Earth and Life Science PDF

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE exogenic processes  Mechanical or physical weathering The breakdown of rocks into pieces without any change in its composition. In this process, the size and shape of rocks changes.  mechanical weathering or physical weathering FACTORS...

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE exogenic processes  Mechanical or physical weathering The breakdown of rocks into pieces without any change in its composition. In this process, the size and shape of rocks changes.  mechanical weathering or physical weathering FACTORS ORGANIC ACTVITY HUMAN ACTIVITIES BURROWING ANIMALS TEMPERATURE ABRASION FROST WEDGING PRESSURE  PRESSURE DUE TO TECTONIC FORCES, GRANITE MAY RISE TO FORM MOUNTAIN RANGE. AFTER THE GRANITE ASCENDS AND COOLS, THE 01. OVERLYING ROCKS AND SEDIMENTS MAY ERODE. AT THE POINT WHEN THE PRESSURE DIMINISHES, THE ROCK EXPANDS, COOLS, AND BECAME BRTTLE AND FRACTURED. TEMPERATURE ROCKS EXPAND AND ARE FRACTURED 02. WHEN EXOSE TO HIGH TEMPERATURE. HOWEVER, IF THE TEMPERATURE DROPS TO 0°C  Frost wedging GENERALLY, ROCKS HAVE FRACTURE IN ITS SURFACE AND WHEN WATER ACCUMULATES IN THE CRACK AND AT THAT POINT FREEZES, THE ICE EXPANDS AND BREAKS THE ROCK APART. 03.  THE BREAKDOWN OF ROCKS IS CAUSED BY IMPACT AND FRICTION. THIS PRIMARILY OCCURS DURING COLLISION Abrasion 04. OF ROCKS, SAND, AND SILT DUE TO CURRENT OR WAVES ALONG A STREAM OR SEASHORE CAUSING SHARP EDGES AND CORNERS TO WEAR OFF AND BECOME ROUNDED.  Organic activity THE ROOTS GROW CAUSING 02. PENETRATION INTO THE CRACK, EXPAND, AND IN THE LONG RUN, BREAK THE ROCK.  human activities ACTIVITIES SUCH AS DIGGING, QUARRYING, DENUDING FORESTS AND CULTIVATING LAND 06. CONTRIBUTE TO PHYSICAL WEATHERING.  Burrowing animals ANIMALS LIKE RATS, RABBITS AND SQUIRRELS EXCAVATE INTO THE 06. GROUND TO CREATE A SPACE FOR HABITATION.  Chemical weathering Changes in the composition of rocks due to the chemical reactions  chemical weathering CHEMICAL REACTIONS 01. DISSOLUTION 02. HYDROLYSIS 03. OXIDATION  Dissolution It occurs in specific minerals which are dissolved in water. Examples of these minerals are Halite (NaCl) and Calcite (CaCO3). The formation of stalactites and stalagmites in caves are brought about by this chemical reaction.  HYDROLYSIS Rock-forming minerals like amphibole, pyroxene, and feldspar react with water and form different kinds of clay minerals.  oxidation It is the response of oxygen with minerals. If the iron oxidizes, the mineral in rocks decomposes. Rusting is an example of this chemical reaction.  WEATHERING EROSION Weathering is an important Erosion is the separation and removal of weathered rocks due to different agents process in the formation of like water, wind, and glacier that causes soil. Soil is a mixture of transportation of the material to where grains, organic matter, H2O, they are deposited. Plants, animals, and and gas. humans play an important role in the erosional process.  MASS WASTING DEPOSITION The movement of sediments The process in which the downslope under the weathered materials influence of gravity. carried out by erosion Examples of this are fall, settle down in a particular slide, avalanche, and flow. location.  The earth's internal heat EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 3 main layers The CRUST of the earth is a very thin layer when compared 01. to the 3 other layers. The MANTLE, the largest layer of Earth, is about 1,800 miles 02. thick and consists of hot, dense rock called magma. Due to the high temperatures, the mantle remains in a semi-liquid state. The CORE is classified into two, The Outer core is composed of liquefied metals like nickel and iron, kept in this state by immense heat. The Inner core is also made of 03. metals, but these are tightly squeezed due to extreme pressure, restricting movement, causing the particles to vibrate as if in a solid structure.  Sources of heat PRIMORDIAL HEAT RADIOGENIC HEAT Radiogenic heat is generated by the spontaneous Primordial heat originates from the energy decay of radioactive elements like Uranium, deposited during the Earth's formation, Thorium, and Potassium inside Earth. As these specifically from the kinetic energy of colliding elements break down, they release energy that particles. This heat, stored in the Earth's core, contributes to the planet’s overall heat flow. This slowly escapes through the mantle and crust over heat, combined with primordial heat, powers time. Although the Earth's surface has cooled geological processes like the formation of since its formation 4.5 billion years ago, the core volcanoes and mountain ranges. Without remains extremely hot. radiogenic heat, Earth's surface would have fewer earthquakes and volcanic activity. Thank you!! GROUP 2 TEST I: ENUMERATION ENUMERATE THE 7 FACTORS OF 1-7 MECHANICAL OR PHYSICAL WEATHERING WHAT ARE THE THREE 8-10 PROCESSES THAT CAN TRANSFER HEAT? TEST II: IDENTIFICATION 1.) The internal heat energy that gradually gathered together by means the of dipersion in the planet during its few million years of evolution is called__________ 2.) It is an important process in the formation of soil. 3.) It is the separation and removal of weathered rocks due to different agents like water, wind, and glacier. 