Earth Science Q2 Week 2 PDF

WHOLE BRAIN LEARNING SYSTEM OUTCOME-BASED EDUCATION SCIENCE GRADE EARTH SCIENCE 11 LEARNING QUARTER 2 MODULE WEEK 2...

WHOLE BRAIN LEARNING SYSTEM OUTCOME-BASED EDUCATION SCIENCE GRADE EARTH SCIENCE 11 LEARNING QUARTER 2 MODULE WEEK 2 WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 0  MODULE IN EARTH SCIENCE QUARTER 2 WEEK 2 Endogenic Processes of the Earth Development Team Writer: Loida A. Rabang Editors/Reviewers: Elizabeth H. Domingo Hamilton C. Remigio Flenie A. Galicinao Illustrator: Ryan James J. Pascual Lay-out Artist: Ryan James J. Pascual Management Team Vilma D. Eda, CESO V Arnel S. Bandiola Lourdes B. Arucan Juanito V. Labao Flenie A. Galicinao WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 1  What I Need to Know This module presents a description of the most hazardous geologic phenomena- earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis-and their effects, and a discussion of how to use existing information to assess the hazards associated with these phenomena and incorporate mitigation measures early in an integrated development study. In your journey through the discussions and different tasks, you are expected to: Content Standard: Demonstrate understanding of geologic processes that occur within the Earth such as folding and faulting, magmatism, and metamorphism. Performance Standard: Use maps, diagrams, or models to predict what could happen in the future as the tectonic plates continue to move. Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELCs): 1. Explain why the Earth’s interior is hot. (S11ES-IIb-c-23) 2. Describe what happens after magma is formed. (S11ES-IIc-25) 3. Describe the changes in mineral components and texture of rocks due to changes in pressure and temperature (metamorphism) (S11ES-IIc-d-26) This module contains the following lessons: Lesson 1 Why the Earth’s interior is hot? Lesson 2 Magmatism and Metamorphism Note: All the answers to the activities should be written in a separate sheet. WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 2  What I Know Directions: Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose only the letter of the correct answer. Write the letter of your choice on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Which of the following is NOT an endogenic process? A. metamorphism B. erosion C. inner core D. tectonic movements of the crust 2. Which of the following processes in the asthenosphere is responsible for the formation of the magma? A. removal of gases C. increasing temperature B. decreasing pressure D. addition of water 3. Which of the following is formed from the accumulation of low-viscosity lava that reach the surface through fissures? A. geysers C. hot springs B. caldera D. lava plateaus 4. Which of the following is the general term used to describe rocks made from the cooling and solidifying of molten rock? A. batholiths C. igneous rocks B. extrusive rocks D. magma 5. What is the other name for intrusive igneous rock? A. molten rock C. pumice B. plutonic rock D. volcanic rock 6. Which of the following rocks are formed when lava cools and solidifies on the earth’s surface? A. batholiths C. sills B. plutonic rock D. volcanic rock 7. Where would you expect to find the largest crystals in a lava flow? A. Near the top surface of the flow B. In the center of the flow C. Near the bottom of the flow D. The crystals would have the same grain size throughout the flow 8. What type of volcanic rock contains a large number of cavities (bubbles) that form when gases escape from the molten rock? A. basalt C. obsidian B. granite D. pumice WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 3 9. Which of the following are types of volcanoes? A. shields, cinder-cone and composite B. vents, craters and calderas C. batholiths, stocks, sills, dikes and laccoliths D. dust, ash, lapilli, volcanic blocks and volcanic bombs 10. What is formed when the top of a volcano collapses? A. crater B. vent C. pluton D. caldera Lesson Why Earth’s Interior is Hot? 1 What’s In Heat energy plays a vital role in our planet. It is one of the extreme factors in what makes the world livable. If you think of a volcano, you know Earth must be hot inside. The heat inside of our planet moves continents, build mountains and causes earthquakes. But where does all this heat inside the earth come from? Activity 1. The Earth’s Layers Figure 1. Layers of the Earth WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 4  What’s New Sources of heat in our planet can be identified as Primordial and Radiogenic heat. During the early formation of the Earth, the internal heat energy that gradually gathered together by means of dispersion in the planet during its few million years of evolution is called Primordial heat. The major contribution of this internal heat is the accretional energy – the energy deposited during the early