Domain 2 Safety Management Systems PDF

Domain 2 Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9f7uz4 1. Importance of Humanitarianism, The Law, Cost Safety 2. Accident An unexpected happening that may result in injury, loss, or damage. 3. Haz...

Domain 2 Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9f7uz4 1. Importance of Humanitarianism, The Law, Cost Safety 2. Accident An unexpected happening that may result in injury, loss, or damage. 3. Hazard A condition or set of circumstances that have the potential to cause an incident, injury, illness, or other loss 4. Direct Costs the costs that direct cost an employer money, such as medical costs and payment for time away 5. Indirect Costs Hidden costs, such as time lost by other employees to help a coworker, time spent by safety staff, losses due to unfilled orders or lost productions 6. ANSI Z10 A voluntary consensus standard on occupational health and safety management systems. It uses recognized management system principles in order to be compatible with quality and environmental management system stan- dards such as the ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 series. The purpose of ANSI Z10 provide a standard method for designing and implementing a safety mgmt system. 7. Heinrich's Inci- ratio between direct costs and indirect costs and pro- dent Therories posed that the ratio between the two is an average 4:1 8. ANSI American National Standards Institute 9. AIHA American Industrial Hygiene Association 10. Plan-Do-Check-Act Plan-establish (PDCA) Cycle objectives and the processes needed to achieve them. Do-Implement the process and associated safety sys- tems Check-Monitor results, generally using quantitative meth- ods Act-Continually improve performance by adjusting sys- tems as necessary. 1 / 25  Domain 2 Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9f7uz4 11. Single-Point Fail- a failure of a component or subsystem that results in ure failure of the entire system or process. 12. Domino Theo- proposes that an accident sequence is like 5 dominoes ry-W.F. Heinrich standing in a line. Once the first domino is knocked over and they will continue to fall unless some outside force intervenes. 13. Energy Theo- proposes that most incidents & injuries involve the trans- ry-William Had- fer of energy between objects and/or people. don 14. Project Manage- The cycle of defining, initiating, planning, executing, con- ment trolling, and closing the work of a team to achieve specific goals. 15. Gantt Chart A time and activity bar chart that is used for planning, managing, and controlling major programs that have a distinct beginning and end. 16. Globally Harmo- -an international approach to hazard communication, pro- nized System viding agreed-upon criteria for classification of chemical (GHS) hazards, and a standardized approach to label elements and safety data sheets -occupational safety and health administration (OSHA) issued a mandate that employees have the right to know about potentially harmful chemicals used in the work- place -this is done through Material Safety and data sheets (MSDS) 17. Safety Data backbone of hazard communication and is vital to the Sheet (SDS) GHS. 18. GHS Label Ele- are used to convey hazard information. Individual pic- ments-Symbols tograms are assigned to specific GHS hazard classes. Pictograms have symbols framed with a red diamond. Harmful chemicals and irritants are marked with an ex- clamation mark. 2 / 25  Domain 2 Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9f7uz4 19. GHS Label El- "Danger" or "Warning" will be used to emphasize hazards ements- Signal dictated by the material's hazard class. Words 20. GHS Label Standard phrases are assigned to specific hazard classes Elements-Haz- to convey information about the material. ard Statements 21. GHS Label El- Standardized precautionary statements are used to pre- ements- Precau- vent adverse effects of potential hazards. The 4 classes tionary State- are: prevention, response in cases of spillage or expo- ments sure, storage, and disposal. 22. GHS Label An ingredient disclosure, including names, identifying Elements-Prod- numbers, and chemical identities of substances that pose uct Identifier or contribute to health hazard. 23. GHS Label Ele- The names, addresses, and telephone numbers of the ments- Supplier product's supplier. Identification 24. GHS Label El- Information that provides further detail that does not con- ements- Supple- tradict the validity of standardized hazard information. mental Informa- tion 25. Carcinogenicity the ability of a substance to cause cancer 26. LC50 concentration at which 50% of a population is killed by exposure. 27. LD50 dose at which 50% of a population is killed by exposure 28. Permissible Ex- Limits for exposure as defined by OSHA posure Limit (PEL) 29. Recommended Limits for exposure as defined by NIOSH Exposure Limit (REL) 3 / 25  Domain 2 Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9f7uz4 30. Threshold Limit A limit set by the American Conference of Government In- Value (TLV) dustrial Hygienists (ACGIH), representing the maximum acceptable exposure of workers to a hazard over a spe- cific period of time. 31. Personal Protec- Protective equipment worn to protect a user from expo- tive Equipment sure to a hazard. (PPE) 32. Chemical Pro- Protective equipment worn to protect a user from expo- tective Clothing sure to a chemical (CPC) 33. Implied Warranty when a product does not perform in a manner consistent with implied or explicit claims made by the manufacturer or sales force. 34. Express warran- occurs when a seller makes claims of what the product ty can do and is a frequent result of advertising. 35. Negligence a failure cause by a person or corporation's lack of due diligence or an action they took. 36. Strict Liability when characteristics of a product are unreasonably dan- gerous. 37. Workers' Com- one method in which an employer can protect itself from pensation Insur- unforeseen incidents. ance 38. Workers Com- acts to actively protect the worker by providing for lost pensation wages, medical and rehabilitation expenses, and com- pensating workers for loss of limb received on the job. 39. Manual Rates Premiums are applied directly from the rate book for the applicable state, making premiums the same from all insurance companies. 40. Schedule Rates employers could seek discounts from set rates by utilizing hazard reduction techniques from a schedule. 4 / 25  Domain 2 Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9f7uz4 41. Experience Rat- states determine average losses for employment classifi- ing Prospective cations. 42. Experience Rat- Claims affect the rates during the policy year ing Retrospec- tive 43. Fixed Rate Pre- Manual rate in effect at the time of the policy is used. miums 44. Premium Dis- a premium discount may be applied due to the lower counts administrative cost of managing insurance for larger com- panies. 45. Competitive Pre- insurance rates from all companies wee based on the mium Rates same manual rate book. 46. DOT Department of Transportation - The government agency that governs economic concerns of the transportation industry. 47. NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 48. SAE Society of Automotive Engineers 49. FMVSS Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards 50. FHA Federal Highway Administration 51. BAC blood alcohol concentration 52. Process Safety a standard developed by OSHA which provides an an- Management alytical tool focused on preventing the release of highly hazardous chemicals (HHCs) 53. Environmental an independent federal agency established to coordinate Protection programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the Agency (EPA) environment 54. 5 / 25  Domain 2 Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9f7uz4 Permit-Required a space which contains or has the potential to contain Confined Space a hazardous atmosphere, contains a material that could engulf an entrant, has an internal configuration that could trap or asphyxiate an entrant, or contains any other rec- ognized serious safety or health hazard. 55. Confined Space a space which is large enough and configured in a way which allows entry, has limit means of entry and exit, and is not designed for continuous human occupancy. 56. Entry Attendant the individual stationed outside the space who monitors conditions within the space, prevents unauthorized entry, and summons emergency services or initiates recuse procedures if necessary. 57. Authorized En- the individual who will enter the permit space. trant 58. Hazard Commu- First Duty: to see that all chemicals produced or imported nication Stan- into the U.S. be evaluated to determine their physical and dard (HCS) health hazards. Second Duty: to see that information about these hazards be transmitted to employees who may be exposed to such chemicals under normal operations or in foresee- able emergency. 