4.) It is the response of oxygen with minerals. 5.) It occurs in specific minerals which are dissolved in water. 6.) It is the breakdown of rocks into pieces without any change in it's composition. 7-10.) Planet Earth has 3 main layers, what are those layers? Reference National Geographic. "Exogenic processes." https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/topic/ natural-disasters-weather. Last Accessed 15 January 2022. Resource Page Use these design resources in your Canva Presentation. This presentation template uses the following free fonts: Titles: Nowrester Headers: Oswald Body Copy: Circe You can find these fonts online too. Happy designing! Don't forget to delete this page before presenting.  Lesson 1 Igneous Rocks: How Are They Formed?  What are igneous rocks? Igneous rocks, derived from the Latin word "ignis" meaning fire, are one of the three main rock categories. They are found at the Earth's surface and beneath it, particularly in divergent boundaries, convergent boundaries, subduction zones, and hotspots. These rocks vary in origin, formation processes, color, density, and grain size, leading to diverse physical and chemical characteristics. How are igneous rocks formed? Igneous rocks form through the solidification and crystallization of molten rock, or magma and lava. When molten rock reaches the Earth's surface, it cools and solidifies due to changes in temperature and pressure. Solidification and crystallization also occur with magma beneath the surface.  What are the types of igneous rocks based on their formation? In terms of formation, igneous rocks can be classified into two: intrusive andextrusive rocks. Below is the comparison of these two types. Table 1. Differences Between Intrusive and Extrusive Rocks Point of Comparison Intrusive Rocks Extrusive Rocks Other terminology plutonic rocks volcanic rocks Location beneath the Earth surface of the Earth Process of Formation plutonic volcanic Origin formed from magma formed from lava Color usually light usually dark colored  Density usually dense usually low density (light) Composition mafic: magnesium and iron felsic: feldspar(aluminum) cools quickly(with Rate of Cooling cools slowly voids/holes fine/small or no Size of Grains large/coarse grains grains(fine/glassy) Size of Crystals large crystals small or no crystals These are some examples of intrusive and extrusive rock Gabbro Deposition Erosion Figure 1. Examples of Intrusive Rocks  Figure 2. Examples of Extrusive Rocks Basalt Obsidian Rhyolite Scoria  What are the types of igneous rocks based on composition? Igneous rocks can also be classified according to their composition. They are composed of SiO2 or silica. Not all igneous rocks have the same silica content. If there is oversaturation of silica in the magma, its minerals will precipitate. On the other hand, if there is undersaturation of silica in the magma, its minerals will not precipitate and will not be present in the igneous rocks. The viscosity of magma isalso affected because of silica content. There are four classifications of igneous rocks based on silica content: Ultramafic,mafic, intermediate and felsic 1. Ultramafic Igneous Rocks They have a very low silica content less than 45% of Si02 Before forming into igneous rocks, its magma have very low viscosity Its color ranged too black (peridotite) to olive green(dunite) Their density is very high They are rich in pyroxene and olivine minerals Examples of theres rocks are peridotite and dunite 2. Mafic Igneous Rocks They have alow silica content; 45-52% of SiO2. Before forming into igneous rocks, its magma has low viscosity; moreviscous than ultramafic magma They have black color. Their density is high. They are composed of pyroxene, calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar Examples of these rocks are gabbro and basalt  3. Intermediate Igneous Rocks They have a high silica content; 53-65% of SiO2 Before forming into igneous rocks, its magma has intermediateviscosity; more viscous than the mafic magma. Their color is gray. Their density is intermediate. They are composed of biotite, alkali feldspar and quartz. Examples of these rocks are diorite and andesite. 