formation of a planet. The core is a storage of primordial heat that originates from times of accretion when kinetic energy of colliding particles was transformed into thermal energy. This heat is constantly lost to the outer silicate layers of the mantle and crust of the earth through convection and conduction. In addition, the heat of the core takes tens of thousands of years to reach the surface of the earth. Today, the surface of the earth is made of a cold rigid rock since 4.5 billion years ago, the earth’s surface cools from the outside but the core is still made of extremely hot material. On the other hand, the thermal energy released as a result of spontaneous nuclear disintegration is called Radiogenic Heat. It involves the disintegration of natural radioactive elements inside the earth – like Uranium, Thorium and Potassium. Uranium is a special kind of element because when it decays, heat (radiogenic) is produced. Estimated at 47 terawatts (TW), the flow of heat from Earth's interior to the surface and it comes from two main sources in equal amounts: the radiogenic heat produced by the radioactive decay of isotopes in the mantle and crust, and the primordial heat left over from the formation of the Earth. Radioactive elements exist everywhere on the earth in a fairly significant concentration. Without the process of radioactive decay, there would be fewer volcanoes and earthquakes – and less formation of earth’s vast mountain ranges. Activity 2 – Which is which? Directions: identify the source of the internal heat by writing RH for radiogenic and PH for Primordial heat. Write your answer on separate sheet of paper. ____1. Presence of different isotopes of heat producing element in the mantle and crust. ____2. Internal heat accumulated by dissipation of planet. ____3. Release of accretional energy. ____4. Processes involved in mantle convection. ____5. Release of thermal energy as a result of spontaneous nuclear disintegration. WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 5  What is It Earth Gets Hotter the Deeper You Go Earth’s temperature increases with depth, but not at a uniform rate (Figure 3.11). Earth’s geothermal gradient is 15° to 30°C/km within the crust. It then drops off dramatically through the mantle, increases more quickly at the base of the mantle, and then increases slowly through the core. The temperature is approximately 1000°C at the base of the crust, around 3500°C at the base of the mantle, and approximately 6,000°C at Earth’s center. https://opentextbc.ca/physicalgeologyearle/wp-content/uploads/sites/145/2016/06/temp-profile-1.png Figure 2 Geothermal gradient (change in temperature with depth). Left- Geothermal gradient in the crust and upper mantle. The geothermal gradient remains below the melting temperature of rock, except in the asthenosphere. There, temperatures are high enough to melt some of the minerals. Right- Geothermal gradient throughout Earth. Rapid changes occur in the uppermost mantle, and at the core-mantle boundary. Source: Karla Panchuk (2018) CC BY 4.0, modified after Steven Earle (2016) CC BY 4.0 The temperature gradient within the lithosphere varies depending on the tectonic setting. Gradients are lowest in the central parts of continents, higher where plates collide, and higher still at boundaries where plates are moving away from each other. WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 6  In spite of high temperatures within Earth, mantle rocks are almost entirely solid. High pressures keep them from melting. The red dashed line in Figure 2 (right) shows the minimum temperature at which dry mantle rocks will melt. Rocks at temperatures to the left of the line will remain solid. In rocks at temperatures to the right of the line, some minerals will begin to melt. Notice that the red dashed line goes further to the right for greater depths, and therefore greater pressures. Now compare the geothermal gradient with the red dashed line. The geothermal gradient is to the left of the red line, except in the asthenosphere, where small amounts of melt are present. Convection Helps to Move Heat Within Earth The fact that the temperature gradient is much lower in the main part of the mantle than in the lithosphere has been interpreted as evidence of convection in the mantle. When the mantle convects, heat is transferred through the mantle by physically moving hot rocks. Mantle convection is the result of heat transfer from the core to the base of the lower mantle. As with a pot of soup on a hot stove (Figure 3), the material near the heat source (the soup at the bottom of the pot) becomes hot and expands, making it less dense than the material above. Buoyancy causes it to rise, and cooler material flows in from the sides. Of course, convection in the soup pot is much faster than convection in the mantle. Mantle convection occurs at rates of centimeters per