59. Acute Exposure expose is usually of short duration and high concentra- tion. Symptoms usually appear within 24 hours. 60. Assistant Secre- Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and tary Health, or designated representative. 61. Article A manufactured item formed to a specific shape or design that has an end-use function that depends wholly or partly on its shape or use during end use; and that does not release, or otherwise result in exposure to, a hazardous chemical, under normal conditions of use. 62. Chemical Any element, chemical compound, or mixture of elements and/or compounds. 6 / 25  Domain 2 Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9f7uz4 63. Chemical manu- An employer with a workplace where chemical(s) are facturers produced for use or distribution 64. chemical name the scientific designation of a chemical according to the naming system developed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) or the Chemical Ab- stracts Service (CAS), or a name that will clearly identify the chemicals for the purpose of conducting a hazard evaluation 65. Chronic Expo- Symptoms are usually delayed, cumulative, and result sure from repeated exposures to low-level concentrations of hazardous chemicals 66. Common Name Any designation or identification such as a code, trade, brand, or generic name, or a code number used to identify a chemical other than by its chemical name. 67. Compressed (1) a gas or mixture of gases having, in a container, an Gas absolute pressure exceeding 40 psi at 70 degrees F (21.1 degrees C); or (2) a gas or mixture of gases having, in a container, an absolute pressure exceeding 104 psi at 130 degrees F (54.4 degrees C) regardless of the pressure at 70 degrees (21.1 degrees C); or (3) a liquid having a vapor pressure exceeding 40 psi at 100 degrees F (37.8 degrees C) as determined by ASTM D-323-72 68. Container Any bag, barrel, drum, bottle, box, can, cylinder, reaction vessel, storage tank, or the like, that contains a hazardous chemical. For the purposes of the HCS, pipes, piping sys- tems, engines, fuel tanks, and other operating systems in a vehicle are not considered to be containers. 69. Designated Rep- Any individual or organization to who an employee gives resentative written authorization to exercise said employee's rights under the standard. A recognized or certified collective bargaining agent shall be treated automatically as a des- ignated representative without regard to written employee authorization. 7 / 25  Domain 2 Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9f7uz4 70. Director The Director, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Ser- vices, or designee. 71. Distributor A business, other than a chemical manufacturer or im- porter, that supplies hazardous chemicals to other distrib- utors or employees 72. Employee A worker who may be exposed to hazardous chemi- cals under normal operating conditions, or in foreseeable emergencies. 73. Employer A person engaged in a business where chemicals are either used, distributed, or are produced for use or dis- tribution, including a contractor or subcontractor. 74. Explosive A chemical that causes a sudden, almost instantaneous release of gas, pressure, or heat, when subjected to sudden shock, pressure, or high temperature. 75. Exposure or Ex- the instance of being exposed, or an employee who is ex- posed posed to, or has the potential to be exposed to, hazardous chemicals in the course of employment, through any route of entry to the body. 76. Flammable A chemical that falls into one of the following categories: aerosol flammable, gas flammable (includes forming a flammable mixture with air at a 13% concentration of the chemical, or less, AND forming a flammable range, when mixed with air, that is wider than 12% by volume, regardless of the lower limit); liquid flammable, and solid flammable. 77. Flammable liquid A liquid having a flashpoint below 100 degrees F 78. Flashpoint The minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off a vapor in sufficient concentration to ignite. 79. 8 / 25  Domain 2 Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9f7uz4 Foreseeable Any potential occurrence such as , but not limited to, Emergency equipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of con- trol equipment, which could result in an uncontrolled re- lease of a hazardous chemical in the workplace. 80. Hazardous Any chemical that is a health hazard or a physical hazard Chemical 81. Hazard Warning Any words, pictures, symbols, or combination therof, ap- pearing on a label or other appropriate form of warning which conveys the hazards(s) of the chemical(s) in the containers 82. Health Hazard a chemical for which there is statistically significant evi- dence based on at least one study conducted in accor- dance with established scientific principles that acute or chronic health effects may occur in exposed employees. 83. identity Any chemical or common name for the chemical that is indicated on the MSDS. 84. Immediate Use The hazardous chemical will be used, or under the con- trol of, only the person who transfers it from a labeled container, and only within the work shift in which it was transferred. 85. Immediately the maximum level of a hazardous material to which a Dangerous to healthy worker can be exposed for 30 minutes and es- Life and Health cape without suffering irreversible health effects or impair- (IDLH) ment. 86. Importer the first business, with employees and within the Customs Territory of the U.S. that receives hazardous chemicals produced in other countries for the purpose of supplying them to distributors or employees within the U.S. 87. Label Any written, printed, or graphic material, displayed on or affixed to, containers of hazardous chemicals. 88. 9 / 25  Domain 2 Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9f7uz4 Material Safe- Written or printed material concerning a hazardous chem- ty Data Sheet ical that is prepared in accordance with Paragraph (g) of (MSDS) the HCS 89. Mixture A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined 90. Organic Peroxide an organic compound that contains the bivalent -O-O- structure and which can be considered to be a structural derivative of hydrogen peroxide, where one or both of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by an organic radical. 91. Oxidizer A chemical, other than a blasting agent or explosive, that initiates or promotes combustion in other materials, there- by causing a fire either of itself, or through the release of oxygen or other gases. 92. Permissible Ex- Allowable air concentration of a substance in the work- posure Limit place 8 hours a day, 40 hours a week, as established by (PEL) NIOSH and enforced by OSHA. 93. Physical Hazard a chemical for which there is scientifically valid evidence that it is a combustible liquid, a compressed gas, ex- plosive, flammable, an organic peroxide, an oxidizer, py- rophoric, unstable (reactive) or water-reactive. 94. Produce To manufacture, process, formulate, or repackage 95. Pyrophoric a chemical that will ignite spontaneously in air at a tem- perature of 130 degrees F or below 96. Responsible Par- A person who can, if necessary, provide additional in- ty formation on the hazardous chemical and appropriate emergency response procedures. 97. Specific Chemi- The chemical name, Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) cal Identity Registry Number, or any other information that reveals the precise chemical designation of the substance 10 / 25  Domain 2 Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9f7uz4 98. Threshold Limit Refers to airborne concentrations of substances and rep- Value (TLV) resents conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be reportedly exposed day after day without adverse effect. 99. Threshold Lim- The ceiling level of the exposure that should never be it Value Ceiling exceeded. This value has been established as the max- (TLV-C) imum level to be used in computing the TWA and STEL limits. The ceiling value is under the IDLH limit for a given substance. 100. Threshold Limit An exposure level safe to work in for short periods of time Value Short-term (15 minutes) 4 times per day maximum, with at least 60 exposure limit minutes between exposures. (TLV-STEL) 101. Threshold lim- The time-weighted average concentration of a substance it value time for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour work week, to weighted aver- which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day age (TLV-TWA) after day, without adverse effect. 