4. Felsic Igneous Rocks They have a very high silica content; more than 65% of SiO2 Before forming into igneous rocks, its magma has high viscosity; moreviscous than the intermediate magma They have light color. Their density is very low. They are composed of quartz and alkali feldspar. Examples of these rocks are granite and rhyolite.  Figure 3. Differences of Igneous Rocks based on Composition Granite Diorite Gabbra Peridotite Rock type Composition Felsic Intermediate Mafic Ultramafic Light Dark Color Si02 70% 60% 50% 40% Mg0 0.95% 2.5% 15% 48% Major mineral Quartz alkali Biotite alkali Pyroxne Plagioclase Pyroxene olivine content feldspar feldspar quartz feldspar What are the types of igneous rocks based on texture? Igneous rocks have different textures. Texture of a rock is the size and arrangementof the minerals it contains. Phaneritic texture– Rocks have large minerals (example: granite) Aphanitic texture- The mineral grains are too small to see with the unaidedeye (example: basalt) Vesicular texture– Rocks have many pits from gas escape (example: basalt) Porphyritic texture– Rocks have two (2) distinct grain sizes, large and small(example: andesite porphyry) Glassy texture- Rocks do have obvious minerals (example: obsidian fwefw qwe edgfdg dfgd wq qwe qwe qwe RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE DATING  RELATIVE AGE It refers to the age of rocks or geological features compared to other nearby layers rather than an exact age. Prior to absolute age measurements, geologists used field observations to determine the relative ages. They used simple principle in order to get the relative ages. THE PRINCIPLES USED BY THE GEOLOGISTS The principle of original horizontality is based on the observation that sediment usually accumulates in horizontal layers. Tectonic forces tilted or folded rocks into an angle after it was formed. The principle of superposition states that sedimentary rocks become younger from bottom to top. This is because younger layers of the sedimentary always accumulates at the top of the layers. In the figure, rocks number 5 are oldest and rocks in 1 are the youngest. The principle of crosscutting relationships is based on the fact that rocks must exist before anything else happened like intrusions or dike-cutting across rocks. In the figure, the cut rock layers are older than the rock that cuts across them. The principle of faunal succession states that species succeeded one another through time in a definite and recognizable order and that the relative ages of sedimentary rocks can be therefore recognized from their fossils. The absence or the presence may be used to give a relative age of the sedimentary where they are found. The principle of lateral continuity explained that layers of sediment are continuous. Layers with same rocks but separated by a valley or erosion are initially continuous.  ABSOLUTE AGE It refers to the exact age of a rock or fossil, which scientists measure by using radioactive decay. Radioactive elements in rocks contain unstable isotopes that break down over time at a predictable rate, known as their half-life—the time it takes for half of the material to decay. This decay is not influenced by other geological processes, making it a reliable measure. By comparing the amount of original (parent) isotopes to the decayed (daughter) isotopes in a rock, scientists can determine its absolute age, a process called radioactive dating.  HALF-LIFE Half-life is the time it takes for half of the atoms in a radioactive substance to decay. Each radioactive element has its own unique half-life. For example, uranium-235 has a half-life of 713 million years. If a rock originally had 1000 atoms of uranium-235, after 713 million years, only 500 atoms of uranium-235 would remain, with the other 500 having decayed into lead-207. By measuring the ratio of uranium to lead in a rock, scientists can estimate its age. GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE  GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE The importance of the geologic time scale is, it serves as a standard timeline used to describe the age of rocks, fossils, and the events that formed them. It is a device which is of great help to the science of geology, and it is owed to the explorations and studies recorded by geologists. The geologic time scale is divided into a series of time intervals which are equal in length. These time intervals are different from that of a clock. They are divided according to the significant events in the history of Earth such as