DTech 111 Fundamentals of Mechanical Drafting PDF

DTech 111 FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICAL DRAFTING WITH CAD LETTERING CREDITED TO: https://ejlirio10.wordpress.com/2012/06/05/lettering/ https://slideplayer.com/slide/14535794/ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Order-of-Strokes-for-Single-Stroke-Gothic-Letters-Uppercase-and-Numbers _fig11_283622413 ht...

DTech 111 FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICAL DRAFTING WITH CAD LETTERING CREDITED TO: https://ejlirio10.wordpress.com/2012/06/05/lettering/ https://slideplayer.com/slide/14535794/ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Order-of-Strokes-for-Single-Stroke-Gothic-Letters-Uppercase-and-Numbers _fig11_283622413 http://ednotebook.hostgator.co.in/basics-of-engineering-drawing  DEFINITION What is Lettering? Lettering is considered “The Written Language of Industry.” Lettering is used as a form of communication from one person to another by using symbols. Lettering is a process of making letters by hand using simple tools such as pencil, ball pens, pentel pens, or brushes. Lettering also more of a freehand nature rather than mechanical. Good lettering is characterized by uniformity in height, width, sizes or stems and strokes. Uniformity is required with the use of a guide lines. As applied in drawing, it gives more information and specifications about the drawing and serves as additional notations. A bridge from the idea of one person to the other.  DEVELOPMENT OF LETTERS ❖ Ancient Egyptians: the present letters or alphabet originated. - Hieroglyphic - an ancient Egyptian letters in a form of pictures writing called “Pictogram.” ❖ Ancient Phoenicians: modified the picture writing of the Egyptians into symbols. - Cuneiform - a wedge-shaped writing in a form of symbols ❖ Ancient Greeks: development of cuneiform into simpler form of writing. - Bousterophedon - a Greek version of simplified wedge-shaped writing. ❖ Ancient Romans: modified bousterophedon into more readable form and becomes the basis for present day letters. - Old Romans - basis of modern day alphabet except letters J & U. ❖ Modern Romans: simplified the strokes of Old Romans into thick and thin strokes - Modern Romans - one of the prominent letter styles used until today as part of the vast letter styles used for modern times.  TYPES OF LETTER STYLES Gothic Letters. Simplest and easiest to print among letter style because of its elementary stroke. All letters are composed of uniform width and sometimes called “Sans Serif” Two forms of Gothic Letters A. Commercial Gothic. Printed with heavy stem. Used for advertisement purposes only. Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg B. Single-Stroke Gothic. Printed in this stem. Used for engineering drawing purposes. Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Roman Letters. Letter having thin and thick elements and accented by serifs and fillets. Considered as the most formal form of letter styles. Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Three Classics of Roman Letters: 1. Modern Roman - Printed in single stroke using speedball pen. 2. Old Roman - Printed by means of layout form using flexible lettering pen. The thin stem must be ½ of the thickness of the heavy stem. 3. Modified Roman - Similar to modern roman but the style is printed in the absence of serif. Text Letters. Also known as the “Old English” letters. Considered as most classical letter style because of its artistic forms. The appropriate type of letter for diplomas and Certificates. Script Letters. Considered as artistic letters. Copperplate, sometimes known as Round Hand, Spencerian Script, was perfected by European penmen and engravers during the 17th and 18th centuries. Copperplate lettering is slanted at 55° to the base, it may vary but not less than 50°. It is important that all the heavy strokes and all the light strokes be uniform. Italic Letters. Most letter styles can be italicized except Old English. Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gothic Italic Roman Italic LETTERING GUIDELINES Cap line – the uppermost horizontal guideline drawn for upper case letter. Waist line indicates the upper limit of the lowercase letters. The ascender is the part of the lowercase letter that extends above the body of the letter. All ascenders are as high as the caps. Base line – where all letter rest or stand. Drop line indicates the lower limit of the lowercase letters. The descender is the part of the lowercase letter that extends below the body of the letter. Methods of forming letters 1. Freehand lettering is done without the assistance of tools. To regulate lettering height, commonly guidelines are drawn. 2. Mechanical lettering is done using tools such as lettering guides, templates, or using a small mechanical pantograph referred to by the Keuffel & Esser trademark “Leroy” 3. Modern drawings are lettered with computer-aided design software.  CLASSIFICATION OF LETTERS 1. Uppercase Letters. Letters in capital form. 2. Lowercase Letters. Letters in small letters. Lowercase letter classifications 1. Ascenders 2. Descender 3. Normal STRENGTH OF LETTERS 1. Lightface - Letters printed with thin stem. MARLYN 2. Boldface - Letters printed with heavy stem. MARLYN  PROPORTIONS OF LETTERS 1. Normal. Letters printed in normal size. Applied in normal space. 2. Compressed/Condensed. Letters printed with closer distance and its width is narrower than normal size. Applied to limited space. 3. Extended. Letters printed in wider size. The width of the letters is wider than the height and applied to wider space. SPACING OF LETTERS 1. Visual Spacing. The spacing using the type and strokes of letters in a word or phrase. 2. Mechanical Spacing. The equal gap between letters without looking at the strokes of letters  BASIC LETTERING STROKES STRAIGHT LINE LETTERS CURVED-LINE LETTERS VERTICAL LOWER-CASE LETTERS ANSI Standards In 1935 the Gothic letters were further standardized when the American National Standards Institute adopted standard alphabets of vertical and inclined letters. According to the ANSI Standard: “Lettering on drawings must be legible and suitable for easy, rapid execution. The appearance of lettering on a drawing is enhanced when the style, height, slope, spacing, and line weight are uniform. The appearance of the drawing and skill of the drafter are reflected in the quality of the lettering. RULES OF UNIFORMITY Never mix uppercase and lowercase letters. Use guidelines to prevent irregularity. Avoid thick and thin strokes. Background areas between letters should appear equal and not be too empty or to fill. Spaces between words should appear equal and not be too large or too small. Pencil Techniques Learn the shape, learn the strokes, learn the rules of spacing and PRACTICE and more PRACTICE Thank You for Listening!