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LESSON 1: Academic Text and Text TYPES OF TEXT STRUCTURE Structure (1) Three Part Essay Structure - (Introduction, Body, Conclusion) ACADEMIC VS. NON ACADEMIC TEXT > Introduction- introduces a topic...

LESSON 1: Academic Text and Text TYPES OF TEXT STRUCTURE Structure (1) Three Part Essay Structure - (Introduction, Body, Conclusion) ACADEMIC VS. NON ACADEMIC TEXT > Introduction- introduces a topic Non- Academic Text Thesis statement - not factual /opinions - summary of your topic - mainly for entertainment - your claim /stand about the - Subjective (biased) topic - based on personal, emotion, > Body- explains the topic impressionistic *Largest part of the essay * Uses informal language - “What isbthe topic about?” Background Information Academic Text - reliable sources - it is factual - provides: evidence & - intended for educated examples people/learners > Conclusion- Summary of the essay - based on critical, objective, “ Mirror image of Introduction” specialized text (based on general - restate the introduction (give truth/facts) emphasis on your strand) - Avoids contractions (Ex. Don’t - Call to action (expects reader to do instead use “do not”) after reading the topic) * Uses formal language (not casual) - confirms the topic EXAMPLE OF ACADEMIC TEXT (2) IMRAD STRUCTURE #1 Research Paper - ( Introduction, Methodology, - Questions Results and Discussion) #2 Dissertation /Thesis > Introduction - longer than research Statement of the Problem - Final requirements in college - talk about the problem #3 Literary Review/Criticism Theoretical Framework - published works - theories that supports your - analyze & evaluate (arguments paper (from existing study) based on your understanding) Significance of the Study 1. DeterminL.the theme/motif - who will benefit your 2. Author's language research 3. Literary device Scope and Limitations - specific to your topic & TEXT STRUCTURE limitation of your research - for essay Hypothesis - organizes text (makes it easier to - educated guess understand) - Predicted result of your topic - it won't cause confusion > Methodology - process of collecting date ○》3 WAYS ANNOTATING HELPS (EX. interviews, survey & etc) IMPROVE READING Instruments, Data Collection & Procedure 1. Avoid having to re-read as often. - uses Statistical Test such as 2. Monitor and improve your T-test, Anova, & etc comprehension. Data Analysis 3. Remember what you've read - to see if the hypothesis is correct or wrong ○》SIMPLEST WAYS TO ANNOTATE: MARK: > Results and Discussion- presents Key words data/findings Phrases Findings should be equal to the Passages problem BY: LESSON 2: Applying Critical Reading Highlighting Strategies Underlining Bracketing READING STRATEGY Placing symbols This term refers to the specific steps or strategies that help readers understand the 4 REASONS FOR WRITING NOTES IN meaning of written texts. THE MARGIN CRITICAL READING VS. CRITICAL 1. Identify key ideas and help you THINKING remember them. 2. Comment on what you are reading. CRITICAL READING 3. Question what you are reading. Technique used to discover information and 4. Answer guide questions you previously ideas within a text. wrote. CRITICAL THINKING #2 SUMMARIZING Technique used to evaluate information and - creates a new text by synthesizing the ideas for deciding what to accept and material of the original. believe. -fosters understanding of the text as you need to be able to recreate the meaning of #1 ANNOTATION the text in your own words. -you underline important parts of the text -include circling key words and writing -reducing text to one third or one quarter its comments or questions original size, articulating the author's meaning, and retaining main ideas. Buckley (2004) (BUT; maintaining the main idea) TIPS FOR SUMMARIZING the story happen? Why did the main - Do Highlight or underline the thesis, character do what he/she did? How did the topic sentences, and key supporting details main character do what he/she did? as your read. - Construct an outline or concept map to Technique 4: FIRST, THEN, FINALLY help you identify the main ideas The "First Then Finally technique helps - Start by writing the main ideas. students summarize events in chronological - Review the major supporting ideas. order. The three words represent the - Paraphrase information by putting in beginning, main action, and conclusion of a your own words. story, respectively. - Be brief and succinct (so that your summary is accurate, but significantly 1. First. What happened first? Include the shorter) main character and main event/action. - Consider your purpose and audience 2. Then. What key details