the mass extinction of a large population of fauna and flora. TABLE 2. GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE TABLE 2. GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE TABLE 2. GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE  DIVISION IN THE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE EONS - it is the longest portions in the geologic time. - It is divided into two divisions: Precambrian Phanerozoic Eon  Precambrian - It accounts for 88% Earth's history. - It is subdivided into three eons: Hadean Eon Archaean Eon Proterozoic Eon  Hadean Eon - Few rocks were deformed and metamorphosed. Archaean Eon - Marine rocks contain fossil remains of microscopic algae and bacteria.  Proterozoic Eon - rifting of continental crust subsequent with sedimentary volcanic rocks the filling.  Phanerozoic Eon - It means visible life. - It is subdivided into three eras: Paleozoic Era Mesozoic Era Cenozoic Era  PALEOZOIC ERA - It is the beginning of early life. All of the continents had come together to form the supercontinent called Pangea. It is characterized by rapid development of terrestrial plants. Devonian period is known as the age of fishes.  Mesozoic Era - It is also known as the Age of Dinosaurs. Pangea rifted into Laurasia and Gondwanaland. Cenozoic Era - It is also known as the age of recent life or age of mammals. It has the most complete record of any era because the rocks are more accessible.  DIVISION OF THE CENOZOIC ERA There are three periods in this era: Quaternary Period Paleogene Period Neogene Period  Quaternary Period - It is the most recent period. It is also termed Anthropogene period. It is divided into two epochs: Pleistocene and Holocene. Holocene - when human civilization arose.  Paleogene Period - Most Earth's climate was tropical. Continents drifted apart creating vast stretches of oceans. It consists of the Paleocene, Eocene, and Oligocene Epoch.  Neogene Period - It gives rise to early primates. It consists of Miocene and Pliocene Epochs.  20-ITEM QUIZ (1/2 CROSSWISE) 1. It refers to the age of rocks or geological features compared to other nearby layers rather than an exact age. 2. It is a principle used by the geologists that states that sedimentary rocks become younger from bottom to top. 3. It refers to the exact age of a rock or fossil, which scientists measure by using radioactive decay. 4. It is a principle used by the geologists that is based on the observation that sediment usually accumulates in horizontal layers.  20-ITEM QUIZ (1/2 CROSSWISE) 5. It is a principle used by the geologists that is based on the fact that rocks must exist before anything else happened like intrusions or dike-cutting across rocks. 6. It is the time it takes for half of the atoms in a radioactive substance to decay. 7. It is a principle used by the geologists that explained that layers of sediment are continuous. 8. It is the longest portions in the geologic time.  20-ITEM QUIZ (1/2 CROSSWISE) 9-10. Give the 2 divisions of Eons. 11-13. Give the 3 eons of Precambrian. 14-16. Give the 3 eras of Phanerozoic Eon. 17-19. Give the 3 periods of Cenozoic Era. 20. It serves as a standard timeline used to describe the age of rocks, fossils, and the events that formed them. THANK YOU GEOLOGIC PROCESSES and HAZARDS GEOLOGY Geology is the study of the Earth and its history. It involves studying the materials that make up the earth, the features and structures found on Earth, as well as the processes that act upon them. It also deals with the study of the history of all life living on the earth now.  How do geological process occur? Geological processes are naturally occurring events that directly or indirectly impact the geology of the Earth. Examples of geological processes include events such as plate tectonics, weathering, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, mountain formation, deposition, erosion, droughts, flooding, and landslides. Geological processes affect every human on the Earth all of the time, but are most noticeable when they cause loss of life or property. These threatening processes are called natural disasters.  