102. Trade Secret Any confidential formula, pattern, process, device, infor- mation, or compilation of information of information that is used in an employer's business, and that gives the employer an opportunity to obtain an advantage over competitors who do not know or use it. 103. Unstable (reac- A chemical that, in the pure state or as produced tive) or transported, will vigorously polymerize, decompose, condense, or become self-reactive under conditions of shocks, pressure, or temperature. 104. Use To package, handle, react, or transfer 105. Water-reactive A chemical that reacts with water to release a gas that is either flammable or presents a health hazard 106. Work area A room or defined space in a workplace where hazardous chemicals are produced or used, and where employees are present 11 / 25  Domain 2 Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9f7uz4 107. Workplace An establishment, job site, or project at one geographical location, containing one or more work areas. 108. Hazard Control the reduction or elimination of a dangerous situation 109. Prevention Safe- the use of engineering principles and practices to try ty Engineering to control and minimize hazards and risks in order to increase safety 110. Safety practices processes and procedures used to recognize, evaluate, and manage hazards and risks with an ultimate goal of increasing safety. 111. gross negli- intentional neglect of duties gence 112. Contributory when the injured person contributed to the accident in Negligence some way. 113. comparative determines the negligence of each person involved in an negligence accident. 114. willful/reckless a step beyond gross negligence and occurs when some- conduct one intentionally neglects his or her responsibility for rea- sonable care. 115. liability refers to legal obligation to pay for an act or omission that caused some form of injury, whether physical, financial, or emotional 116. Care the opposite of negligence and refers to taking steps to ensure that people aren't harmed or property damaged. 117. Reasonable care amount of care a prudent person would take. 118. Great Care amount of care an extra prudent person take 119. Slight care care less than what a prudent person would take 12 / 25  Domain 2 Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9f7uz4 120. Due care states that people have a legal obligation to exercise care. 121. Selecting pre- -eliminating the hazard ventative actions -reducing the severity of the hazard -reducing the probability that the hazard will occur -designing redundancy into the system through backup systems, parallel subsystems, etc. -installing safety devices -installing warning devices -developing safe procedures -requiring PPE 122. Heinrich's Ax- 1. ioms of Industri- 2. al Safety. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 123. Petersen's an outgrowth of the human factors theory that includes: accident/inci- -ergonomic traps dent theory -decision to err -systems failure 124. ergonomic traps workstations that are the wrong size 125. Systems failure systems that mitigate the human error and prevent an accident fail. 126. Common causes personal beliefs- feeling invincible, ignoring rules and pro- of accidents cedures, etc. decision to work unsafely- a conscious decision to work unsafely mismatch or overload- worker is in poor physical condition or is stressed and tired, the work is too complex or too repetitive, the work environment is too hot or noisy 13 / 25  Domain 2 Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9f7uz4 systems failure-mgmt failure to provide clear policies and procedures, to correct hazards, to offer training Traps- poorly designed workstations, defective equip- ment, inadequate lighting and ventilation Unsafe conditions- whether caused by the injured person, a co-worker, mgmt, the weather, etc. Unsafe acts-using drugs and alcohol on the job, using incorrect tools and equipment, forgetting correct proce- dures. 127. Reactive approach to accident prevention has four basic steps: 1. the accident occurs 2. an investigation takes place 3. results from the investigation are analyzed. 4. preventative measures are put into place to prevent the accident from happening again. 128. Proactive approach to accident prevention tries to keep accidents from occurring in the first place. This approach has has two steps: 1. analyze potential accidents 2. put preventative measures into place to prevent the accidents from occurring. 129. Frequency Strat- focuses on reducing the accidents that occur most fre- egy quently. 130. Severity Strategy focuses on reducing the accidents that cause the most serious injuries or most damage. 131. Cost Strategy focuses on reducing the accidents that are the most ex- pensive. 132. Multiple Factor postulates that accidents are generally caused many fac- Theory tors working together. 133. Factors that af- 1. Man- age, skill level, strength, emotional state fect incidents 2. Machine- equipment and vehicles, including construc- tion materials, placement of controls, energy sources. 3. Media- environment, road conditions, and weather, 14 / 25  Domain 2 Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9f7uz4 such as pollution, snow on the road, fresh vs. salt water. 4. Management-organizational structure, policies, proce- dures. 134. Energy Theory postulates that accidents and injuries often involve energy transfer. The severity of injuries is related to: 1. the amount of energy transferred 2. the way energy is transferred. 3. the speed at which the energy is transferred. 135. Domino Theory the sequence of events in an accident can be compared to a series of five dominoes: 1. A social event that fosters..... 2. Undesirable traits such as carelessness, violence, or unsafe habits, leading to an.... 3. Unsafe act or condition, which causes an... 4. Incident, which leads to an... 5. Injury 136. Financial Justifi- process of making business case for an investment. cation 137. Hierarchy of refers to a preferred top-down solution to safety control Controls methods. Elimination, Substitution, engineering, administrative, and PPE. 138. Physical con- measures that alter the physical work environment with trols the goal of reducing or eliminating risk. Example: providing machine guarding to protect from pinch points, barriers to prevent entry into confined space, installation of ventilation hoods that remove contaminated air from the workplace. 139. Work practice administrative in nature and seek to control risk by poli- controls cies and procedures rather than physical barriers. Examples: implementing a policy that lifting of objects more than 50 lbs. requires 2-people or instructing an employee operating a grinder to always wear a face shield during the grinding. 15 / 25  Domain 2 Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9f7uz4 140. Workers' Com- a company will pay a premium to an insurance company pensation Insur- that will then pay the actual costs of the injured worker ance (for replacement of lost time wages and physician visits) 141. Experience mod- can multiply the premium due by a multiplier greater than ification (X-mod) 1.0 (or less than, if cost have been well controlled) factor 142. Comprehensive A case manager may be assigned to determine the appro- case priate course of action for an insured. The case manager management may require a referral or a second opinion before approv- ing a procedure. The case manager will also manage the utilization review of a subscriber's stay in the hospital or may provide assistance with a future course of action during recovery of the insured. 143. Worker Compen- 1. to replace the income worker misses by being unable sation Laws to work and to provide prompt medical treatment. 2. to save workers and employers the time, trouble, and expense of litigation. 3. to keep injured workers from turning to public and private charities. 4. to encourage employers to develop procedures that prevent and reduce accidents. 5. to provide workers with rehabilitation so that they can return to work more quickly. 6. to encourage accident investigations not in order to find fault but to prevent similar events from occurring again. 144. Business Conti- a written document that plans for continued business op- nuity Plan eration and provision of services during interruptions due to natural disasters, fires, or pandemic disease outbreaks. 145. System failures create emergencies because they can lead to fire, explo- sion, release of hazardous materials, and other danger- ous situation. 146. Emergency Re- covers emergencies within the facility sponse Plan 16 / 25  Domain 2 Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9f7uz4 147. disaster recov- encompasses external disasters that may impact the ery plan business. 