took place during - Present your ideas in the same order the event/action? that the author does. 3. Final. What were the results of the event/ - Leave your personal opinion out of the action? summary unless you are required to include it. #3 OUTLINING - Provide a citation (if the summary is It can be used as a preliminary to included in a formal writing) summarizing. Allows you to identify the basic structure of ○》EASY TECHNIQUES IN SUMMARIZING a text and the main ideas of the text. VARIOUS ACADEMICS TEXTS: You are listing the main ideas and Technique 1: "SOMEBODY WANTED BUT supporting evidence of a text. SO THEN” You use your own words when outlining a text. Technique 2: State, Assign, Action, Complete (SAAC METHOD) WHAT CAN AN OUTLINE DO? It is another method useful for 1. Present information in an organized and summarizing any kind of text (story. article, logical manner. speech, etc.) 2. Focus on main ideas and key details. STATE: Name of the article, book, or story 3. Show how information is related. ASSIGN: Name of the author 4. Cover a lot of material in a small space. ACTION: What the author is doing COMPLETE: Complete the sentence or WHEN TO OUTLINE? summary with keywords and important 1. Outline before you write to organize details ideas. 2. Outline after you read to identify the order Technique 3: 5W'S AND 1 H of main ideas and key supporting details. strategy relies on six crucial questions who, what, when, where, why, and how Who is the story about?What did they do? ANATOMY OF AN OUTLINE When did the action take place? Where did 1. Headings and Subheadings 2. Ordering system 6. Place exact phrases or specialized -Roman Numerals terminology from the original text in -Letters quotation marks. -Numbers 7. Provide a citation for the paraphrase and make a note of complete publication #4 PARAPHRASING information for the source. You put a text into your own words. It is also one of the three ways to LESSON 3:. Writing Thesis Statement incorporate other people's ideas into your - gives direction like a Compass (your tool own. to navigate) The other two ways are quoting directly - most important part of introduction and summarizing. - summarizes your topic The purpose of a paraphrase is to simplify - tells the reader how you will interpret the without changing any information. significant of the subject matter - a road map for the paper HOW IT COMPARES TO QUOTING AND *tells the reader what to expect from the rest SUMMARIZING: of the paper *located at the end of the introduction QUOTING Citing an author's ideas exactly as they ○》Thesis Statement should have the ff; appear in the text without any (1) Topic changing words. (2) Support Inform (3) Evidence PARAPHRASING (4) Claim (can be a counter argument) Putting an author's ideas into your own words. IMPLICIT VS. EXPLICIT SUMMARIZING IMPLICIT Condensing the meaning of an entire text or - not directly written in the text lengthy passage into a brief statement that reviews the main ideas in your own words. EXPLICIT - straight forward TIPS FOR PARAPHRASING - it is written in the text 1. Identify the exact passage you want to paraphrase. Note: 2. Look away from the text when Academic writing often use EXPLICIT paraphrasing so that you don't repeat the author's words. LESSON 4: Facts and Opinions 3. Restate the author's ideas in different words that are equally specific. FACTS 4. Change the order of ideas and the -A fact is a statement that can be proven to sentence structure. be true by the use of evidence. Factual 5. Reuse words that can't be replaced, such statements are true in all cases and for all as names, titles, and special terminology. people; in other words, facts are universal.  It is the officer's view that.... EXAMPLES The report argues that.... Dogs are mammals. Many scientists suspect that Albany is the capital of New York. A factual statement is verifiable and not LESSON 5:CITING SOURCES debatable, provided that definitions are agreed upon. To put it simply, evidence exists that could potentially prove or disprove each claim. OPINION -Opinions, unlike facts, are neither true nor false. An opinion can express a belief, attitude, value, judgment, or feeling. EXAMPLES Dogs are the best mammals in existence. WHAT IS CITATION? Albany is the most interesting city in New A citation identifies for the reader the York. original source for an idea, information, or World War II was a terrible war. image that referred to in a work. Every opinion statement is debatable. In > In the body of a paper, the in-text citation other words, one can potentially agree or acknowledges the source of information disagree with (debate) a statement of used. opinion. > At the end