year. https://opentextbc.ca/geology/wp-content/uploads/sites/110/2015/07/image0311.png Figure 3 Convection in a pot of soup on a hot stove (left). As long as heat is being transferred from below, the liquid will convect. If the heat is turned off (right), the liquid remains hot for a while, but convection will cease. Source: Steven Earle (2015) CC-BY 4.0 Convection carries heat to the surface of the mantle much faster than heating by conduction. Conduction is heat transfer by collisions between molecules and is how heat is transferred from the stove to the soup pot. A convecting mantle is an essential feature of plate tectonics, because the higher rate of heat transfer is necessary to keep the asthenosphere weak. Earth’s mantle will stop convecting once the core has cooled to the point where there is not enough heat transfer to overcome the strength of the rock. This has already happened on smaller planets like Mercury and Mars, as well as on Earth’s moon. When mantle convection stops, the end of plate tectonics will follow. WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 7 Models of Mantle Convection In the soup pot example, convection moves hot soup from the bottom of the pot to the top. Some geologists think that Earth’s convection works the same way— hot rock from the base of the mantle moves all the way to the top of the mantle before cooling and sinking back down again. This view is referred to as whole-mantle convection. Other geologists think that the upper and lower mantle are too different to convect as one. They point to slabs of lithosphere that are sinking back into the mantle, some of which seem to perch on the boundary between the upper and lower mantle, rather than sinking straight through. They also note chemical differences in magma originating in different parts of the mantle— differences that are not consistent with the entire mantle being well stirred. They argue that double- layered convection is a better fit with the observations. Still others argue that there may be some locations where convection goes from the bottom of the mantle to the top, and some where it does not (Figure 4.). Figure 4. Models of mantle convection. Left- whole mantle convection. Rocks rise from the core-mantle boundary to the top of the mantle, then sink to the bottom again. Right- Two-layer convection, in which upper and lower mantle convect at different rates. Middle- Convection paths vary depending on the circumstances. Source: Karla Panchuk (2018) CC BY 4.0 Why Is Earth Hot Inside? The heat of Earth’s interior comes from a variety of sources. These include the heat contained in the objects that accreted to form Earth, and the heat produced when they collided. As Earth grew larger, the increased pressure on Earth’s interior caused it to compress and heat up. Heat also came from friction when melted material was redistributed within Earth, forming the core and mantle. A major source of Earth’s heat is radioactivity, the energy released when the unstable atoms decay. The radioactive isotopes uranium-235 (235U), uranium-238 (238U), potassium-40 (40K), and thorium-232 (232Th) in Earth’s mantle are the primary source. Radioactive decay produced more heat early in Earth’s history than it does today because fewer atoms of those isotopes are left today. Heat contributed by radioactivity is now roughly a quarter what it was when Earth formed. WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 8  https://opentextbc.ca/geology/wp-content/uploads/sites/110/2015/07/image033.png Figure 5. Production of heat within the Earth over time by radioactive decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium. Heat production has decreased over time as the abundance of radioactive atoms has decreased. Source: Steven Earle (2015) CC BY 4.0 modified after Arevalo et al. (2009) Q1. Why is Earth’s interior hot? _________________________________________________________________________ What’s More Sources of Heat and Heat Transfer Both sources of heat whether primordial or radiogenic undergo heat transfer and it plays an important role to the continuous changes and development of our planet. In connection, another part of this module describes the heat transfer in the Earth. Three Processes of Heat Transfer Conduction governs the thermal conditions in almost entire solid portions of the Earth and plays a very important role in the lithosphere. Its processes happen in the earth’s surface. Conduction is one of the three main ways that heat energy moves from place to place. Technically, it can be defined as the process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between neighboring atoms or molecules. Heat from the Earth's core and radiation from the Sun is transferred to the surface of the Earth by conduction. Contact of the atmosphere with these warm surfaces transfers thermal energy, which then heats up the rest of the