How about Geologic Hazards? A geologic hazard is an extreme natural event in the crust of the earth that poses a threat to life and property, for example, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis (tidal waves), and landslides. It is a large-scale, complex natural events that happen on land. These hazards can cause immense damage, loss of property, and sometimes life. Geologic hazards can play a significant role when infrastructure is constructed in their presence. The unpredictable nature of natural geologic hazards makes identifying, evaluating, and mitigating against them a unique challenge. Geologic processes and hazards are events which occur irregularly in time and space and cause negative impact on man and the environment. Earthquakes. volcanic eruptions, tsunamis (tidal waves), and landslides are the geologic hazards Simplified classification of major geologic hazards Geologic Event Hazards they cause A. Ground shaking B. Surface faulting C. Landslide and liquefaction Earthquake 1. Rock avalanches 2. Rapid soil flows 3. Rock falls D. Tsunamis  Geologic Event Hazards they cause A. Tephra falls and ballistic projectiles Volcanic B. Pyroclastic phenomena eruption C. Lahars (mud flows) and floods D. Lava flows and domes E. Poisonous gases Earthquake is one of the most violent natural phenomena. According to the numbe of victims and destructive force, it exceeds all other natural disasters. Earthquakes also happen under the ocean and can cause tsunamis. Listed below are the hazards caused by an earthquake: A. Ground shaking is one of the hazards resulting from earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. Ground shaking is both a hazard created by earthquakes and the trigger for other hazards such as liquefaction and landslides. Ground shaking describes the vibration of the ground during an earthquake. B. Surface faulting is displacement that reaches the earth's surface during slip along a fault. It commonly occurs with shallow earthquakes, those with an epicenter less than 20 km. Surface faulting also may accompany aseismic creep or natural or man-induced subsidence. C. A landslide is defined as the movement of a mass of rock, debris, or earth down a slope. Landslides are a type of 'mass wasting," which denotes any down-slope movement of soil and rock under the direct influence of gravity. The term "landslide" encompasses five modes of slope movement: falls, topples, slides, spreads, and flows. D. Liquefaction describes the way in which soil liquefies during ground shaking. Liquefaction can undermine the foundations and supports of buildings, bridges, pipelines, and roads, causing them to sink into the ground, collapse, or dissolve. E. Tsunamis are giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea. It can injure or kill many people and cause significant damage to buildings and other structures. The speed of tsunami waves depends on ocean depth rather than the distance from the source of the wave. Tsunami waves may travel as fast as jet planes over deep waters, only slowing down when reaching shallow waters.  What are volcanoes? A volcano on Earth is a vent or fissure in the planet's crust through which lava, ash, rock, a gases erupt. Volcanoes can be exciting and fascinating but are also very dangerous. Any kind of volcano can create harmful or deadly phenomena, whether during an eruption or a period of dormancy. Volcanoes are natural systems and always have some element of unpredictability.  What about volcanic eruption? A volcanic eruption occurs when magma is released from a volcano. Volcanic eruptions are major natural hazards on Earth. Volcanic eruptions can have a devastating effect on people and the environment. These are the hazards caused by volcanic eruption : A. Tephra consists of pyroclastic fragments of any size and origin. It is a synonym for "pyroclastic material." Tephra ranges in size from ash (64 mm). B. A pyroclastic flow is a dense, fast-moving flow of solidified lava pieces, volcanic ash, and hot gases. Pyroclastic flows form in various ways. A common cause is when the column of lava, ash, and gases expelled from a volcano during an eruption loses its upward momentum and falls back to the ground. Another cause is when volcanic material expelled during an eruption immediately begins moving down the sides of the volcano. Pyroclastic flows can also form when a lava dome or lava flow becomes too steep and collapses. C. Lahar is an Indonesian term that describes a hot or cold mixture of water and rock fragments that flows down the slopes of a volcano and typically enters a river valley. Lahars are extremely dangerous especially to those living in valley areas near a volcano. Lahars can bury and destroy manmade structures including roads and bridges. D. A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. Floods can look very different because flooding covers anything from a few inches of water to several feet. E. Lava domes are formed by viscous magma being erupted effusively onto the surface and then piling up around the vent. Like lava flows, they typically do not have enough gas or pressure to erupt explosively, although they may sometimes be preceded or followed by explosive activity. The