died-