air through convection. WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 9  Convection involves transfer of heat by the movement of mass, which is a more efficient means of heat transport in the Earth compared to pure conduction. Convection dominates the thermal conditions in the zones where large quantities of fluids (molten rocks) exist, and thus governs the heat transport in the fluid outer core and the mantle. In geological time scale, the mantle behaves as a viscous fluid due to the existence of high temperatures. In convection current, the mantle of the earth moves slowly because of transfer of heat from the interior of the earth up to the surface. This result to the movement of tectonic plates. Hot materials are added at the edges of a plate and then it cools. At those edges, it becomes dense by its exposure from the heat and sinks into the earth at an ocean trench. This start the formation of volcanoes. Radiation is the least important mode of heat transport in the Earth. The process of heat exchange between the Sun and the Earth, through radiation, controls the temperatures at the Earth's surface. Inside the Earth, radiation is significant only in the hottest parts of the core and the lower mantle. When the land and water become warm in summer, they emit long – wavelength infrared radiation that is readily absorbed by the atmosphere. This continues during nighttime too. Convection in the air then spreads out the thermal energy throughout the atmosphere. Q2. During partial melting of magma, where does heat transfer takes place? ________________________________________________________________________ Q3. Mantle rocks remain solid when exposed to high pressure. However, during convection, these rocks tend to go upward (shallower level) and the pressure is reduced. What process is being described? _________________________________________________________________________ Q4. During partial melting of magma, where does flux melting take place? ________________________________________________________________________ Q5. Conduction in mantle happens when heat is transferred from hotter molten rocks to the Earth’s cold crust. What process is being described? _________________________________________________________________________ WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 10  What I Have Learned Activity 3- Fill Me Up! Directions: Use the word bank to fill in the gaps in the passage below. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper. convection crust earth’s plates plate tectonics convection current earthquakes plates volcanoes The surface layer of the earth is called the ___________________. This layer is broken up into pieces called ___________________. These __________________ “float” on the mantle. Heat rising and falling inside the mantle creates current called _____________________. The ___________________ current move the __________________. This movement is known as ___________________. The movement of the earth’s plate causes earthquakes and ___________________. Lesson Magmatism and Metamorphism 2 This part of the module contains topics about metamorphism. Students must describe changes in mineral component and texture of rocks due to changes in pressure and temperature by doing the different activities included in this part of the module. Likewise, concept about the metamorphism is available for the student’s reference in doing each activity incorporated in the procedure. What’s In Do you still remember what happened to Taal Volcano last January 12, 2020? Yes, you are right. This volcano, which is located at the province of Batangas, spewed ash plumes up to nine miles (14 kilometers) into the air due to a “steam-driven” or phreatic eruption. According to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), over 600 volcanic tremors have been recorded since the first day which was an indication of continuous movement of magma or molten rocks beneath the volcano. You might be wondering how magma got inside the volcano. In this module, we will be discussing all about magma; its formation and composition. WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 11 What is Magma? Magma is composed of semi-liquid hot molten rocks located beneath the Earth, specifically in the melted mantle rock and oceanic plate. This molten state, when solidified, creates igneous rocks found on the surface of the Earth. Do you know the difference between magma and lava? Magma and lava are both molten rocks. However, they differ in location. Magma is found in the magma chamber of the volcano while lava is found on the surface of earth once the volcano erupts. Magmatism Magmatism is a process under the earth’s crust where formation and movement of magma occur. So where does these formation and movement take place? These happen in the lower part of the Earth’s crust and in the upper portion of the