Educ 2 Midterm Exam Review PDF

EDUC 2 MIDTERM EXAM Implication: Educators need to be sensitive to the historical and cultural contexts in which their students are growing up....

EDUC 2 MIDTERM EXAM Implication: Educators need to be sensitive to the historical and cultural contexts in which their students are growing up. Curriculum adjustments might include incorporating lessons HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: MEANING, about digital technologies, mental health, and pandemic CONCEPTS, AND APPROCHES preparedness, as these are more relevant to today's learners. TWO APPROACHES TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 5. Multidimensionality: Development is complex and involves many different aspects, including biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional 1. Traditional Approach- The traditional approach to human changes that all interact. development focuses primarily on the period from birth through adolescence. It considers development as something that peaks Example: A middle school curriculum that integrates physical during early adulthood and declines with aging. education (biological), social-emotional learning (emotional), and STEM (cognitive) supports the idea that development happens on 2. The life-span approach, introduced by Paul Baltes, sees multiple levels. development as a lifelong process that continues from birth to old age. It emphasizes that growth and change occur across the entire Implication: Educational programs should consider all life, with gains and losses happening at each stage of dimensions of development, including physical, emotional, social, development. and cognitive growth, to create a holistic learning environment. Schools should promote the integration of extracurricular PAUL BALTES' CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT activities (like sports and art) alongside academics. Paul Baltes, a prominent figure in life-span development, proposed several principles that describe human development: KEY ASPECTS OF MULTIDIMENSIONALITY: Biological Development: 1. Lifelong Process: Development occurs throughout the entire lifespan, not just in childhood or adolescence. Refers to the physical changes in the body, such as growth, brain development, motor skills, hormonal changes, and the aging process. Example: Colleges and universities offering courses for senior These biological processes can influence other areas of development. citizens, such as computer literacy or new language skills. These programs promote the idea that education and development do Example: As a child's brain develops, they gain fine motor skills, not end after formal schooling but can extend throughout life. like writing or drawing, which can enhance their cognitive abilities (e.g., problem-solving or spatial reasoning). Implication: Educational institutions need to design curricula that cater to learners at all stages of life, offering flexible Cognitive Development: programs, certifications, or part-time learning options for adults and older individuals. Involves changes in thinking, learning, memory, problem-solving, and decision-making. Cognitive development affects how individuals 2. Multidirectionality: Development involves both growth and understand and interact with the world. decline. For example, cognitive abilities might improve in some areas while declining in others as people age. Example: A teenager's ability to think abstractly, such as understanding complex math or ethical dilemmas, evolves during Example: In the classroom, teachers should recognize that while adolescence, thanks to biological brain growth (e.g., maturation of some students may show strong development in certain areas the prefrontal cortex). (e.g., creative writing), they may need additional support in others (e.g., logical reasoning). Socio-emotional Development: Implication: Educational programs should accommodate Refers to changes in relationships, emotions, personality, and social students' varying strengths and weaknesses by providing interactions. This dimension includes the development of self-awareness, differentiated instruction, personalized learning plans, and emotional regulation, relationships with peers, and social skills. resources that support growth in multiple directions (e.g., balancing cognitive, emotional, and social development). Example: A child learning to share with peers in preschool is developing socio-emotional skills that will later impact their social 3. Plasticity: Development has the potential to change, meaning relationships and cooperation in school settings. individuals have the capacity to learn new skills and improve, even later in life. Multidisciplinary: Example: An adult learner returning to school to study a new field can succeed if given proper support. Offering flexible Understanding human development requires insights from various fields, learning formats like online courses allows students to adapt their such as psychology, sociology, biology, and anthropology. education to fit their life circumstances. Example: In addressing a student's learning challenges, educators Implication: Schools should implement flexible learning systems, collaborate with psychologists, speech therapists, and social such as distance learning or part-time study, to encourage adult workers to create a comprehensive support plan. learners or those with different learning capacities to continue Implication: Schools and educational institutions should encourage their education and skill development. interdisciplinary collaboration to understand and support the whole child. This could include working with health professionals, 4. Historical Context: Development is influenced by the historical and psychologists, and other specialists to address the varying aspects of cultural contexts inONLINE which EDUCATION PROGRAMS individuals live. For example, growing up development. during a time of war versus peace can lead to different developmental outcomes. Example: Students who lived through the COVID-19 pandemic may have different social or emotional needs compared to earlier generations. They might require additional support in areas like digital literacy or mental health awareness.  KEY ASPECTS OF MULTIDIMENSIONALITY: DEVELOPMENTAL AND SOCIAL Contextualism: FACTORS IN LEARNING Development occurs within multiple contexts, like family, education, social relationships, and broader cultural factors. Developmental Influences on Learning Example: A student from a low-income household might require different kinds of support compared to a student from an affluent Cognitive, emotional, and physical development impact students' learning background, as their home life significantly influences their abilities, varying by age and developmental stage. educational performance. Implication: Teachers and administrators need to be aware of the Young children benefit from concrete, hands-on activities, while older diverse backgrounds and social contexts of their students and should students can handle abstract thinking and complex problem-solving. adjust teaching methods and support services accordingly, ensuring all students have equitable access to learning opportunities. Role of Teacher: Adapt instruction to students' developmental stages, provide appropriate scaffolding, and use developmental theories to guide teaching. 15/22. Pocus: Implement age-appropriate instruction and support students' independence through scaffolding. COGNITIVE AND METACOGNITIVE FACTOR Example: The teacher explains that photosynthesis is the process by MOTIVATION AND AFFECTIVE FACTOR which plants convert sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into glucose (food) and oxygen. The teacher draws a diagram on the board showing the process, explaining each step in detail. Nature of Learning Process 1. Motivational and Emotional Influence on Learning Motivation and emotions are crucial in learning, affecting engagement, Build new knowledge through their experience and existing understanding persistence, focus, retention, and application of knowledge. Excitement about a project boosts effort; anxiety about a test hinders Goal of the Learning concentration. Provide direction and focus for instruction, outlining what students Role of Teacher: Create supportive environments, provide feedback, and should learn and achieve. design engaging lessons. Construction of Knowledge 2. Intrinsic Motivation to Learn Build knowledge by linking new information to what they already Intrinsic motivation is driven by genuine interest rather than external know. rewards. > A student reads extensively out of interest, not for grades. Strategic Thinking Role of Teacher: Nurture intrinsic motivation by offering choices, Involves using specific methods to improve learning. connecting lessons to real-life, and fostering al for learning Thinking about Thinking being aware of and managing one's own thinking process.