148. Sheltering in 1. shut down ventilation systems in buildings Place 2. shut down elevators 3. close all exits and entrances, including loading docks and garages, so no one can enter or or leave an area. 4. let all building occupants both workers and visitors, know that an emergency has occurred and what proce- dures they need to know. 149. Investigations to prevent future accidents from happening and identify causes of accidents and injuries, provide evidence for legal claims and lawsuits, and help assess the amount of loss and damage. 150. immediate acci- 1. produce more accurate results because witnesses' dent investiga- memories are fresh and untainted. tion provides: 2. allow the investigator to study the accident scene itself before it is changed. 3. send a message that the company cares about employ- ees' safety. 4. demonstrates that company's commitment to discover- ing the cause of the accident and thus preventing future accidents. 151. Incident report- records each incident without fail, and that reports the ing system required information about each incident, can provide valuable information to improve future incident response. 152. Root Cause used to determine the fundamental reason for a system Analysis (RCA) failure or mistake that has led to an injury or equipment failure. 153. Audit a review of an entire management system; its objective is to examine the system designed to manage risk. 154. Inspections a walkthrough that looks at an entire process or system to identify any possible safety problems. 17 / 25  Domain 2 Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9f7uz4 155. effective audit uses the corrective action system to determine the root program cause of inconsistencies uncovered during the audit and provides feedback tool for continuous improvement. 156. internal audit provides an opportunity for the organization to perform a self-assessment and determine a measure of perfor- mance. 157. external audit provides an opportunity for the organizational to bench- mark itself against others in its industry through the find- ings of an external auditor that has visited other similar facilities. 158. Rigging Inspec- -look for broken outer wires or fibers and any evidence of tion corrosion, wear, kinking, or crushing. -check hooks for cracks -check the jaw opening of the hook to see if it has widened more than 15 degrees, which would indicate it needs it needs to be replaced. -check for stiffness between links on a chain, which sug- gests that the chain has been overloaded, reducing its load capacity -check that retainers are in place allowing rigging to slip into the jaw but not to slip off. -check for damaged segments or links in a chain and for splices in a rope -check the alignment of the fittings. 159. nonconformance areas in which the organization is not conforming to the standard 160. areas of concern items that are concerning but not yet developed into non- conformances 161. opportunities for an extension of best management practices the auditor improvement has observed in other organizations. 162. To estimate the -divide accidents into major classes cost of accidents -examine accounting records to determine the insured 18 / 25  Domain 2 Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9f7uz4 costs associated with accidents -calculate the uninsured cost associated with accidents 163. Divide accidents -those involving lost workdays, permanent partial disabil- into major class- ities, and temporary total disabilities. es -those requiring treatment from an outside physician -those treated with first aid on-site, with minimal property damage and work lost time. -those requiring no first aid or physician visits. 164. Uninsured costs -lost work hours -medical costs -property loss and damage -insurance premiums -hidden cost such as the cost of the investigation and emergency response. 165. Ratio of direct to 4:1, showing that the final cost of an accident must include indirect costs more than medical expenses and worker compensation. 166. Unsafe acts and to identify whether accidents are more likely to be caused unsafe condi- by unsafe acts vs unsafe conditions. The ratio that hein- tions ratio rich developed was 88:10:2 with 88% of accidents caused by unsafe acts, 10% by unsafe conditions, and 2% by unpreventable causes. 167. incident-injury developed by heinrich, 300:29:1; of every 330 accidents, ratio 300 results in no injuries, 29 cause minor injuries, and 1 causes a major injury. 168. effects of ac- -financial cost due to fines, medical treatments, death and cidents in the burial costs, survivor benefits, and safety corrections. workplace -lost time from disabling injuries, both from the injury itself and follow-up medical checkups after the injured employee morale leading to lower productivity -lower productivity while the injured while injured employ- ee is off work -reduce trust in management -increased absenteeism and turnover because employ- ees don't feel safe on the job. 19 / 25  Domain 2 Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9f7uz4 169. Product liability the legal liability manufacturers and sellers face because injury or damage resulting from the use of their product. 170. Reason action- -the product is dangerous or defective able injury or -the product does not live up to the claims of the manu- damage could facturer or seller occur -the manufacturer or seller was negligent 171. Losses usually classified as direct or indirect 172. Direct Cost are related directly to an accident and may include the following: -cost to replace damaged property, equipment, or mate- rials -cost to repair damage to the environment -fines for any broken laws and regulations -compensation for injured or ill employees who miss work. -payment of medical expenses for injured or ill employees -payments made to survivors in case of the death of an employee -costs related to the cleanup or investigation of an acci- dent, including travel and legal services. 173. Task Analysis refers to a detailed method of defining the varied elements that make up an undertaking and provide a way to docu- ment resources that will be necessary in its achievement. 174. Common metrics -Budget: is the project at, under, or over budget? used to assess -Time: Has the project or phase been completed on time? performance If not, how many days overdue is it? -Quality: Has the work met or exceeded quality stan- dards? For ex., has the project passed inspection? -Conflict: Has the project phase created conflict among the team members? -Safety: Has the project phase been completed without safety incidents? 175. Risk Analysis involve qualitative and quantitative techniques to mea- sure the potential frequency and severity of a risk. 20 / 25  Domain 2 Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9f7uz4 176. Risk Determina- - Type, location, probability, consequences tion - Risk estimate: Product of probability and consequences 177. Risk Acceptance means deciding what frequency and severity of risks are acceptable for individuals, companies, and society as a whole. 178. risk characteriza- analyzes the effects that exposure to a risk will have on tion people 179. Job Safety a formal method used to assess the hazards associated Analysis with job function. 180. Hazard and Op- a structured technique to identify hazards of a more sys- erability Analy- temic or operational nature that can potentially lead to a sis (HAZOP) nonconforming product. 181. Relative Risk rank the departments against each other according to their risk index 182. Percent risk in- the number that indicates the percent of risk the depart- dex ment contributes to the company's total risk 183. Composite expo- amount of money at risk in the department, including sure dollows property value, business interruption 184. Management Tools to investigate accidents and evaluate safety pro- oversight and grams. risk trees Elements of an ideal safety program are diagrammed into three levels of relationships: 1. Undesirable Events 2. Basic Events 3. Criteria Useful because they incorporate behavioral, organiza- tional and analytical sciences to identify risks. 21 / 25  Domain 2 Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9f7uz4 185. Energy Analysis Analyzes where and how energy is released and trans- ferred in a system. Useful for identifying hazards in powered machines, equipment processes and operations 186. Fire Safety Con- Analyzes the fire safety of a building to identify deficien- cepts Tree cies and corrective actions needed. The tree outlines fire safety objectives and actions need- ed to achieve those objectives 187. Failure Mode and a systematic process for identifying potential design and Effects Analysis process failures before they occur, with the intent to elim- (FMEA) inate them or minimize the risk associated with them 188. Fault Tree Analy- a systematic way analyzing the effects of various faults of sis (FTA) a system. 