1-ALPHABET-OF-LINES (1).pptx

ALPHABET OF LINES  A drawing is made up of different lines. Each line represents something. A surface, a hidden surface, an extension of a surface, a center of a hole, or a line with dimension on it. In order to make the drawing easier to read and understand, each kind of line is drawn with a dif...

ALPHABET OF LINES  A drawing is made up of different lines. Each line represents something. A surface, a hidden surface, an extension of a surface, a center of a hole, or a line with dimension on it. In order to make the drawing easier to read and understand, each kind of line is drawn with a different line weights. VISIBLE LINE a thick line that represents the visible edges or outline of the object; also known as the object line HIDDEN LINE a medium thick line composed of short dashes about 2-3 millimeters long with space between dashes about 1 -2 millimeters wide; it represents the surface or edges that cannot be seen SECTION LINE a thin lines to show the surface that has been cut; they are spaced evenly at 45 degrees with the horizontal to make shaded effect.  CENTER LINE a thin line consisting of two long dashes and short dash drawn alternately with a gap of at least 2 millimeters in between; it represents the axis or center of symmetrical shapes like a ball, washer, rectangular block, cube DIMENSION LINE a thin line with an arrowhead in one end used to indicate the measurements of the object. EXTENSION LINE a thin line that extends from the object in order to show dimension limits. LEADER LINE a short inclined thin line with an arrowhead at the end and short horizontal line on the other end. This is for notes or label the part of the object. CUTTING PLANE LINE –thick lines used to indicate an imaginary cut through an object along the line. -Made up of two long dashes broken in one end with an arrowhead and two short dashes drawn in between the long dashes. SHORT-BREAK LINE thick line drawn in freehand to show details that a part has been cut off or broken out. LONG-BREAK LINE a medium thick line consisting of broken and straight lines drawn alternately. This is also known as the limiting line. This limits the length of an elongated object without changing the size of its view. PHANTOM LINE – a thin line that shows position(s) of part of an object that moves drawn by two short dashes and one long dash. LETTERING  Lettering is an act or result of artfully drawing letters, instead of writing them simply. Lettering is considered an art form, where each letter in a phrase or quote acts as an illustration. Each letter is created with attention to detail and has a unique role within a composition.  Examples of it are everywhere you look: Restaurant menus, tattoo parlors, and corporate websites are all ripe with custom lettering. “Hand lettering is your opportunity to create your own style and your own interpretation of writing,”  COMMON LETTERING STYLES  TRADITIONAL CALLIGRAPHY Calligraphy is one of the oldest forms of hand lettering. Calligraphy lettering takes the proportion of letters into careful account in relation to the flourishes that extend off the end of the letters themselves.  SERIF There are two main classifications of type: serif and sans serif. The word “serifs” comes from the Latin word “servus,” meaning “small line.” That describes the very small lines you’ll see at the tops and bottoms of each letter. Serif fonts are used a lot for the body of text, because they are typically easier for the eyes to read.  SANS SERIF Sans serif literally means “without a serif,” so this lettering refers to letters without the small “feet” on the tops and bottoms of the lines. It is one of the cleanest and less embellished styles of lettering. Sans serif fonts are used frequently for bold headlines, so it’s a great style to choose if you want to make your text stand out.  SCRIPT Script refers to cursive-style lettering, in which letters are connected. Lines of script aren’t as hard and straight but, rather, are flowing.  VINTAGE Vintage lettering refers to any lettering style used historically and conveys “retro'' feelings. Within vintage styles, there are script fonts that are flowing, as well as block- style letters. BASIC GROUP OF LETTERS  SINGLE-STROKE GOTHIC LETTERS letters with uniform thickness of stems. This type of letter is presently used by engineers, architects, and draftsmen because of their legibility and easy of execution. Single – Stroke Gothic Letters has two forms: the vertical and the upright.  ROMAN LETTERS All letters having “accented” stokes or consisting of heavy and light or thick and thin lines are classified as Roman letters. This is usually drawn using styles C or D speedball pen. Roman letters are either of the old or modern Roman which is usually used for map titles and names of countries and cities.  TEXT LETTERS These include all styles of old English, German text, Bradleytext or other various trade names. This is made with the use of style C speedball pen. This style is often used on diplomas and certificates. old english text german text bradley text  GENERAL PROPORTION OF LETTERS Letters may be classified according to its proportion as follows: 1. Normal Letters. This classification of letter is used when the space is just enough for the word to be lettered. NORMAL LETTERS  CHARACTERISTICS OF NORMAL LETTERS The letters in the alphabet have different widths. They are described as narrow, wide or square letters based on the space/units they occupy on the gridline. So far, the letter I. is the narrowest and also describe as the foundation stroke of some letters, while W is the widest of all because it occupies 7-8 units on the gridline.  CHARACTERISTICS OF NORMAL LETTERS The letters T, O, M, Q, V, A, X, and Y are described as square letters since these have the same height and width. They occupy six units of the gridline. All the rest (B, C, D, E, F, G, H, J, K, L, N, P, R, S, U, and Z) are of average width since they occupy five (5) units of the gridline.  COMPRESSED/CONDENSED LETTERS are used when the space to be lettered is not enough for the word.  EXTENDED LETTERS are wider than the normal letters and are used when thespace is very wide.  GUIDE LINES IN LETTERING Two horizontal guide lines are used in capital letters they are called (Top and base lines) and three horizontal guide lines for lowercase or small letters (Top, waist, and base lines).  Usually the height or the distance between the top and base lines should be ONE CENTIMETRE (cm). The shortest height for capital letters should be THREE MILLIMETERS (mm), and the distance between the base and waist lines should be the two-thirds of the distance from the base to the top guide lines.