EDSS5 Reviewer PDF - Anthropology

EDSS5 Reviewer Culture Anthropology ______________________________________________ a society’s shared and socially transmitted ideas, values, emotions, and perceptions, which are used What is An...

EDSS5 Reviewer Culture Anthropology ______________________________________________ a society’s shared and socially transmitted ideas, values, emotions, and perceptions, which are used What is Anthropology? to make sense of experience and which generate behavior and are reflected in that behavior. the study of what makes us human understanding the many different aspects Way of life/ how we should live our lives, given of the human experience (holism) our environment, history, political system, etc. considers the past to see how human Culture plays in shaping bodies, personalities, and groups lived hundreds or thousands of personal health. years ago and what was important to them. All humans need the same things to Culture is an environmental force that affects our survive, like food, water, and development as much as nutrition, heat, cold, and companionship, the ways people meet altitude. these needs can be very different. Everyone needs to eat, but people eat Culture also guides our emotional and cognitive different foods and get food in different growth and helps determine the kinds of ways. personalities we have as adults. So anthropologists look at how different groups of people get food, prepare it, and 4 Fields in Anthropology share it. Anthropology also understands how Anthropology is generally divided into four people interact in social relationships subfields, each teaching distinctive skills while (families, friends). sharing several similarities. These subfields apply different ways people dress and theories, use systematic research methodologies, communicate in different societies. formulate and test hypotheses, and develop use these comparisons to understand their extensive sets of data. own society. Anthropology considers what makes up 1. Cultural anthropology (also called social our biological bodies and genetics, bones, or sociocultural anthropology) is the study diet, and health. of patterns in human behavior, thought, compare humans with other animals to see and emotions. It focuses on humans as what we have in common with them and culture-producing and culture-reproducing what makes us unique. creatures. Many anthropologists work in their own 2. Linguistic Anthropology branch of societies looking at economics, health, anthropology that studies human education, law, and policy. languages; it investigates their structure, understanding these complex issues using history, and relation to social and cultural biology, culture, types of communication, contexts. and how humans lived in the past. - The most distinctive feature of the human species is language. Anthropology uncovers what it means to be human - No other animal has developed a because the discipline is based on the cross cultural system of symbolic perspective. communication as complex as that of humans. One culture can’t tell us everything we need to - Language allows people to know about what it means to be human. Culture is create, preserve, and transmit “invisible” until it is placed in comparison to countless details of their culture another culture. from generation to generation.  3. Archaeology branch of anthropology that - the importance of kinship in contemporary studies human cultures through the societies recovery and analysis of material remains - raise questions about power and politics, and environmental data. religion and world-views, and gender and - Archaeologists excavate artifacts social class, like pottery and tools and map - the impact of capitalism on small-scale locations such as homes and societies burial sites to understand the - the quest for cultural survival among daily lives of past peoples. They indigenous groups analyze bones, teeth, plants, animals, and soils to study diets, Knowledge of anthropology is important in this diseases, and how humans turbulent, globalized age, in which people of interacted with their different backgrounds come into contact with each environments. Archaeological other in unprecedented ways and in a multitude of research spans from early human settings, from tourism and trade to migration and ancestors to the present and organizational work. focuses on explaining societal differences and similarities across Anthropology and other fields of study time and space. 4. Physical anthropology, also called a. Important Issues in Culture and biological anthropology, focuses on Education humans as biological organisms. - Is (standardized) education destroying Traditionally, physical anthropologists indigenous cultures (language, beliefs) concentrated on human evolution, - indigenous education, culture-based primatology, growth and development, education human adaptation, and forensics. - Use mother tongue or mother language in instruction (WB Report) Anthropology explores human diversity across time - “high drop out rate among IP students” and space, seeking to understand as much as b. Anthropology and Education possible about the human condition of particular - Anthropological insights related to the interest is the diversity that comes through human idea of schooling, the institution of the adaptability. Culture is the way of life in a given school, and the training of teachers. environment and culture is adapting to the c. Anthropology of education environment. - how culture is transmitted from generation to generation through child rearing and Why Anthropology matters enculturation Is education Social and cultural anthropology is associated with Areas of anthropological study.... the study of ‘remote places’ and small-scale societies, many of them unfamiliar with literacy a. Sociocultural Anthropology - Seeks to and not incorporated into the institutions of the understand the internal logic of societies state. through ethnography b. Archaeology - Retrieves artifacts from the Anthropologists recognise that ALL SOCIETIES past and places them in context to (smallest to the largest and from the simplest to the