189. Change analysis attempts to analyze and document the effects of a change on a system or organization. The goal is to anticipate all possibly foreseeable ramifi- cations of the change to plan for the communication and tasks associated with executing the change. 190. SWOT analysis a planning tool used to analyze an organization's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats 191. Database Man- help manage safety data, tracking items such as personal agement System protective equipment, training, hazardous materials, and (DBMS) inspections. 192. Modeling helps safety engineers observe the behavior of physical phenomena or people. Used for such functions as accident reconstruction, gas dispersion, and fires. 193. 22 / 25  Domain 2 Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9f7uz4 Defensive dri- refers to a process of alert driving behavior that attempts ving to anticipate road hazards and actions of other drivers in such a way to prevent accidents. 194. Hazard Commu- governs the requirements to notify workers of chemical nication Stan- hazards faced at work and to provide information on dard protection from hazards. 195. Global Harmo- refers to an international standard developed by the Unit- nization System ed Nations to guide hazardous chemical labeling, warning (GHS) systems, and safety data sheets. 196. Safety Data provide information on physical and chemical properties Sheets of a substance as well as potential health and environ- mental concerns. 197. Sections of the 1) Toxicity-the mode of toxicity and the level of toxicity are SDS indicated. 2) First Aid Procedures-guidelines for responding to po- tentially hazardous contact with the substance 3) NFPA Codes and flammability hazards 4) Appropriate clean-up and containment process 5) Safe handling and storage practices 6) Known exposure limits 7) Appropriate safe handling equipment 8) Chemical Reactivity 9) Safe and effective disposal technique 10) DOT transportation codes 11) Contact information for the manufacturer of the chem- ical 198. Carcinogenicity 199. ISO 14001 se- a voluntary environmental management system stan- ries of environ- dards that sets a broad framework that any type of orga- mental manage- nization can use to improve environmental performance. ment standards 200. Management re- view system 23 / 25  Domain 2 Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9f7uz4 top management periodically review the organization's environmental performance and set objectives and allo- cate resources of the upcoming year. 201. OSHAS 18000 sets the framework for an effective system to control health and safety risk to workers. The purpose of a management system is to take sys- tematic approach to the way an organization manages its health and safety function with the goal of proactively identifying and responding to risk before an accident or an incident occurs. 202. Basic element of 1) Policy: the company sets its policy with regard to ohs, OSHAS 18000 committing to compliance, communication, and continu- ous improvement. 2) Risk Assessments: the company formally examines its operations and the health and safety risk posed by its operations. 3) Legal Obligations: the company identifies the legal requirements that apply to its operations and puts into place a mechanism for monitoring changes to these re- quirements. 4) Training: the company enacts relevant training pro- grams to educate workers about ohs, safety, risks, and how to protect themselves. 5)Objectives and Targets: the company sets formal health and safety objectives with measurable targets. 6)Communication: Management solicits input from all lev- els of the organization on health and safety matters, and communicate risks. 7)Document Control: Documents associated with the oc- cupational health and safety management system are controlled. 8) Corrective and Preventative Actions: A formal process to document corrective actions and perform root cause analyses is instituted. 9) Internal Audits: the company internally audits its pro- grams to ensure conformance and as continual improve- 24 / 25  Domain 2 Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9f7uz4 ment tool 10) Management Review: Top management accepts re- sponsibility for the program and reviews progress toward achieving objectives. 203. US OSHA Volun- a program that requires a company to systematically tary Protection improve its health and safety management system in a Program partnership between the employer and workers. 204. VPP star status awarded to those with a well-functioning system that has opportunities for improvement. 205. VPP merit status awarded to those with a robust system of controls and continuous improvement, with participation from all levels of the organization. 206. Continual im- that performance is improved over time, but not always in provement the same area or at the same place. 207. Incremental im- more readily achievable, both financially and on human provements scale, than is one big project to make everything perfect. 25 / 25  Domain 2: Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8ihens 1. loss of control Is the proactive measures taken to prevent or reduce loss evolving from accident, injury, illness and property damage. The aim of loss control is to reduce the frequency and severity of losses. Loss control is directly related to human resource management, engineering and risk man- agement practices. 2. Multiple Manage- ment Systems 3. High Level Struc- ture 4. Integrated Man- agement Sys- tems 5. Risk The combination of the severity of a defined exposure with its frequency of occurrence. The technique that effectively decreases a project's schedule risk without decreasing the overall risk is to incorporate slack time into the projects critical path schedule early in project planning. 6. Hazard Any real or potential condition that can cause injury, ill- ness, or death to personnel; damage or loss of a system, equipment, or property; or damage to the environment. It is any potentially unsafe condition resulting from failures, malfunctions, external events, errors, or a combination thereof. It is any condition, set of circumstances, or in- herent property damage that can cause injury, illness or death. 7. Probability The likelyhood of a hazard causing an incident or expo- sure that could result in harm or damage for a selected unit of to,e, events, population, items or activities being considered. 8. Severity 1 / 23  Domain 2: Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8ihens The extent of harm or damage that could result from a hazard-related incident or exposure. 9. Risk Analysis Is the process of identifying safety risks. This involves identifying hazards that present mishap risk with an as- sessment of the risk probability. 10. Risk Assessment The process of determining the risk presented by the identified hazards. This involves evaluating the identified hazard's causal factors and then characterizing the risk as the product of the hazard severity times the hazard probability. Processes used to evaluate the level of risk associated with hazards and system include: - Assure management commitment, involvement and di- rection (an absolute). - Select a risk assessment team, including employees with knowledge of jobs and tasks. - Establish the analysis parameters. - Select a risk assessment technique. - Identify the hazards. - Consider Failure Modes. - Assess the severity of consequences. - Determine the occurrence probability, prominently taking into consideration the exposures. - Define the initial risk. - Make risk acceptance or nonacceptance decisions with employee involvement. - If needed, select and implement hazard avoidance, elim- ination, reduction and control measures. - Address residual risk. - Document the results. - Follow up on actions taken. 11. Safety Freedom from conditions that can cause death, injury, occupational illness, damage to or loss of equipment or property, or damage to the environment. It is the ability of a system to exclude certain undesired events (i.e., 2 / 23  Domain 2: Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8ihens mishaps) during stated operation under stated conditions for a stated time and the ability of a system or product to operate with a known and accepted level of mishap risk. It is a built in system characteristic. 12. Exposure Contact with or proximity to a hazard, taking into account duration and intensity. 13. Root Cause The process of identifying the basic lowest level causal Analysis (RCA) factors for an event. Usually the event is an undesired event, such as a hazard or mishap. 