mantle, known as asthenosphere. Magmatism is the emplacement of magma within and at the surface of the outer layers of a terrestrial planet, which solidifies as igneous rocks. It does so through magmatic activity or igneous activity, the production, intrusion and extrusion of magma or lava. Volcanism is the surface expression of magmatism. Activity 4 - Help Me Look for My Partner Directions: Match up the key words with their correct definition. Write the letter of the correct answer. Column A Column B A. Magma 1. A secondary point for the magma. Chamber 2. Where the lava and ash cloud comes from. B. Crust C. Main vent 3. Volcanic gases which escapes through the main vent. D. Side vents 4. Outermost layer of the Earth E. Lava 5. Where the magma is stored in a volcano F. Ash and 6. The main leaving point for the magma Gas Clouds 7. Molten rock which is given off when a G. Crater volcano erupts WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 12  What’s New Metamorphism It is the change that takes place within a body of rock as a result of it being subjected to conditions that are different from those in which it is formed. It is from the Greek word “meta” means change and “morphe” means form. In geology this refers to the changes in mineral assemblage and texture that result from subjecting a rock to conditions such pressures, temperatures, and chemical environments different from those under which the rock originally formed. Types of Metamorphism 1. Contact Metamorphism Contact metamorphism occurs adjacent to igneous intrusions and results from high temperatures associated with the igneous intrusion. 2. Regional Metamorphism Regional metamorphism occurs over large areas and generally does not show any relationship to igneous bodies. Most regional metamorphism is accompanied by deformation under non-hydrostatic or differential stress conditions. Thus, regional metamorphism usually results in forming metamorphic rocks that are strongly foliated, such as slates, schists, and gneisses. The natural escape of Earth’s heat through its surface averages only 0.06 watt per square meter (0.006 watt per square foot). To make geothermal power practical, some special situation must exist to concentrate Earth’s heat energy in a small area. Underground reservoirs of steam or hot water that can be funneled into a drill hole provide this special situation. Some geothermal steam wells can produce 25 megawatts of thermal power, an amount equal to the normal heat flux of more than 400 square km (150 square miles) of land surface. The key to this concentration is the transfer of heat from deeper levels to the near surface by the ascending magma associated with volcanism. Magma at temperatures close to 1,200 °C (2,200 °F) moves upward to depths of only a few kilometers, where it transfers heat by conduction to groundwater. The groundwater then circulates by convection and forms large underground reservoirs of hot water and steam. Some of this thermal water may escape to the surface as hot springs or geysers. Holes drilled into a subsurface geothermal system allow rapid transfer of hot water or steam to the surface. At the Geysers, a geothermal field north of San Francisco, superheated steam is directly tapped from porous underground reservoirs. In most other geothermal fields, the hot water is at or below its subsurface boiling temperature about 300 °C (570 °F) at a depth of 1 km (0.6 mile). The hot water and steam produced from geothermal wells are used as the energy source to drive turbine generators in electric power plants. Hot water from lower-temperature geothermal reservoirs can be used for space heating and other applications. WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 13 Activity 5 – Choose the Right! Directions: The box on the left side contains important words which may or may not be associated to metamorphic process. Identify words which are related to the said process by choosing and writing the words on the opposite box. What is It Plutonism Plutonism is the process by which magma rises through the crust and crystallizes as an intrusive igneous rock beneath the Earth’s surface. Volcanism Volcanism is one of the endogenic processes. It is a phenomenon in which materials are erupted from Earth’s interior onto the surface through volcanoes. Volcano is a vent or a series of vents on the crust. The vent is like a chimney; it is where magma, ash and gases are released. The mouth of the vent is referred to as crater. The large almost circular depression formed either by the collapse or explosion of the volcano is caldera. Crater lakes sometimes form in these calderas. WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 14 TYPES OF VOLCANO 1. Cinder cones Cinder cones are the simplest type of volcano. They are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent. As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone. Most