5.-EARTH_S-INTERIOR.pdf

CRUST Describing the MOHOROVICIC DISCONTINUITY Internal MANTLE Structure of the OUTER CORE Earth INNER CORE Ma’am zzetmari Aresta  Earth’s...

CRUST Describing the MOHOROVICIC DISCONTINUITY Internal MANTLE Structure of the OUTER CORE Earth INNER CORE Ma’am zzetmari Aresta  Earth’s Interior. Crust Mohorovicic Discontinuity Mantle Gutenberg Discontinuity Outer Core Lehmann Discontinuity Inner Core 2023 Earth’s Interior 2  Earth’s Interior Density. Continental Crust ~2.6 – 2.7 g per cubic cm Oceanic Crust ~2.8 – 3.0 g per cubic cm Mantle ~ 3.3 – 5.5 g per cubic cm Outer Core ~ 9.5 – 11.5 g per cubic cm Inner Core ~ 11.5 – 14 g per cubic cm 2023 Earth’s Interior 3  Crust Outermost layer of the earth. Continental Crust 30 to 70 kilometers average thickness Mainly composed of granite 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 5  Continental Crust Main rock forming substances of continental crust are Silica and Aluminum, hence it is called 'Sial'. 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 6  Crust Outermost layer of the earth. Oceanic Crust 6 to 12 kilometers average thickness Mainly composed of basalt 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 7  Oceanic Crust Main rock forming substances of oceanic crust are Silica and Magnesium for which 'Sima'. 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 8  Crust It is composed of two kinds of rocks: granite and basalt. Basalt is much denser than the granite that’s why continental crust ride on the denser oceanic plates. 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 9  Crust The crust and the upper layer of the mantle make up the lithosphere. The crust is also broken into many pieces called lithospheric plates. 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 10  Crust 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 11 Composition of Crust  Crust Oxygen ~ 46.60% Sodium ~ 2.83% Silicon ~ 27.72% Potassium ~ 2.59% Aluminum ~ 8.13% Magnesium ~ 2.09% Iron ~ 5.00% Titanium ~ 0.40% Calcium ~ 3.63% Hydrogen ~ 0.14% 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 13 Lithosphere  Lithosphere is derived the Greek word lithos which means rock. Is about 80 kilometers thick. 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 15 Mohorovicic Discontinuity  Mohorovicic Discontinuity or “Moho”, is the boundary between the crust and the mantle. 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 17  Mohorovicic Discontinuity can be found on average depth of 8 kilometers beneath the ocean basin. 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 18 Mohorovicic Discontinuity Then on average depth of about 32 kilometers beneath the continents. 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 19 How was the Moho Discovered?  Mohorovicic Discontinuity The Mohorovicic Discontinuity was discovered in 1909 by Andrija Mohorovicic, a Croatian seismologist. 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 21  Mohorovicic Discontinuity 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 22  Mohorovicic Discontinuity Project Mohole was the first attempt to penetrate the Mohorovicic Discontinuity but was abandoned in 1966 way short of the goal, after reaching a depth of 183 meters below the ocean floor. 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 23  Mohorovicic Discontinuity Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling, returning core samples from 1500 meters 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 24  Mohorovicic Discontinuity Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling, returning core samples from 1500 meters 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 25  Mohorovicic Discontinuity The Russian Kola Borehole, started in 1970, is the deepest continental research effort at 12,260 meters, reached in 1989. 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 26  Mohorovicic Discontinuity The Japanese deep sea drilling vessel called Chikyu is setting records for the deepest sub- oceanic drilling for research purposes. The vessel has already obtained samples from ancient coal beds, formed 50 million years ago, from 2400 meters below the ocean floor in the Costa Rica Rift. 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 27 Mantle  Mantle thickest layer of the Earth. layer located below the crust. 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 29  Mantle comprises half of the Earth’s mass. made up of hot, dense, semi- solid rock. 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 30  Mantle The asthenosphere is the fluid layer of the mantle where convection happens. 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 31  Mantle (Asthenosphere) The convection currents cause the movement of the crustal plates. 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 32  Mantle (Upper Mantle) The upper mantle is the layer next to the asthenosphere 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 33  Mantle Upper Mantle is made up of the following elements such as Chromium (Cr), Iron (Fe), Silicon (Si), Magnesium (Mg). Hence it is called 'Crofesima'. 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 34  Mantle (Mesosphere) The lower part of the mantle, below the asthenosphere, is the mesosphere. 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 35  Mantle (Mesosphere) The rocks in this layer are still solid despite of intense heat at this depth. 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 36  Mantle (Lower Mantle) The lower mantle is the densest and hottest layer of the mantle. 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 37  Mantle Lower Mantle is made up of the following elements such as Nickel (Ni), Iron (Fe), Silicon (Si), Magnesium (Mg). So, this layer is called 'Nifesima'. 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 38 Composition of Mantle  Mantle Oxygen ~ 45% Silicon ~ 21% Magnesium ~ 23% Others (iron, aluminum, calcium, sodium, and potassium)~ 11% 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 40  Gutenberg Discontinuity  Gutenberg Discontinuity occurs at a depth of about 2,900 km (1,800 miles) below the surface of the Earth's interior. 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 42  Core The core is the innermost layer of the Earth. It has two parts: the inner core and the outer core. 2023 Earth’s Subsystem 44 Outer Core  Outer Core The main substances of outer core are Chromium (Cr), and Iron (Fe). Hence it is called 'Crofe'. 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 46 Inner Core  Inner Core A solid sphere about 1,216 km in radius. temperature similar to sun’s surface temperature. high pressure squeeze metals together. 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 48  Inner Core Nickel (Ni), and Iron (Fe) are main substances of the center of earth, hence it is called 'Nife'. 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 49  Lehmann Discontinuity occurs between Earth's inner and outer core at a depth of roughly 5,100 km (about 3,200 miles). 2023 Internal Structure of the Earth 50