14. Risk Communi- Is the interactive process for exchanging risk information cation and opinions among stakeholders. 15. Risk Manage- Is the process by which assessed risks are mitigated, min- ment imized or controlled through engineering, management or operational means. This involves the optimal allocation of available resources in support of safety, performance, cost and schedule. 16. Unacceptable Risk that cannot be tolerated. risk 17. Acceptable Risk The part of identified mishap risk that is allowed to persist without taking further engineering or management action to eliminate or reduce the risk, based on knowledge and decision-making. The system user is consciously exposed to this risk. It is a risk level achieved after risk reduction measures have been applied and that is accepted for a giv- en task (hazardous situation) or hazard. For the purpose of this standard, the terms "acceptable risk" and "tolerable risk" are considered synonymous. 18. Accepted risk Accepted risk has two parts: (1) risk that is knowingly understood and accepted by the system developer or user and (2) risk that is not known or understood and is accepted by default. 19. Residual Risk 3 / 23  Domain 2: Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8ihens Overall risk remaining after system safety mitigation ef- forts have been fully implemented. 20. Mitigation Is an action taken to reduce the risk presented by a hazard, by modifying the hazard in order to decrease the mishap probability and/or the mishap severity. Mitigation is generally accomplished through design measures, use of safety devices, training or procedures. It is also referred to as hazard mitigation and risk mitigation. 21. As low as rea- The level of mishap risk that has been established and is sonably practical considered as low as reasonably possible and still accept- (ALARP) able. It is based on a set of predefined ALARP conditions and is considered acceptable. 22. Mishap Is an unplanned event or series of events resulting in death, injury, occupational illness, damage to or loss of equipment or property, or damage to the environment. 23. SMART GOAL Specific Measurable Actionable Realistic Time Oriented 24. ISO 45001 25. ISO 14001 26. ANSI/ASSP Z10: This voluntary consencus was published by the American American Na- Society of Safety Professionals (ASSP) following Ameri- tional Standard can National Standards Institute (ANSI) requirements. It for Occupational provides management system requirements and guide- Health and Safe- lines for improving occupational health and safety. Experts ty Management from labor, government, professional organizations and Systems industry formulatedd the standard after extensive exam- ination of current and international standards, guidelines and practices. 27. 4 / 23  Domain 2: Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8ihens International La- ILO-OSH 2001 : The international labor organization bor Organiza- (ILO), a UN agency tgat brings together governments, em- tion Guidelines ployers and workers of its member states, has developed on Occupation- voluntary guidelines on safety and health management al Safety and systems. The guidelines are designed as an "instrument fir Health Manage- the development of a sustainable safety culture within the ment Systems enterprise and beyond." The key elements of the guide- lines are built on the concept of continuous improvement. 28. OSHA's Volun- The OSHA VPP recognizes and partners with businesses tary Protection and worksites that demonstrate excellence in occupa- Program (VPP) tional safety and health. To qualify for one of the VPPs, applicants must have in place an effective SHMS that meets rigorous performance-based criteria. OSHA veri- fies qualifications through a comprehensive on-site review process. Using one set of flexible, performance- based criteria. OSHA verifies qualifications through a compre- hensive onsite review process. Using one set of flexible, performance-based criteria, the VPP process emphasizes management accountability for worker safety and health; continued identification and elimination of hazards; and active involvement of employees in their own protection. 29. Hierarchy of con- The hierarchy of controls provides a systematic way of trols thinking, considering steps in a ranked and sequential order, to chose the most effective means of eliminating or reducing hazards and their associated risks. The top three levels in the hierarchy are more effective because they: are preventative actions that eliminate/ reduce risk by design, substitution and engineering measures. Rely the least on the performance of personnel, - are less defeatable by su- pervisors or workers.Consists of Elimination, Substitution, Engineering Controls, Warnings, Administrative Controls and Personal Protective Equipment. 30. 5 / 23  Domain 2: Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8ihens Leading Indica- Proactive activities that identify hazards and assess, elim- tors inate, minimize and control risk. A leading indicator can help predict safety performance. 31. Examples of - Level of worker participation in program activities Leading Indica- -Number of employee safety suggestions tors -Number of hazards, near misses and first aid cases re- ported -Amount of time taken to respond to reports -Number and frequency of management walkthroughs -Number and severity of hazards identified during inspec- tions -Number of workers who have completed required safety and health training -Timely completion of corrective actions after a workplace hazard is identified or an incident occurs -Timely completion of planned preventive maintenance activities -Worker opinions about program effectiveness obtained from a safety climate or safety opinion survey 32. Lagging Indica- While lagging indicators can alert you to a failure in an tors area of your safety and health program or to the existence of a hazard, leading indicators allow you to take preventive action to address that failure or hazard before it turns into an incident. A good program uses leading indicators to drive change and lagging indicators to measure effective- ness. 33. Examples of Lag- -Number and severity of injuries and illnesses ging Indicators -Results of worker exposure monitoring that show that exposures are hazardous -Workers' compensation data, including claim counts, rates, and cost 34. Span of Control The number of subordinates a manager can effectively su- pervise. Manager cannot effectively supervise more than half a dozen subordinate managers. 35. 6 / 23  Domain 2: Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8ihens Organization Be- -Specifying Objectives and Goals havior Model -Giving reinforcement and feedback (OBM) -Gaining commitment from employees and management. Goals are frequently incorrectly developed, which makes them likely to fail. They must be attainable, and employees must believe they are relevant and worthwhile. 36. Minimum Attrac- AKA hurdle rate, is the minimum rate of return on a project tive Rate of Re- a manager or company is willing to accept before starting turn (MARR) a project, given its risk and opportunity cost of forgoing other projects. 37. Residual Risk The risk remaining after preventive measures have been taken. No matter how effective the preventative actions, residual risk will always be present if a facility or operation continues to exist. 38. Risk Tolerance Is an organization's readiness to bear the risk after risk treatment in order to achieve its objectives. 39. Risk acceptance Is an informed decision to take a particular risk. 40. Acceptable Risk Is a residual risk level achieved after risk reduction mea- sures have been applied. It is a risk level that is accepted for a given task (hazardous situation) or hazard. 41. Employee A behavior-based approach treats safety as an achieve- Coaching ment-oriented process, not outcome based. It also uses face finding versus fault-finding and is proactive, not reac- tive. The primary attributes to BBS Employee Coaching are: -Achievement oriented -Proactive -Fact finding process 42. Plan, Do, Check, The Deming Cycle or PDCA cycle is a continuous im- Act (PDCA) provement quality model that consists of four repetitive 7 / 23  Domain 2: Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8ihens A.K.A The Dem- steps conducted in a logical sequence. The four steps ing Cycle include Plan, Do, Check, Act. Deming proposed that if these four steps are continuously followed, quality will improve. Both quality and HSE management systems are built on the well-known Plan-Do-Check-Act process. Briefly stat- ed, the purpose of standards is to provide organizations with an effective tool for continuous improvement in their occupational health and safety management systems to reduce risk of occupational injuries, illnesses and fatali- ties. 43. Cost/benefit Is a generic process of evaluating competing courses of analysis action by examining the dollar costs of certain abatement actions versus the dollar value of the benefits received. Cost/benefit analysis allows management to understand and prioritize action to reduce risk of identified financial loss scenarios. 