shape and size of lava domes varies greatly, but they are typically steep-sided and thick. F. Poisonous gases, the gases that are released during a volcanic eruption, come from deep within the Earth. The largest portion of gases released into the atmosphere is water vapor. The Philippines has suffered from an inexhaustible number of deadly typhoons, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other natural disasters. This is due to its location along the Ring of Fire, or typhoon belt - a large Pacific Ocean region where many of Earth's volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur. Taal Volcano, on the island of Luzon in the Philippines, is the country's second most active volcano. It boomed to life on January 12,2020, Sunday afternoon, spilling volcanic ash. Taal Volcano sent a massive plume of ash and steam spewing miles into the sky and pushed red- hot lava out of its crater, prompting the evacuation of thousands of people and the closure of Manila's airport. Hundreds of earthquakes were noted while the volcano was erupting. Flashes of lightning lit up the plume, lending the scene an otherworldly appearance.  Lesson 2 Geological processes and hazards The Philippines is an archipelago that is made up of 7641 islands and home to world- renown natural wonders and pristine water bodies. The country is in a unique location because it rests in the Pacific Typhoon Belt and Pacific's earthquake and volcano Ring of Fire. The Ring of Fire is a home to over 75% of the world's active and dormant volcanoes. Because of its geographic location, the Philippines is among the greatest hazard and disaster-prone countries in the world. Geologic Process Geological processes can be described as natural forces that shape the physical makeup of a planet. These forces cause movements of plates in the Earth's crust, the area where humankind lives. As these processes occur from time to time, it poses a continuous source of hazards to people, community and society. Hazards A hazard is a phenomenon caused by natural or human forces which poses threat to humans, animals, properties and environment. For instance, since the Philippines is located within the Ring of Fire, the country experiences many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions compared to other countries. This makes the country one of the most hazard-prone countries in the world. Hazards can be classified as either natural or anthropogenic. Natural: Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides and tsunamis (climate and weather-related hazards) Anthropogenic: Deforestation, mining and climate change (man-made) Hazard Map It is a map that illustrates the areas that are exposed or prone to a particular hazard. They are used for natural hazards such as landslides, flooding, volcanic eruption and tsunami. It is also used to mitigate the potential negative effects of these hazards Geophysical map 1. Camiguin First on the rank with the highest risk is Camiguin 2. Sulu 3. Biliran because the land area was so small. If volcanic 4. Albay 5. Bataan eruption may occur, the whole province can be 6. Sorsogon affected. Sulu ranks second because it has the 7. South Cotabato 8. Laguna greatest number of active and dangerous 9. Camarines Sur volcanoes. (Center for Environmental Geomatics- 10. Batanes Manila Observatory, 2005)  1. Marinduque 2. Rizal 3. Cebu 4. La Union 5. Souther leyte Most of the provinces in the Cordillera 6. Benguet 7. Nueva Vizcaya Administrative Region are included in the list of 8. Batangas top 10 landslide-prone areas in the Philippines. 9. Mountain Province Because the entire region is situated in and 10. Romblon around Cordillera Mountain ranges. So, after massive and continuous rain or earthquakes, certain areas on the hills and mountains become delicate and weak which makes the region exposed to landslides as well as to other provinces that is why their area is classified as rugged and mountainous with prominent flat lands. thank you!  Quiz Q1. Can be describe as natural forces that shape the physical makeup of a planet. Q2. The ___________ is an archipelago that is made up of 7641 islands. Q3. A _______ on earth is a vent or fissure in the planet's crust throug which lava, ash, rock, and gasses erupt. Q4. It is the study of the earth and its history. Q5. It is a map that illustrates the areas that are exposed or prone to a particular hazard. Q6. This are giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea. Q7 — Q9. Give atleast 3 hazards cause by Volcanic eruption. Q10 — Q12. Give atleast 3 hazards caused by an Earthquake. Q13 — Q15. Give 3 of the top 10 provinces that are at risk to Volcanic Eruption.