of a paper, the citations are ○》SIGNAL WORDS compiled on a References or Works Cited list. A basic citation includes the author, title, FACT and publication information of the source. The annual report confirms.... > uses double quotation marks “” Scientists have recently discovered... According to the results of the tests... WHY CITE? The investigation demonstrated… is the right thing to do shows that you have The annual report confirms... read and understand helps people find the Scientists have recently discovered... sources provides evidence According to the results of the tests... is professional and standard practice The investigation demonstrated… ○》WHEN SHOULD YOU CITE? OPINION He claimed that... (1).QOUTING It is the officer's view that... Are you quoting two or more consecutive The report argues that.... lwords from a source? Then the original Many scientists suspect that…. source should be cited and the words or He claimed that.... phrases placed in quotes. (2) PARAPHRASING * Citation styles also differ in terms of how If an idea or information comes from you format the reference list or bibliography another source, even if you put it in your entries themselves (e.g., capitalization, own words, you still need to credit the order of information, use of italics). And source. many style guides also provide guidance on more general issues like text formatting, (3) GENERAL KNOWLEDGE punctuation, and numbers. You do not need to cite material which is accepted common knowledge. If in doubt Parenthetical citations: You include whether your information is common identifying details of the source in knowledge or not, cite it. parentheses in the text-usually the author's last name and the publication date, plus a (4) FORMAT page number if relevant (author-date). We usually think of books and articles. Sometimes the publication date is omitted However, if you use material from web sites, (author-page). films, music, graphs, tables, etc. you'll also need to cite these as well. Numerical citations: You include a number in brackets or in superscript, which PLAGIARISM corresponds to an entry in y your numbered - is presenting the words or ideas of reference someone else as your own without proper acknowledgment of the source. When you Note citations: You include a full citation in work on a research paper and use a footnote or endnote, which is indicated in supporting material from works by others, the text with a superscript number or it's okay to quote people and use their symbol. ideas, but you do need to correctly credit them. Even when you summarize or Examples: paraphrase information found in books, -It could also be said that citing is articles, or Web pages, you must sometimes perplexing. (Patterson, 2019) acknowledge the original author. -13.M. Baron. Technology in the home. Computers Tomorrow, 1996, 13(4), ○》CITATION STYLE GUIDE 123-125. - citation style is a set of guidelines on how -Author first name last name, "Page Title," to cite sources in your academic writing. Website Title, publication date, URL. 2. You always need a citation whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize a source to avoid plagiarism. How you present these citations depends on the style you follow. Types of Citation: Parenthetical Citation Numerical Citation Note Citation  Parenthetical Citation Styles APA Style -defined by the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. It was designed for use in psychology, but today it's widely used across various disciplines, especially in the social sciences. MLA style -official style of the Modern Language Association, defined in the MLA Handbook (9th edition). It's widely used across various humanities disciplines. Unlike most parenthetical citation styles, it's author-page rather than author-date. EXAMPLES: APA Reference Entry: ○》Which citation style should I use? Wagemann, J. & Weger, U. (2021). In most cases, your university, department, Perceiving the other self: An experimental or instructor will tell you which citation style first-person account of nonverbal social you need to follow in your writing. interaction. The American Journal of Psychology, 134(4), 441-461. https://doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.134.4.041 APA In-text Citation: (Wagemann & Weger, 2021) MLA Reference Entry: Davidson, Clare, "Reading in Bed with Troilus and Criseyde. The Chaucer Review, vol. 55, no. 2, Apr. 2020, pp. 147-170. https://doi.org/10.5325/chaucerrev.55.2.017. MLA In-text Citation: (Davidson 155) ○》 APA In-text Citation: author-date formatting [paraphrased/summarized text) (Wagemann & Weger, 2021). According to the study of Wagemann, J. and Weger, U. (2021)....