44. Pareto Principle The Pareto principle states that, for many events, roughly and Chart 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes. The Pareto chart answers the following questions: - What are the largest issues facing our team or business? - What 20% of sources are causing 80% of the problems (80/20 ruler)? - Where efforts should be focused to achieve the greatest improvements? 45. Audit (ISO 19011) Systematic, independent and documented process for obtaining audit evidence and evaluating it objectively to determine the extent to which the audit criteria are fulfilled. (ISO 19011:2011 3.1). 8 / 23  Domain 2: Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8ihens 46. Internal Audit Are conducted by the organization itself, or on its behalf, for management review and other internal purposes (e.g. to confirm the effectiveness of the management system or to obtain information for the improvement of the man- agement system). Internal audits can form the basis for an organization's self declaration of conformity. 47. External Audit Second and third party audits. Second party audits are conducted by parties having an interest in the organi- zation, such as customers, or by other persons on their behalf. Third-party audits are conducted by independent auditing organizations, such as regulators or those provid- ing certification (registrars). 48. ISO registrar An accredited registrar, also called an accredited certifi- cation body (CB), is an organization accredited by a rec- ognized accrediting body for its competence to audit and issue certification confirming that an organization meets the requirements of a standard (e.g. ISO 9001 or ISO 14001). 49. Combined Audit Two or management systems of different disciplines (e.g., quality, environmental, occupational health and safety) are audited together. 50. Joint Audit Two or more auditing organizations cooperate to audit a single auditee. 51. 3 basic steps of Identify critical behaviors: Employers write, in observable BBS Process terms, what employees should do to properly perform their jobs. The safety and health professional can list a few critical behaviors or a complete inventory, depending in the scope and results desired. -Conduct Measurement Through Observations: trained observers watch the work- place to determine if listed behaviors are performed safely or unsafely. The total number of observed behaviors is divided into the number of safe behaviors to obtain a percentage figure for safe behaviors. - Give performance feedback: The percentage figure for safe behaviors is 9 / 23  Domain 2: Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8ihens shown on a graph displayed in the workplace. At regular intervals, behaviors are again observed and new safe behavior figures are added to the graph. Studies show this critical feedback will improve safety behaviors. Praise and recognition from managers or peer pressure can be effective ways to encourage and reinforce safe behaviors. 52. Audits should Audit Objectives: define what is to be accomplished by the be based on individual audit and may include the following: documented au- - Determination of the extent of conformity of the man- dit objectives, agement system to be audited, or parts of it, with audit scope and crite- criteria. - Determination of the extent of conformity of ria. These should activities, processes and products with the requirements be defined by and procedures of the management system. - Evaluation the person man- of the capability of the management system to ensure aging the audit compliance with legal and contractual requirements and program and be other requirements to which the organization is commit- consistent with ted. -Evaluation of the effectiveness of the management the overall au- system in meeting its specified objectives. - Identification dit program ob- of areas for potential improvement of the management jectives. system. Audit Scope: should be consistent with the au- dit program and audit objectives. It includes such factors as physical locations, organizational units, and activities and processes to be audited, as well as the time period covered by the audit. Audit Criteria- used as a reference against which conformity is determined and may include applicable policies, procedures, standards, legal require- ments, management system requirements, contractual requirements, sector code of conduct or other planned arrangements. 53. Audit Guide Guides, appointed by the auditee, should assist the audit team and act in the request of the audit team leader. Their responsibilities should include the following: - Assisting the auditors in identifying individuals to partic- ipate in interviews and confirming timings. - Arranging access to specific locations of the auditee. - Ensuring that rules concerning location safety and se- curity procedures are known and respected by the audit 10 / 23  Domain 2: Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8ihens team members and observers. The role of the guide may also include the following: -Witnessing the audit on the behalf of the auditee - Providing clarification or assisting in collecting informa- tion. 54. Audit Evidence 55. 6 Principles of an 1. Integrity: the foundation of professionalism. Auditor - Perform work with honesty, diligence, and responsibility. -Observe and comply with legal requirements. -Demonstrate their competence while performing their work. -Perform their work in an impartial manner, i.e., remain fair and unbiased in all their dealings. - Be sensitive to any influences that may be exerted on their judgment while carrying out an audit. 2. Fair presentation: The obligation to report truthfully and accurately. 3. Due professional care: The application of diligence and judgement in auditing. 4. Confidentiality: security of information. Auditors should exercise discretion in the use and protection of information acquired in the course of their duties. 5. Independence: The basis for the impartiality of the audit and objectivity of the audit conclusions. Auditors should be independent of the activity being audited wherever practicable, and should in all cases act in a manner that is free from bias and conflict of interest. 6. Evidence Based Approach: The rational method for reaching reliable and reproducible audit conclusions in a 11 / 23  Domain 2: Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8ihens systematic audit process. Audit evidence should be verifi- able. 56. Fault Tree Analy- Analysis that uses deductive analysis involving reasoning sis from the general to the specific. Most other safety analysis use inductive reasoning and progress from a specific item to the general overall failure. Allows the analyst to deter- mine the combinations of failures that are necessary to achieve an event defined as the top or undesired event, FTA is well suited for the analysis of highly redundant systems, The fault tree is a graphic model that displays the various combinations of equipment/component fail- ures and human errors that can give rise to the top event. The FTA provides a means to qualitatively or quantitatively identify the frequency of the top event. FTA uses Boolean logic (the use of AND / OR gate logic) to relate the top event to a combination of basic events that must occur in order for the top event to happen. The fault tree, once constructed, can be quantified by using the failure rate data for the basic events (i.e., those events at the bottom of the tree). A quantified fault tree projects the rate of occurrence for the top event. 57. The best protec- Inspection of hoisting and rigging equipment before each tion when deal- job provides the greatest protection from use of defective ing with hoist- equipment. ing and rig- ging equipment includes having: 58. Fail Safe Designs Ensure that a failure will leave the product unaffected or will convert it to a state in which no injury or damage will occur. The process fails safely. Types of fail safe: 12 / 23  Domain 2: Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8ihens Fail-passive: arrangements reduce the system to its lowest energy level. Fail -active design maintains tan energized condition that keeps the system in a safe mode until corrective or over- riding action occurs or an alternate system is activated. Fail -operational arrangements allow functions to continue safely until corrective action is possible. Example of a fail-active device would be a battery operat- ed smoke detector that chirps when it is time to replace the battery. 