cinder cones have a bowl- shaped crater at the summit and rarely rise more than a thousand feet or so above their surroundings. https://bit.ly/314chsV 2. Composite volcanoes Some of the Earth's grandest mountains are composite volcanoes- sometimes called stratovolcanoes. They are typically steep-sided, symmetrical cones of large dimension built of alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic ash, cinders, blocks, and bombs and may rise as much as 8,000 feet above their bases. Most composite volcanoes have a crater at the summit which contains a central vent or a clustered group of vents. Lavas either flow through breaks in the crater wall or issue from fissures on the flanks of the cone. Lava, solidified within the fissures, forms https://bit.ly/2CY3YqB dikes that act as ribs which greatly strengthen the cone. 3. Shield volcanoes They are built almost entirely of fluid lava flows. Flow after flow pours out in all directions from a central summit vent, or group of vents, building a broad, gently sloping cone of flat, domical shape, with a profile much like that of a warrior's shield. They are built up slowly by the accretion of thousands of highly fluid lava flows called basalt lava that spread widely over great distances, and then cool as thin, gently dipping sheets. Lavas also https://bit.ly/3gjoe4b commonly erupt from vents along fractures (rift zones) that develop on the flanks of the cone. WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 15  4. Volcanic or lava domes- are formed by relatively small, bulbous masses of lava too viscous to flow any great distance; consequently, on extrusion, the lava piles over and around its vent. A dome grows largely by expansion from within. As it grows its outer surface cools and hardens, then shatters, spilling loose fragments down its sides. Some domes form craggy knobs or spines over the volcanic vent, whereas others form short, https://bit.ly/2EDTehx steep-sided lava flows known as "coulees." Activity 6 - Picture Analysis Mount Mayon is one of the most active volcanoes in the Philippines. It erupted for eight minutes last January 23, 2018, spewing a 3-mile-tall column of debris and volcanic gas. It exploded at least five more times for two days. According to Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), two "explosion-type earthquakes" had occurred, as well as 18 tremor events — some of which sent forth fountains of lava. One of the lava flows advanced nearly 2 miles from the summit's crater. Directions: Observe the picture of Mount Mayon and answer the following: A. Give three (3) descriptions about the picture. 1.________________________________________________________________________ 2.________________________________________________________________________ 3.________________________________________________________________________ WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 16  B. What is the material being extruded by Mount Mayon? Where do you think did this material come from? _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ What More Activity 7 – Match Me! Directions: Match the statements in column A with the indicated terms in column B. Write the letter of the correct answer on the blank before each number. Column A Column B _____1. It is a Greek word which means “change”. a. quartzite _____2. It is one of the factors affecting b. metamorphism metamorphic rock which creates lineation. c. meta _____3. Hornfels, marble and _____. d. regional metamorphism _____4. It is the main factor of contact e. heat metamorphism. f. pressure _____5. It is a process of changing rock formation. g. phyllite _____6. It has a foliation surface shiny from h. metaconglomerate _____7. A rock sample which maybe distorted, or microscopic mica crystal. stretched. i. anthracite _____8. A rock sample with carbon composition. j. metamorphic rock _____9. It is formed by great heat and pressure deep k. contact metamorphism within the earth. ____10. It takes place when magma introduces great amount of heat into an existing rock resulting in the recrystallization and mineral reaction in the rock. WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 17  What I Have Learned Activity 8 – Fill Me! Directions: Fill in the blank in each item to generalize the concepts that you have learned from this module. 1. __________ is a phenomenon in which materials are erupted from Earth’s interior onto the surface through volcanoes. Volcanism 2. __________ is the process by which magma rises through the crust and crystallizes as an intrusive igneous rock beneath the Earth’s surface. 3. __________ refers to the changes in mineral assemblage and texture that result from subjecting a rock to conditions such pressures, temperatures, and chemical environments different from those under which the rock originally formed. 