understand our history and its relevance most complex) in the contemporary world are for today involved in processes of enormous complexity, c. Biological Anthropology - Studies human such as migration, climate change, global economic and non-human primates past and present crises and the transnational circulation of ideas. from ecological and evolutionary perspectives, addressing the intersection Anthropologists still ask what it is to be a human of behavior, culture and biology and how being, how a society is put together, and what the these systems impact health and word ‘we’ means. well-being  d. Linguistic Anthropology - Seeks to Human infants are born without any culture. They explain the very nature of language and its must be transformed by their parents, teachers, and use by humans others into cultural and socially acceptable animals. e. Medical Anthropology - Seeks to better understand factors that influence peoples' During socialization, we learn the language of the health and wellbeing culture we are born into as well as the roles we are f. Forensic Anthropology - Seeks to identify to play in life. For instance, girls learn how to be skeletal, or otherwise decomposed, human daughters, sisters, friends, wives, and mothers. remains Children learn about the occupational roles that g. Business Anthropology - Helps businesses their society has in store for them. gain a better understanding of their activities and customers. Culture can also be understood as a socially learned h. Visual Anthropology - Documents adaptive system designed to help us meet our everyday life through filmmaking. challenges of survival. i. Environmental Anthropology - Believes that the well-being of the environment Consanguine group marriage among the Naxi goes hand in hand with the well-being of people of Sichuan Province, China; for agricultural people. labor. j. Museum Anthropology - Interprets ethnographic and archaeological Culture and Adaptation collections to the general public. From generation to generation, humans have Understanding Culture continuously faced the challenge of adapting to their environment, its conditions and its resources, a society’s shared and socially transmitted ideas, as well as to changes over time. values, emotions, and perceptions, which are used to make sense of experience and which generate Intangible cultural heritage (beliefs, practices, behavior and are reflected in that behavior. customs, etc.) are created by communities as a response to their environment and their interaction Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917) with nature. - regarded as the founder of cultural a. Beliefs about farming ; sacrifices or rituals anthropology. for harvest. - the first who specified that culture is b. Customs and traditions about respect for learned and acquired, as opposed to being elders. a biological trait - His definition is also one of the first Farming, fishing, hunting, pastoral or food anthropological definitions of culture. gathering practices are associated with natural - Culture is that complex whole which resources and spaces. Daily activities like farming includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, or fishing are all based on the environment. What law, customs, and any other capabilities you eat, how you eat , is also based on what is and habits acquired by [a human] as a available in your environment. member of society. Therefore... adaptation refers to a gradual process - Each culture is distinct, expressing its (generations, does not occur in a lifetime) by which unique qualities in numerous ways, organisms adjust to the conditions of the locality in including the way we speak, what we eat, which they live. the clothes we wear, and with whom we live. And by manipulating environments through cultural means, people have been able to move into Socialization a vast range of environments. Peter Bellwood’s Out-of-Taiwan (OOT) - the adults, and the reverse is equally true. dispersal of agriculture coincides with the Although age differences are natural, migration of the Austronesians from Taiwan 5,000 cultures give their own meaning and years ago to the Philippines and Indonesia, then to timetable to the human life cycle. the west reaching as far as Madagascar and then to 3. Subcultures: Groups Within a Larger the east populating much of Oceania. Society - cultural variation between subgroups in societies that share an Characteristics of Culture overarching culture. groups exist within a society— each functioning by its own a. Culture Is Learned - All cultures are distinctive set of ideas, values, and socially learned rather than biologically behavior patterns while still sharing some inherited. You learn your culture by common standards. growing up with it. Enculturation is the - Ethnic group—people who collectively process whereby culture is passed on from and publicly identify themselves as a one generation to the next. Every person distinct group. learns socially appropriate ways of satisfying the basic biologically c. Culture Is Based on Symbols - ymbols determined needs of all humans: food, are arbitrary, acquiring specific meanings sleep, shelter, companionship, self- when people agree on usage in their defense, and sexual gratification. We are communications. Language - using words enculturated to do most of our eating and (verbal and written) to represent objects drinking at certain culturally prescribed and ideas. Through language humans are times and feel hungry as those times able to transmit culture from one approach. The needs themselves, which generation to another. Language makes it are not learned, the learned ways in which possible to learn from cumulative, shared needs are satisfied for each culture experience. Inform others about events determines. (celebrations), emotions (happiness, b. Culture Is Shared - As a shared set of sadness, kilig) and other experiences. ideas, values, perceptions, and standards of behavior, culture is the common d. Culture Is Integrated - culture is a denominator that makes the actions of structured system made up of distinctive individuals intelligible to other members parts that function together as an of their society. Culture enables organized whole. Culture includes what individuals in a society to predict how people do for a living, the tools they use, fellow members are most likely to behave the ways they work together. Culture in a given circumstance, and it informs includes how people transform their them how to react accordingly. All is not environments and construct their uniform - no two people share the exact dwellings. same version of their culture. 