59. Incident Direct Medical and Compensation: Costs 60. Incident Indirect The indirect or hidden costs are time lost from work by Costs the injured, loss in earning power, economic loss to the injured family, time lost by fellow workers, loss of efficiency due t break-up of crew, lost time by supervision, cost of breaking in a new worker, damage to tools and equipment, time damaged equipment is out of service, spoiled work, loss of production, spoilage, failure to fill orders, overhead costs, and miscellaneous. Lost production time. Productive time lost by an injured employee. Productive time lost by employees and supervisors help- ing the accident victim. Cleanup and startup of operations interrupted by an acci- dent. Time to hire or train a worker to replace the injured worker until they return to work. Property damage. Time and cost for repair or replacement of damaged equipment, materials or other property. Cost of continuing all or part of the employee's wages, plus compensation. Reduced morale among your employees, and perhaps lower efficiency. Cost of completing paperwork generated by the accident. OSHA penalties. 13 / 23  Domain 2: Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8ihens 61. Maslow's Hierar- 1943. All human beings are motivated by unsatisfied chy of needs. needs and that certain lower factors need to be satisfied before higher needs can be satisfied. As a safety profes- sional, it is important to understand this theory and the potential motivation of employees. 62. Theory X of Orga- - Work is inherently distasteful to most people, and they nizational Man- will attempt to avoid work whenever possible. agement and Em- - Most people are not ambitious, have little desire for ployee Motiva- responsibility and prefer to be directed. tion - Most people have little aptitude for creativity in solving organizational problems. - Motivation occurs only at the physiological and security levels if Maslows Hierarchy of needs. - Most people are self centered. As a result, they must be closely controlled and often coerced to achieve organiza- tional objectives. - Most people resist change - Most people are gullible and unintelligent. 63. Theory X Manag- Holds that people must be motivated to work by external er reward and punishment because they are unmotivated toward work. - Manage by coercion, threats, or micromanagement. or - Permissive with employees and seeks harmony. - Somewhere in between the two above. 64. Theory Y of Orga- Employees are motivated primarily at the esteem and nizational Man- self-actualization levels. Almost in contrast to Theory X, agement and Em- Theory Y leadership makes the following general assump- ployee Motiva- tions. tion - Work can be as natural as play if the conditions are 14 / 23  Domain 2: Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8ihens favorable. - People will be self-directed and creative to meet their work and org. objectives if they are committed to them. -People will be committed to their quality and productivity objectives if reward that address higher needs such as self-fulfillment are in place. - The capacity for creativity spreads throughout organiza- tions. - Most people can handle responsibility because creativity and ingenuity are common in the population. - Under these conditions people will seek out responsibil- ity. Under Theory Y an organization can apply the following scientific management principles for employee motivation: -Decentralization of delegation -Job enlargement: broaden scope of employees job, which adds variety and opportunities. -Participative management: consult with employees in de- cision making process. -Performance appraisals. 65. Theory Y Manag- Assumes all workers are basically interested and moti- er vated to work and therefore have a reduced need for an external reward system. 66. Herzberg Motiva- 1959. In this theory, Herzberg stated that motivation can tional Theory be split into two categories: hygiene factors and motivation factors. Hygiene factors affect the level of dissatisfaction but are rarely noted as creators of job satisfaction. However, if these factors are not present or satisfied they can demo- tivate a person. Hygiene factors include the following: -Supervision -Interpersonal relationships - Physical working conditions. 15 / 23  Domain 2: Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8ihens - Salary Motivation factors include the following: -Achievement -Advancement -Recognition -Responsibility Whenever there is a shortage of motivational factors in the work environment, the employee will focus on other factors, such as hygiene factors. 67. Management by Is the process of agreeing upon objectives within an or- objectives (MBO) ganization so that management and employees agree to the objectives and understand what they are in the organization. Main focus: set established goals for the organization by allowing both management and employees to participate in the process. Some of the important features and advantages of MBO are as follows: - Motivation- It involves employees in the whole process of goal setting and increases empowerment and employee job satisfaction and commitment. - Improved communication and coordination: In the MBO process, there are frequent evaluations of the objectives and goals. This evaluation process, which is conducted by both management and employees, assists in main- taining harmonious relationships. When goals are lacking, both employees and management participate in the prob- lem-solving process. - Clarity of goals 16 / 23  Domain 2: Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8ihens Is a process of joint objective setting between a superior and subordinate. It is also known as management by results. The managers meet the following performance objectives: - Target a key result to be accomplished. - Identify a date for achieving results - Offer a realistic (measurable) and attainable challenge. - Be as specific and quantitative as possible. 68. Contingency class of behavioral theory that claims that there is no best Theory way to organize a corporation, to lead a company, or to make decisions. Instead, the optimal course of action is contingent upon the internal and external situation. 69. Systems Theory Systems theory is an interdisciplinary theory about the nature of complex systems in nature, society, and science and is a framework by which one can investigate or de- scribe an group of objects that work together to produce some result. In this theory, the organization is considered and treated as a system. 70. Chaos Theory 71. Management Autocratic leaders make decisions unilaterally. Styles Permissive leaders permit participation in the deci- sion-making process. Directive Democrat Allows subordinates to participate in the decision-making process but closely supervises employees. Directive Autocrat Makes decisions unilaterally and closely supervises em- ployees. Permissive Democrat Allows employees to participate in the decision-making 17 / 23  Domain 2: Safety Management Systems Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8ihens process and gives subordinates some latitude in carrying out their work. Permissive Autocrat Leader makes decisions unilaterally but gives employees latitude in carrying out the work. 72. Motivational-hy- The theory attempts to explain how persons are satisfied giene Theory by certain intrinsic job factors while being motivated by other extrinsic factors that are quite peripheral to the job being performed. 73. Safety Culture Is a groups attitude that everyone in the group will try to behave in a way that protects the safety of each other, Recognition will reinforce their trust in the culture. An important factor in developing a safety program is to incor- porate concepts of job enrichment, participation and em- ployee-centered leadership. Management will most likely support a proactive safety effort when prevention of losses relates to achievement of company objectives, 74. Factors that Many BBS experts agree that the most critical factors that make the great- make the greatest impact on whether employees will work est impact on safely are: whether an em- -Team spirit ployee will or will -Recognition not work safely. -Attitude The best way to reduce injuries and property damage in the future is to systematically reinforce positive employee actions and behavior. An important factor in developing a safety program is to incorporate concepts of job enrich- ment, participation and employee-centered leadership. Management will most likely support a proactive safety effort when prevention of losses relates to achievement of company objectiv