Language, Culture, and Society EL 101 Reviewer PDF

**LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY** **By Pronunciation** **PHONETICS** study of linguistic unit of sounds. **PHONOLOGY** study of system of sounds. **PHONEMES** basic unit of sounds / smallest unit of sounds. **PHONICS** method of teaching, reading and writing. **By Words** **MORPHOLOGY** study...

**LANGUAGE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY** **By Pronunciation** **PHONETICS** study of linguistic unit of sounds. **PHONOLOGY** study of system of sounds. **PHONEMES** basic unit of sounds / smallest unit of sounds. **PHONICS** method of teaching, reading and writing. **By Words** **MORPHOLOGY** study of words and parts **MORPHEMES** basic meaningful units of meaning. ***Bound morphemes*** bea-u-ti-ful ***Free Morphemes*** beautiful **PRAGMATICS** meaning context/utterance **SEMANTICS** literal meaning **SYNTAX** structure of sentences (phrases,closes) *Example: John **N** kicks **V** the **A** ball **N**.* **MACRO SKILLS** -the main language skills that individuals need to develop in order to effectively communicate in a particular language. **5 TYPES OF MACRO SKILLS** 1. **LISTENING** - Needed for understanding and decoding message. *-Ability to comprehend and interpret spoken language in order to facilitate effective communication.* **10 ways for effective listening:** 1. Look at speaker in face and eyes. 2. Focus and give attention but relax 3. Be open-minded. 4. Listen and picture what the speaker is saying. 5. Don't speak while the speaker is talking. 6. When speaker pauses, you may ask clarifying questions. 7. Ask relevant question. 8. Put yourself in the speaker place 9. Give feedback 10. Focus to non-verbal tools. **Note**: Listening and Hearing are connected but not the same. In hearing a person doesn't have to remember what the speaker or sender said, while in listening a person should comprehend it and give feedback. 2. **SPEAKING** - It is an ability that makes us superior to other because only human can speak. - I'm Speaking skill helps one to communicate one's ideas clearly to others. - Speaking involves pronunciation, juncture, stress, rhythm and intonation. - **Connotation --** meaning behind words - **Denotation --** meaning from dictionary **EXAMPLE:** Snake **C-** betrayer, double-crosser, double-dealer, two-timer. **D-** animal **Types of ways in communicating :** 1. **FORMAL** 2. **INFORMAL** 3. **SLANG** **Richard (2008)** ***TALK AS INTERACTION*** to have a communication ***TALK AS TRANSACTION*** act to be done ***TALK AS PERFORMANCE*** how the audience will accept the ideas **Brown & Yule (1983)** **INTERACTION FUNCTION & MOTIVATIONAL FUNCTION** **3.READING** \- recognizing, comprehending \- a wide range of vocabulary \- understand the words and its meaning -Decoding, fluency, and vocabulary skills **Recognize- Comprehend- Fluency -Motivation** (identify word in print -- completely understand) **Oral reading -** reading loudly **Silent reading** ** INTENSIVE** end it self **-** identify ***context*** and ***linguistic*** ** EXTENSIVE** means to an end **-**involves learners reading texts for enjoyment and to develop general reading skills. It can be compared with intensive reading, which means reading in detail with specific learning aims and tasks. 4. **WRITING** - Cognitive activity - Your able to speak, listen and read. - Having adequate knowledge and abilities to express your thoughts and ideas in written words. - Decide the topic - Research and collect information - Outline and Plan - Start writing by a simple draft - Review, Edit & Format 5. **VIEWING** - To reflect or analyze or predict what seeing - There should be an image or any. - An active process of attending and comprehending visual media. ✓ **Visual Literacy** ability to create idea/meaning on what you see. Create visuals to convey effectively the ideas in mind. ✓ **Critical Literacy** analyze and understand the composition of pictures. Skill to understand and evaluate information from visuals. **Types of VISUALS:** ** ** Pictures ** ** Graphics ** ** Poster ** ** Drawing ** ** Visual ** ** Web pages ** ** Multimedia **Sociology** is the study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior.**Sociolinguistics** is the descriptive study of the effect of any or all aspects of ***society***, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on ***language*** and the ways it is used. **Anthropology**, "the science of humanity,". **Anthropological linguistics,** study of the relationship between language and culture. **Philosophy** is the study of how we understand our existence. **Linguistic philosophy** is the view that many or all philosophical problems can be solved (or dissolved) by paying closer attention to language, either by reforming language or by better understanding our everyday language. **Stylistics**, a branch of applied linguistics, is the study and interpretation of texts. **Literature**, a *body of written works.* **Literary stylistics** is a practice of analyzing the language of literature using linguistic concepts and categories. **Computational linguistics (CL)** is what powers anything in a machine or device that has to do with language---speaking, writing, reading, and listening. **Artificial intelligence (AI)** is a set of technologies that enable computers to perform a variety of advanced functions, including the ability to see, understand and translate spoken and written language, analyze data, make recommendations, and more. **Applied linguistics** is to analyze and solve language problems in the real world. **Psychology** is the scientific study of mind and behavior. **Psycholinguistics** is a field that combines psychology and linguistics to gain a deeper understanding of human language, including processes in perception, memory, attention, learning, and problem-solving. **Neurolinguistics** is the field of study that examines the connection between the brain and language. **Discourse Analysis** explore the structure and expression of language within its social and cultural context. **PHONETICS**: Speech sounds. **PHONOLOGY**: Sound patterns. **SYNTAX**: Sentence structure. **SEMANTICS**: Word meaning. **PRAGMATICS**: Contextual language use. **MICRO LINGUISTIC** narrower view - solely with the structure of language system in itself and for itself. **MACRO LINGUISTIC** broader/wider view. - concerned with the language are acquired, stored in the brain.  **TYPES OF LECTS** 1. **REGIONAL DIALECT** spoken in particular region. 2. **SOCIOLECT** language used in a certain social group. 3. **ETHNOLECT** spoken by certain ethnic group. 4. **IDIOLECT** dialect of an individual person at one time. **LANGUAGE VARIATION** **DIALECT** which contains **'lect'** the term derives from greek words, '**dia'** meaning *across /between* and '**legein'** means *speak.* **REGISTER** the language we use informal, informal , casual consultative and intimate. - the way speaker uses language differently in different circumstances. **TYPES OF LINGUISTIC REGISTER** - static register because it refers to historical language. Examples: Bible, The United States Constitution, The Bhagavad Gita and Romeo & Juliet. **Formal** - less rigid but still constrained. - the formal register is used in professional academic or legal setting where communication is expected to be respectful and interrupted and restrained. Examples: Ted talk, business presentation, class discussion **Consultative** - asking for advice. - speaking with someone with a specialized knowledge. Examples: The local TV broadcast, psychiatrist, an annual physical or a service provider like a plumber. **Casual** - people use with friends ,close acquaintances ,coworkers and family. Examples: Birthday Party, Backyard Party **Intimate** - reserve for special occasion - usually between two people - done in private, whispered Examples: couple **JARGON** refers to specialize language of a professional or occupational group. **(David Lehman)** **DIFFERENT LINGUALISM** - **MONOLINGUALISM** ability to speak one language. - **BILINGUALISM** ability to speak two languages. - **MULTILINGUALISM** ability to speak three languages or more. **Minimal multilingual** can speak 3 or more language but not fluent. **Maximal multilingual** can speak 3 or more language very fluent. **WWHAT IS FIRST LANGUAGE?** Whatever the language used and **learned by a person from birth** until the critical period is considered his/her first language. It is the language **used in the house.** Therefore it is suffice to say that children **learn** their first language **from the people they were with** from birth until the critical period There is **no alternative** to the first language. A person **cannot decide** his/her **L1** comes to him/her as an inheritance, legacy or birthright. L1 **begins** with **telegraphic speech.** **WHAT IS A SECOND LANGUAGE?** After learning the first language (L1, a person accommodates another language usually **learned afterwards** In learning L2, it **takes effort and a conscious** will by familiarizing with form, vocabulary, pronunciation, functions and rules of the language. Learning L2 is a **personal choice**. A person or **community can choose** a second language among other languages and it is learned consciously from guidance and instruction and requires constant effort A second language is a new aspect of a person's life. **LANGUAGE POLICY AND PLANNING** The term \'language planning\' (preceded by the term **\'language engineering\')** emerged in the **late 1950s** and then developed as part of and in tandem with sociolinguistics and the sociology of language in the 1960s and 1970s. In a broad sense **[LPLP]** (sometimes also abbreviated as **[LPP]**) is all about choices made in domains of language use from the macro- or polity level, or meso-or community level, to the micro-or individual level. Long before LPLP emerged as a distinct field of inquiry, ***people were managing (or mismanaging) a variety of language problems and practices at all levels of society.*** - Tagalog to Filipino - Standardized language **FOUR (4) LANGUAGE PLANNING (HAUGEN, 1966)** - **SELECTION** Is term used to refer to the choice of a language variety to fulfill certain functions in a given society. Choose a single language as a norm for official, educational, and other purposes. - We're not the one will choose language. - What is the child language it is what he or she\'s going to use for her to easily communicate. - In highschool --- Filipino and English - **CODIFICATION** The creation of linguistic standard or norm of a selected linguistic code. An early aim will be codification of the pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary to provide a set of norms for standard use, especially if there is a great deal of local variation. - We assign the spelling pronunciation and definition.We standardized. **It is divided up:** 1. **Graphization** we accept even in correct grammar but understandable. Developing a writing system**.** 2. **Grammaticalization** Deciding on rules/norms of grammar. 3. **Dexicalization** some term accept but other is not. Identifying the vocabulary. - **IMPLEMENTATION** when everyone agreed to the selected it will be implemented. Decisions made in the stages of selection and codification which can include marketing strategy, production on books, pamphlets, newspapers, and textbooks using the new codified standard. - **ELABORATION** one of the function is dynamic ,it change over time. The terminology and stylistic development of a codified language to meet the communicative demands of modern life and technology. Its main area is the production and dissemination of new terms.