1. Shared Ideas of Differences - distinctions e. Culture Is Dynamic - Cultures are between the roles of children and elders, dynamic systems that respond to motions men and women. Obvious differences and actions within and around them. between infants, fully matured, and highly When one element within the system aged individuals, as well as between shifts or changes, the entire system strives female and male reproductive anatomy to adjust, just as it does when an outside and physiology. Every society gives force applies pressure. To function cultural meaning to biological sex adequately, a culture must be flexible differences by explaining them in a enough to allow such adjustments in the particular way and specifying what their face of unstable or changing significance is in terms of social roles and circumstances. expected patterns of behavior. 2. Variations related to age - In any society, children are not expected to behave as  political decision making, spiritual or supernatural practices, and many other aspects of life. Why Culture changes: Suguidnaon - a tradition in Panay-Bukidnon 1. Invention telling a story through chanting which is 2. Discovery characterized by a particular tone and timbre. 3. Diffusion The Darangen - Kapagondoga The Darangen is an Language and Communication ancient epic song that encompasses a wealth of knowledge about the Maranao people who live in Language - is a system of communication using the Lake Lanao region of Mindanao. sounds, gestures, or marks that are put together according to certain rules, resulting in meanings Thousands of languages, past and present, have that are intelligible to all who share that language. existed only in spoken form, but many others have been documented in visual graphic symbols of Signals, meaningful signs, are instinctive sounds some sort. Over time, simplified pictures of things and gestures that have a natural or self-evident (pictographs) and ideas (ideographs) evolved into meaning. Throughout the animal kingdom, species more stylized symbolic forms. communicate essential information by means of signals. Writing system is a set of visible or tactile signs used to represent units of language in a systematic Non-verbal Communication - facial expressions, way. Symbols carved into 8,600-year-old tortoise bodily stances, gestures, and movements; shells recently found in western China may unconscious, convey information. represent the world’s earliest evidence of elementary writing (Li et al., 2003). The Origins of Language A fully developed early writing system is Egyptian Cultures all around the world have stories or myths hieroglyphics, developed some 5,000 years ago and addressing the age-old question of the origins of in use for about 3,500 years. human language. The origin of language in the human species has been the topic of scholarly Cuneiform (3500-3000 BCE), an arrangement of discussions for several centuries. In spite of this, wedge-shaped imprints developed primarily in there is no consensus on the ultimate origin or age Mesopotamia (southern Iraq), which lasted nearly of human language. The lack of direct evidence as long. makes the topic difficult. Lèse majesté (injured majesty) in Thailand As the Advantages to spoken over gestural language for royal family is highly revered in Thai society, the a species laws are in place to protect the most senior members of the country's monarchy from insults or a. To talk with your hands, you must stop threats. whatever else you are doing with them; speech does not interfere with that. Noam Chomsky (1955) - “Universal grammar”: b. being able to talk in the dark, past opaque human brain contains a limited set of rules for objects, or among speakers whose organizing language, so that all languages have a attention is diverted. common structural basis. all humans have similar linguistic abilities and thought processes. People Although we do not know precisely when the can learn foreign languages and that words and changeover to spoken language took place, all ideas can be translated from one language into would agree that spoken languages are at least as another. old as the species Homo sapiens. Cultures that depend on talking and listening often have rich traditions of storytelling and speechmaking, which play a central role in education, conflict resolution, Creole languages pidgins, languages that form in situations of acculturation, when different societies come into contact and must devise a system of communication. developed in the context of trade and colonialism in China, Papua New Guinea, and West Africa after generations of being spoken, pidgins may develop into creole languages; more mature languages, with developed grammatical rules and native speakers. Sociolinguistics - the study of the relationship between language and society., Examines how social categories (age, gender, ethnicity, religion, occupation, social class) influence the use and significance of distinctive styles of speech Ethnolinguistics - many people possess a rich vocabulary allowing them to precisely distinguish between many different types of cars, categorized by model, year, and manufacturer. Ethnolinguistics - is the study of the relationship between language and culture, particularly how language reflects and influences the cultural practices, beliefs, and worldview of a specific group of people. lightness (malagti), corresponding to white and - other lightly tinted colors; darkness (mabiru), referring to black and darkshaded versions of gray, blue, and green; wetness (malatuy), akin to fresh greenness; dryness (marara), associated with “dried-out” reddish colors (Conklin, 1955).