4. There are two types of metamorphism and these are __________ which occurs adjacent to igneous intrusions and results from high temperatures associated with the igneous intrusion and __________ occurs over large areas and generally does not show any relationship to igneous bodies. 5. __________ comes from the Greek word for fire form when hot, molten rock crystallizes and solidifies. Intrusive igneous or Plutonic rocks and Extrusive igneous rocks are the types of igneous rock which differ from its period of solidification. What I Can Do Directions: Select only one to work on. Activity 9. Brochure/Flyer Making/Poster Slogan Design and make a brochure or a flyer using the Printing Press App (online class) and or brochure (modular instruction) on the things to do before, during and after or the safety precautions to be followed before, during and after a volcanic eruption. Share this brochure/ flyer to your family members, friends and to the whole community by posting it to your Facebook account. WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 18  Assessment Directions: Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose only the letter of the correct answer. Write the letter of your choice on a separate sheet of paper. 1. What process occurs if there are formation and movement of magma under the earth’s crust? A. flux melting C. partial melting B. heat transfer D. decompression melting 2. What term should be used to describe a semi-liquid hot molten rock located beneath the Earth? A. lava B. sand C. rocks D. magma 3. In what part of the earth does magmatism happen? A. Asthenosphere C. Earth’s core B. Earth’s crust D. Lithosphere 4. What do you call the semi-liquid hot molten rocks found on the surface of earth once the volcano erupts? A. lava B. sand C. rocks D. magma 5. During partial melting of magma, where does decompression melting take place? A. convergent boundary C. subduction zone B. mid-ocean ridge D. all of the above 6. Which of the following is NOT a factor of partial melting? A. addition of volatiles C. an increase in pressure B. decrease in pressure D. an increase in temperature 7. When water or carbon dioxide is added to hot rocks, the melting points of minerals within the rocks decrease. What process is being described? A. flux melting C. partial melting B. heat transfer D. decompression melting 8. During partial melting, which of the following minerals melt last? A. biotite C. feldspar B. quartz D. none of the above 9. What are the two most abundant elements in magma? A. oxygen and magnesium C. silicon and oxygen B. silicon and aluminum D. oxygen and iron 10.What will happen to the temperature of rocks during partial melting? A. decreases C. remains the same B. increases D. all of the above WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 19 11. Which of the following words is NOT associated with metamorphism? A. heat B. mantle C. pressure D. weathering 12. What is the effect of heat and pressure in rocks as there is an increase in depth? A. foliation surfaces shine C. grain size becomes coarse B. low-grade metamorphism D. increase in mineral alignment 13. What is the main factor that affects regional metamorphism? A. heat B. fluid C. water D. pressure 14. Which of the following rock sample contains fine texture? A. gneiss C. quartzite B. hornfels D. metaconglomerate 15. What rock is the result of the metamorphism of sandstones? A. slate B. schist C. marble D. phyllite WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 20  Answer Key 3. PH 10. K 2. PH 5. RH 9.J 1. RH 4. RH 8.I Activity 3 Which is Which 7.H What’s New 6.G 3. Core 2. Mantle 5.B 1. Crust 4.E Activity 1. The Earth’s Layers 3.A What’s In 13. B 14. C 15. 2.F 10. A 7. A 8. C 9. B 10. 11. C 12. C 1.C 9. A C 1. D 2. A 3. A 4. B 5. C 6. A What’s More 8. A Assessment 7. F 7. B 6. G 6. B 6. Ignis 5.A 5. B 5. Regional metamorphism, 4. B 4. C 4. Contact metamorphism 3.F 3. D 3. Metamorphism 2.C 2. C 2.Magmatism 1. D 1. B 1.Volcanism Activity 4 What I Know What I Have Learned What’s It References Olivar II, J S., Rodolfo, R. and Hillel Cabria. 2016. Exploring Life through Science Senior High School Earth Science. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. Arevalo, R., McDonough, W., & Luong, M. (2009). The K/U ratio of Earth: Insights into mantle composition, structure and thermal evolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 278(3-4), 361-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.12.023 https://openpress.usask.ca/physicalgeology/chapter/3-3-earths-interior-heat/ WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module EARTH SCIENCE 21  For inquiries or feedback, please write or call: Department of Education – Schools Division of Laoag City Curriculum Implementation Division Brgy. 23 San Matias, Laoag City, 2900 Contact Number: (077)-771-3678 Email Address: [email protected] WBLS-OBE MELC-Aligned Self-Learning Module GENERAL PHYSICS 1